Implementing a More Positive Employment Policy and Promoting the Development of the Chinese Human Rights Cause

Human rights refer to the basic rights to which every person is entitled based on his or her nature and dignlty under certain social and historical circumstances. Simply put, the term means that everyone has the right to live and develop in a free and equal manner.

A Study of the Universal Two-child Policy’s Impact on China’s Future Population

The most essential step in adjusting and improving the childbearing policy, the universal two-child policy will produce far-reaching impacts on the future development of China’s population. With its implementation, the country’s total population will peak later, the underage population and its proportion will increase substantially, the working-age population will experience a slower decline, and the aging of China’s population will be eased. However, the drop in the proportion of working-age people over the last 15 years has expedited the reduction of the demographic dividend, the elderly population will remain unaffected over the next 60 years, the aging of the population will continue to deepen, and at the same time, the increased child dependency burden will expand the overall dependency ratio.

State familism in action:aging policy and intergenerational support in Singapore

Singapore started to tackle the challenges of an aging society in the 1980s after its fertility declined to sub-replacement levels.A core component of the city-state’s aging policy is to foster intergenerational support,which is based on the value of filial piety,harmonious intergenerational relations,and the elderly as a resource.This paper introduces the concept of state familism to capture Singapore’s compre­hensive efforts to strengthen the role of the family in old-age support while pro­moting mutual assistance across generations.The relevant policies range from the Central Provident Fund,housing,taxation,to old-age support packages.These ef­forts distinguish Singapore from other Asian countries where the role of the family is sometimes stressed more in rhetoric than in action.State familism in Singapore has drawn criticisms as it is perceived as an attempt to reduce the government’s responsibility.In the recent decade,the Singapore state significantly increased di­rect financial support for the elderly while keeping the policy of fostering intergen­erational support in place.The paper concludes by discussing the implications of Singapore’s state familism for China and other countries.

Implications of an Unlimited Fertility Policy in China:Lessons from Low Fertility and Population Aging in Japan and Korea

In 2016 China began implementing a new population strategy after having maintained a one-child policy for 35 years.This paper draws on the lessons we can learn about low fertility and population aging in Japan and South Korea to consider the implications of the newly announced'universal two-child'policy in China.Japan,Korea and China share many socio-cultural characteristics and have undergone similar processes with respect to low fertility and population aging at different periods of time.Many scholars argue that China's family planning program has greatly reduced China's fertility level,but the effects of other socioeconomic factors have,in fact,had a greater impact on the reduction of the fertility rate than the one-child policy had.Considering the effects of the fertility policy that limits the number of births in China and the lessons we can get from unsuccessful fertility boosting measures in Japan and Korea,this paper suggests that a fertility policy that puts no limits on births should be adopted in China.

Improvement of the Legal System for Addressing the Issue of Elderly Care in China in the Context of Population Aging

Rapid population aging is a social reality facing China at present,and the issue of elderly care has become a hot topic of social concern.Legislation to address the issue of elderly care in the context of population aging should follow systematic concepts to achieve“vertical and horizontal integration.”In terms of content,it is necessary to formulate specific legal approaches around“the elderly and children,”with a focus on guaranteeing the livelihood and protection of the rights of the elderly while taking into account childbirth,employment and other issues.the laws should not only safeguard the social participation and labor rights of the elderly,but also effectively respond to the social challenges brought about by the aging of the population.It is also necessary to optimize the family planning policy to ease the burden of child-raising,improve the population structure and promote the long-term balanced development of the population,thus fundamentally solving the problem of population aging.the effort to improve the legal system to deal with the issue of elderly care in the context of population aging will better advance Chinese modernization.

China＇s Population Aging from the Perspective of Public Policy

人口老龄化将成为中国社会的常态，它所带来的挑战更多地源于老化的人口年龄结构与现有社会经济体制之间的不协调所产生的矛盾，这使公共政策调节成为必须。本文认为，仅仅调节人口政策、仅仅调节针对老年人的政策或某一部门的政策都不足以全面应对人口老龄化，而应当以社会整合和长期发展的视角来重构当前的公共政策体系。在重构过程中，不仅要统筹人口系统与其他社会系统的关系，而且要统筹短期目标与中长期战略的联系。因此，应建立一个权威的常态统筹机构，并结合中国的国情，重新定位老年人的社会角色、解决老年人养老的现实问题、支持老龄化社会的可持续发展。

良性阵发性位置性眩晕患者维生素D状态及影响因素研究

目的 了解北京地区良性阵发性位置性眩晕(BPPV)患者维生素D水平状况,探讨性别、年龄、季节对维生素D水平的影响。方法 将2018年10月—2021年9月就诊于首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科的208例BPPV患者作为研究对象进行回顾性研究。结果 所有BPPV患者血清25-羟维生素D[25(OH)D]水平为15.31(10.68, 21.03)ng/mL。比较不同性别、年龄和各个季节血清25(OH)D水平,男性高于女性,61~70岁年龄组高于其他年龄组;夏季血清25(OH)D水平最高,夏秋季明显高于冬春季。所有纳入研究的BPPV患者维生素D缺乏146例(70.19%);维生素D不足41例(19.71%);维生素D充足21例(10.10%)。回归分析显示性别、年龄和季节均能影响维生素D水平。结论 北京地区BPPV患者维生素D缺乏较为普遍,性别、年龄和季节对维生素D水平有影响。

积极老龄化时代城市老年教育的政策工具及其分类优化

日益严峻的人口老龄化对老年教育提出了更高的要求,发展城市老年教育是积极老龄化时代的应对策略。基于政策工具理论对现行有效的31份东部、中部、西部城市老年教育政策展开实证分析可以发现,城市老年教育政策工具呈现出结构性、组态性、区域性等特征,并在价值尺度上凸显制度正义,寻求内生能力,指向纳什均衡。鉴于城市老年教育政策工具表现出的特征与价值,未来要通过优化能力建设工具与系统变革工具,实现东部城市老年教育优质发展;优化激励性工具与系统变革工具,实现中部城市老年教育均衡发展;优化能力建设工具与激励性工具,实现西部城市老年教育兜底发展。

人口老龄化对自然利率的冲击——兼论低利率环境中的宏观审慎政策选择

2008年以来,全球货币利率普遍下调,至今难以回调,其中影响因素之一是人口老龄化。研究发现:(1)人口老龄化促使自然利率出现趋势性下行,牵引政策利率向下适应性调整。(2)在低利率环境中,“零利率下限”约束挤压中央银行利率的操作空间,导致货币政策难以发挥作用。(3)货币政策框架中设置有目标的宏观审慎政策可以发挥压舱石作用,缓解“零利率下限”约束对货币政策的影响,且“信贷产出比”更适合作为金融稳定的衡量指标。这对于深入认识人口老龄化对中国长期经济增长的影响、探索完善应对老龄化时代的宏观审慎政策选择具有重要的启示。

适于胎龄与小于胎龄的极低出生体重儿身长增长对PICC尖端移位的影响及比较

目的探讨极低出生体重儿(very low birth weight,VLBW)中适于胎龄儿(appropriate for gestational age,AGA)和小于胎龄儿(small for gestational age,SGA)身长增长对经外周中心静脉置管(peripherally inserted central catheter,PICC)尖端移位的影响,并横向比较影响程度,帮助医护人员更好地把握导管尖端位置监测的时机。方法回顾性分析2021年1月—2022年6月在医院NICU住院并使用PICC的VLBW,按出生体质量和胎龄关系分为AGA组45例和SGA组19例,记录首次置管当日身长(Ht_(1))以及PICC尖端位置、置管期间胸片检查当日身长(Ht_(n))以及PICC尖端位置,并计算相应的身长增长率。身长增长率与PICC尖端移位的相关性用Spearman秩相关分析。将AGA和SGA的身长增长率分别与PICC尖端移位进行简单线性回归分析,构建回归模型,用协方差分析比较两组回归直线。结果VLBW中AGA组97.8%患儿出现移位,SGA组所有的患儿都出现移位,占比最多的均为移位3个椎体。Spearman秩相关分析结果显示,两组患儿身长增长率与PICC尖端移位均具有相关性(AGA组rs=-0.719,P<0.001;SGA组rs=-0.769,P<0.001),随着VLBW身长增长,PICC尖端逐渐移位远离心脏。简单线性回归分析结果显示,AGA组回归模型(R^(2)=0.517,调整后R^(2)=0.513,F=129.487,P<0.001),SGA组回归模型(R^(2)=0.591,调整后R^(2)=0.585,F=95.385,P<0.001)。协方差分析结果显示,由于回归系数检验没有统计学意义,两条直线平行,说明身长增长率对两组患儿位移的影响一致。截距比较有统计学意义(F=9.265,P=0.003),说明两组患儿位移的起点不同(即增长率为零时的位移位置),说明位移与是否为AGA、SGA有关。结论随着VLBW中AGA和SGA身长增长,PICC尖端逐渐移位远离心脏,但相同的身长增长率,SGA引起的导管尖端移位幅度更大。建议AGA身长增长率12.4%、SGA身长增长率9.5%可作为监测导管尖端位置的重要时机,以免导管尖端进一步移位至非中心静脉,导致相关并发症发生。

农村居家养老的需求、困境及对策——基于北京市生态涵养区调研

在我国农村严重老龄化和实施乡村振兴战略的背景下,农村养老必须开创一个既能不离乡土、不离乡情,又能享受专业化、人性化供养服务的中国特色居家养老新模式。生态涵养区财政收入低、老龄化程度深、养老服务成本高,是北京农村居家养老应重点关注的区域。基于调研数据,分析北京生态涵养区农村老龄化现状和居家养老的现实需求,指出其在政策机制、财政投入、协同联动等方面存在的主要问题,并提出以下政策建议:强化顶层设计,不断优化完善农村居家养老政策机制;加大政策补贴力度,合理制定补贴内容和补贴方式;促进多部门、多主体、多措施联动,统筹谋划农村居家养老。

城市适老化社区建设图景与未来展望

人口老龄化背景下,适老化社区建设基于老年友好社区营造的提升,是一个多维度的社会保障问题。当前我国适老化社区建设主要呈现为社区规划、社区发展、社区照顾和社区行动等模式,适老化社区建设尚存在老年群体参与的主体性缺乏、统一性与多样性的结合不够、硬软性供给产品失衡等现实困境。基于对现实困境的反思,未来推进适老化社区建设的方向应包括促进老年参与、强化制度供给、构建指标体系和营造适老化氛围等。

社会建构、反馈效应与延迟退休年龄政策停滞

党的十八届三中全会以来,我国屡次提出研究和制定“渐进式延迟退休年龄政策”的方针策略,然时至今日,全国性的延迟退休政策尚未出台。以社会建构与政策设计理论为理论基础与分析框架,以1951—2021年54份中央政府文件为样本,考察目标群体的社会建构如何通过反馈效应影响延迟退休年龄政策进程,研究发现:干部和高级专业技术人员被正面建构且因政策受益,产生正反馈,政策长期仅适用于该群体,普通劳动者被正面建构但因政策受损,产生负反馈,以致全国性政策无法出台,政策陷入停滞;而正反馈效应长期积累促使社会建构转向,社会环境因素改变政策认知,进而推动政策进程。因此,政策制定者坚定决心,不断优化政策设计,回应目标群体的社会建构转向;党和中央政府以积极应对人口老龄化战略吸纳延迟退休年龄政策,塑造公众政策认知;地方政府积极开展政策试验,总结经验教训,这些措施都有助于加快政策进程。

劳动力老化如何影响劳动生产率?——基于中国城市面板数据的分析

中国自2000年步入老龄化社会以来,人口老龄化程度持续加深,作为社会经济基本要素,劳动力老化使得社会经济发展面临一系列新挑战与新机遇。为探索劳动力老化对劳动生产率的影响机理,基于2000—2020年中国城市面板数据,在借鉴既往研究的基础上,利用长差分模型实证分析劳动力老化对劳动生产率的影响。研究发现,劳动力老化与劳动生产率之间呈负相关关系;进一步从要素投入和技术进步两个方面考察劳动力老化对劳动生产率的作用机制后发现,劳动力老化主要通过影响技术进步与劳动就业作用于劳动生产率;此外,劳动技能提升、公共财政投入等公共政策可以有效降低劳动力老化对劳动生产率的消极影响;最后,本研究认为,若想有效应对这一问题就要加强对生育问题的关注,要从劳动技能提升、公共财政投入等方面制定专门且有效的公共政策,并在具体实施时,注重相关政策向中西部地区、二线及以下城市等特定地区倾斜。上述这些研究结论有助于从劳动力老化视角解释中国城市劳动生产率的表现差异,对于推动人口发展新格局下的经济高质量发展具有重要意义。