Relationship Between Postprandial Blood Glucose,Fasting Insulin,and Glycated Hemoglobin Levels and Early Diabetic Nephropathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Objective:To investigate the relationship between postprandial blood glucose(PBG),fasting insulin(FINS),and glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c)levels and early diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes.Methods:96 cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus treated in our hospital from May 2021 to May 2022 were selected as the research subjects.The patients were divided into two groups according to the urinary albumin excretion rate(UAER),with 53 cases in the type 2 diabetes group(UAER<30μg/min)and 43 cases in the early diabetic nephropathy group(30μg/min≤UAER<300μg/min).PBG,FINS,and HbA1c levels were detected in 87 healthy patients.Results:The levels of PBG,FINS,and HbA1c in the early diabetic nephropathy group were higher than those in the control group(P<0.01)and the type 2 diabetes group(P<0.01).Conclusion:PBG,FINS,and HbA1c are factors affecting the occurrence of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes;thus,controlling the levels of PBG,FINS,and HbA1c can effectively prevent the occurrence of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Prior or Concomitant Drinking of Vegetable Juice with a Meal Attenuates Postprandial Blood Glucose Elevation in Healthy Young Adults

Controlling postprandial blood glucose levels can prevent and improve lifestyle-related diseases. We aimed to evaluate the effects of a commercially available vegetable juice, which is a convenient alternative to vegetables, on postprandial glucose elevation. In test 1, we confirmed the appropriate timing to consume the vegetable juice (200 mL), and demonstrated that postprandial glucose elevation was attenuated by drinking the vegetable juice with or before the experimental meal. The change in maximum concentration (ΔCmax) of blood glucose was the lowest when the vegetable juice was consumed at 30 min before the meal. In test 2, we confirmed the necessary ingestion volumes of vegetable juice (range: 68.5 - 274 mL) for attenuating the response to 50 g of carbohydrates. After drinking 200 mL of vegetable juice, the ΔCmax and incremental area under the curve values for blood glucose were significantly lower than those for after drinking the same volume of water (p < 0.05). However, a greater volume of vegetable juice did not provide an additive effect. Our results suggest that approximately 200 mL of vegetable juice at 30 min before meals is the most effective method for using vegetable juice to suppress postprandial blood glucose elevation. Stimulation of insulin secretion due to the pre-meal vegetable juice intake may contribute to this effect, although further studies are needed to identify the detailed mechanism for the attenuation.

Ethanol extract of Annona muricata Linn fruit perform antidiabetic effect on type 2 diabetic mice through α-glucosidase inhibition

Objective:To explore the anti-diabetic effects and its underlying mechanism of Annona muricata Linn fruit ethanol extract(AME).Methods:Streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic(T2DM)mouse model was constructed.Those diabetic mice were randomly grouped and given 50 mg/kg acarbose or AME(200 mg/kg,100 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg)for four weeks.The body weight,postprandial blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels were measured during the administration.After the administration,a glucose tolerance test was performed,and the levels of triglycerides,cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins in mice were detected by biochemical test kits.The inhibitory activity of AME onα-glucosidase in vivo and in vitro was determined by enzyme inhibition tests.Results:AME significantly reduced weight gain,postprandial blood glucose,glycosylated hemoglobin and low-density lipoprotein levels in T2DM mice;enhanced glucose tolerance and pancreaticβ-cell function of T2DM mice;inhibitedα-glucosidase activity in mouse intestine in an noncompetitive manner.Conclusion:AME may noncompetitive inhibitα-glucosidase activity and reduce postprandial glucose intake to achieve a therapeutic and regulatory effect on type 2 diabetes.