Postulation of Seedlings Resistance Genes to Yellow Rust in Commercial Wheat Cultivars from Yunnan Province in China

The objective of this study was to characterize yellow （stripe） rust resistance gene（s） in 52 commercial wheat cultivars from Yunnan Province in China, and to provide information for their rational deployment in field. Seedlings of wheat cultivars were inoculated with 25 differential isolates ofPuccinia striiformis from foreign and home to postulate resistance genes to yellow rust, and then validated by pedigree. There were 10 probable resistance genes characterized in these cultivars, in which, Yr9 was most commonly postulated to be present in thirteen cultivars. Yr21, the second, was present in four cultivars. Yr8, the third, were present in three cultivars. Yr6, Yrl 7 and Yr26, the fourth, was present in two cultivars respectively. The other gene（s） such as, Yr2＋YrA, Yr7 and Yr27, were only present in single cultivar（s）; unknown gene（s） or gene（s） combination（s） were present in 22 cultivars. One cultivar （Yunmai 42） had no resistance gene tested in this study. Cultivars such as Yunmai 52, Mian 1971-98, Kunmai 4, and Yunmai 56 carried effective genes and can be popularized mainly; Yr9 should be planted with other Yr genes. In the meantime other effective genes should be introduced to realize gene diversity for controlling wheat yellow rust. Yunmai 42 should be reduced to avoid rust breakout. Unknown gene cultivars should be utilized and be researched deeply.

Postulation of Seedling Resistance Genes in 20 Wheat Cultivars to Yellow Rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici)

The gene postulation, cluster analysis and pedigree analysis of 20 wheat cultivars to 28 physiological races of yellow rust （Puccinia striiformis） were conducted under greenhouse conditions, The spectrum of their resistance were compared each other. None of the 20 cultivars were resistant to all the test pathogens. The cultivars containing resistance genes Yr5 and Yr24 were not find and genes Yr8, Yrl9 and Yr27 could not be postulated from cultivars tested due to the susceptibility to all isolates used. A total of 6 probale seedling yellow rust resistance genes or gene combinations （Yrl, Yr2, Yr2 ＋ YrHVII, Yr3 ＋ unknown, Yr3 ＋ Yr4, YrAlba） were postulated in the wheat cultivars （Atou, Flanders, Maris Huntsman, Bouquet, Holdfast, Elite Lepeuple, and Vilmorin 27）. The gene combination Yr2＋YrHVII with the highest frequency （35%） was present in 7 cultivars. The Yr genes present in some wheat cultivars could not be postulated because of non-matching virulence combinations with any of known genes. Cluster result showed that Yr2 and Yr3 are the most important genes in the cultivars. The 13 cultivars are believed to have the pedigree of Noe, which was selected from South Russian wheat. These results will be useful for wheat breeding and provide information about genetic control of wheat yellow rust.

Postulation of seedling leaf rust resistance genes in 84 Chinese winter wheat cultivars

Wheat leaf rust（caused by Puccinia triticina） is one of the most important fungal diseases in China. There are tens of winter wheat cultivars which are approved to be released by the government at a national level and more than 100 wheat cultivars at the provincial level. But there is no information about leaf rust（Lr） genes in these cultivars, which makes it difficult for farmers and breeders to select which cultivars they should plant in their fields and use in their breeding programs. The objective of this paper was to identify the leaf rust resistant genes at seedling stage present in the 84 commercial wheat cultivars from China that have been released in the past few years. A set of 20 near isogenic lines with Thatcher background and 6 lines with known Lr genes were used to test the virulence of 12 races of P. triticina（Pt）. By comparing the infection types（ITs） produced on the 84 cultivars by the 12 Pt races with the ITs on the differential sets, the Lr genes were postulated. In addition, 8 molecular markers of Lr genes such as Lr9, Lr10, Lr19, Lr20, Lr21, Lr24, Lr26 and Lr29, which are closely linked to or co-segregated with the Lr gene, were used for further validation of the genes in the 84 Chinese winter wheat cultivars. Twelve Lr genes, including Lr1, Lr3,（Lr3bg）,（Lr3ka）, Lr11, Lr13, Lr14 a, Lr16, Lr26, Lr27, Lr30 and Lr31 were postulated to be present either singly or in combinations in these Chinese wheat cultivars. Lr3 and Lr26 were detected most often in the tested cultivars, with frequencies of 51.2 and 38.1%, respectively. No wheat Lr genes were detected in 16 cultivars, and 4 cultivars may carry unknown Lr genes other than those used in this study. Lr9, Lr20, Lr21, Lr24, Lr25 and Lr29 were not present in any of the 84 tested accessions.

Postulation of Leaf Rust Resistance Genes in Seven Chinese Spring Wheat Cultivars

To detect the leaf rust resistance genes in the 7 Chinese spring wheat clultivars Shenmian 99025, Shenmia 99042, Shenmian 85, Shenmian 91, Shenmian 96, Shenmian 1167 and Shenmian 962, Thatcher, Thatcher backgrounded near-isogenic lines and 15 pathotypes of P. triticina were used for gene postulate at the seedling stage, and 9 of the 15 pathotypes were used in the field tests. Molecular markers closely linked to, or co-segregated with resistance genes Lrl, Lr9, LrlO, Lrl9, Lr20, Lr21, Lr24, Lr26, Lr28, Lr29, Lr32, Lr34, Lr35, Lr37, Lr38, and Lr47 were screened to assist detection of the resistance genes. As results, 4 known resistance genes, including Lrl, Lr9, Lr26, and Lr34, and other unknown resistance genes were postulated singly or in combination in the tested cultivars. Shenmian 85, Shenmian 91, Shenmian 96, Shenmian 962, Shenmian 1167, and Shenmian 99042 are potentially useful for wheat production and breeding programs. The result suggested that combining gene postulation, molecular markers and pedigrees is effective and more accuracy method to know the resistance genes in cultivars.

近海三角张力腿平台钢筋束假定失效研究

Offshore triceratops is one of the successful manifestations of the form-dominant design approaches deployable in ultra-deepwater oil and gas exploration.The deck’s geometric shape and partial isolation from the legs counteract lateral loads.Legs are position-restrained to the sea bed by taut-moored tendons,while ball joints partially isolate the deck from the buoyant legs.However,compliance in the horizontal plane imposes large displacements,intuiting the necessity to examine tendon failure.Numerical analysis of triceratops under wave and wind combined action is carried out under the postulated conditions of a tendon failure.10-yr,100-yr,and 1000-yr post-Katrina hurricane conditions are assumed as loading to the platform.Results confirm a marginal increase in the natural periods of stiff degrees of freedom even under postulated failure conditions,ensuring good adaptability to ultra-deep water.Under postulated failure,the tension of adjacent tendons varies significantly,causing a shift to the mean position of the platform.Fatigue life is significantly reduced under the postulated failure of tendons,making the platform free-floating without affecting its stability.Results also show that the pitch response of the deck is a clear manifestation of the postulated failure,which is otherwise absent due to the presence of ball joints.The attempted study deliberates on the fatigue life of tendons,assessing the platform’s suitability to ultra-deep waters and identifying the vulnerable legs for the chosen load combinations.

对称系泊半潜平台在各种可能系泊组合下的动力学分析

In this technologically advancing world,the demand for more energy,oil and gas production is rapidly escalating.To accomplish this,people have inclined more towards completely floating offshore structures,deployed in deep waters.A semi-submersible is selected in the present study,due to its better response characteristics and stability under harsh environmental conditions.The semi-submersible is position restrain with spread mooring lines incorporated with submerged buoy at different locations has been studied.A detailed numerical analysis is carried out using Ansys Aqwa for dynamic response analysis of semi-submersible under the combination of wind,wave,and current forces for 0°,45°,and 90°directions.It was observed that damping ratios and natural periods had been affected based on the position and number of submerged buoys in the mooring system.Also,reduction in mooring force after incorporating buoy in the mooring lines was observed.Subsequently,a Matlab code based on the S-N curve approach was generated and employed to investigate the fatigue damage of mooring lines under dynamic variation of mooring forces.When pegged with submerged buoys,fatigue life of mooring lines is increased under intact and postulated damaged mooring conditions.Moreover,coupling of motion responses of semi-submersible is observed,and unbounded response is not seen in any degrees-offreedom,even during damaged condition of mooring lines.

The Proofs of Legendre’s Conjecture and Three Related Conjectures

In this paper, we prove Legendre’s conjecture: There is a prime number between n2 and (n +1)2 for every positive integer n. We also prove three related conjectures. The method that we use is to analyze binomial coefficients. It is developed by the author from the method of analyzing binomial central coefficients, that was used by Paul Erdős in his proof of Bertrand’s postulate - Chebyshev’s theorem.

Seedling and adult plant resistance to leaf rust in 46 Chinese bread wheat landraces and 39 wheat lines with known Lr genes

Wheat leaf rust,caused by Puccinia triticina(Pt),is an important foliar disease that has an important influence on wheat yield.The most economic,safe and effective way to control the disease is growing resistant cultivars.In the present study,a total of 46 wheat landraces and 34 wheat lines with known Lr(leaf rust resistance)genes were inoculated with 16Pt pathotypes for postulating seedling resistance gene(s)in the greenhouse.These cultivars and five wheat differential lines with adult plant resistance(APR)genes(Lr12,Lr22b,Lr34,Lr35 and Lr37)were also evaluated for identification of slow rusting resistance in the field trials in Baoding,Hebei Province of China in the 2014–2015 and 2015–2016 cropping seasons.Furthermore,10 functional molecular markers closely linked to 10 known Lr genes were used to detect all the wheat genotypes.Results showed that most of the landraces were susceptible to most of the Pt pathotypes at seedling stage.Nonetheless,Lr1 was detected only in Hongtangliangmai.The field experimental test of the two environments showed that 38 landraces showed slow rusting resistance.Seven cultivars possessed Lr34 but none of the landraces contained Lr37 and Lr46.Lr genes namely,Lr9,Lr19,Lr24,Lr28,Lr29,Lr47,Lr51 and Lr53 were effective at the whole plant stage.Lr18,Lr36 and Lr45 had lost resistance to part of pathotypes at the seedling stage but showed high resistance at the adult plant stage.Lr34 as a slowing rusting gene showed good resistance in the field.Four race-specific APR genes Lr12,Lr13,Lr35 and Lr37 conferred good resistance in the field experiments.Seven race-specific genes,Lr2b,Lr2c,Lr11,Lr16,Lr26,Lr33 and LrB had lost resistance.The 38 landraces showed slow rusting resistance to wheat leaf rust can be used as resistance resources for wheat resistance breeding in China.

Characterization and Molecular Mapping of a Stripe Rust Resistance Gene in Synthetic Wheat CI110

Stripe rust,caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici（Pst）,is one of the most destructive diseases of wheat（Triticum aestivum L.）.To diversify stripe rust-resistant resources for wheat breeding programs,a CIMMYT synthetic wheat line CI110 was identified to be resistant to 28 isolates of Pst,including 6 Chinese prevalent races CYR28-CYR33.Genetic analysis indicated that a single dominant gene was responsible for the stripe rust resistance in CI110,temporarily designated YrC110.A molecular map,harboring YrC110 and 9 linked SSR markers,was constructed through simple sequence repeat（SSR）,and bulked segregant analysis.These linked markers and YrC110 were assigned on the short arm of chromosome 1B using the Chinese Spring nullisomic-tetrasomic and ditelosomic stocks.Gene postulation based on seedling reaction patterns to 30 Pst isolates suggested that the resistance gene YrC110 seemed different from the other known resistance genes tested,such as Yr9,Yr10,Yr15,Yr24,and Yr26/YrCH42.Four SSR markers Xbarc187150,Xgwm18227,Xgwm11223,and Xbarc240292 distinguished YrC110 from Yr10,Yr15,Yr24,and Yr26/YrCH42,and could be used as diagnostic ones for YrC110 in wheat resistant breeding programs against stripe rust.

Identification of leaf rust resistance genes in common wheat varieties from China and foreign countries

Wheat leaf rust,triggered by Puccinia triticina Eriks(Pt),is among the most important diseases of wheat worldwide.Deploying resistant varieties against leaf rust is the most effective,environmentally-friendly and economic way to control the disease.In the present study,66 wheat varieties form China and foreign countries were tested with 17 Pt races for gene postulation during the seedling stage in the greenhouse.All the varieties were also planted to identify slow rusting responses to leaf rust at the adult plant stage in Baoding and Zhoukou field trials during the 2016/2017 to 2017/2018 cropping seasons.Moreover,12 closely linked molecular markers to known leaf rust resistance(Lr)genes were used for assessing all the varieties.The results of both gene postulation and molecular marker identification showed that a total of eight Lr genes,Lr1,Lr10,Lr17,Lr20,Lr26,Lr34,Lr37 and Lr46,either singly or in combination were detected in 32 varieties.Known Lr genes were not identified in the remaining 34 varieties.Seventeen varieties were found to have slow rusting resistance.The resistance sources identified in this study can be used as resources for resistance against leaf rust in wheat breeding programs in China and the respective foreign countries.

Neofusicoccum parvum causing canker of seedlings of Juglans regia in China

Cankered, dying seedlings of Juglans regia were observed in Shaanxi province in the northwest region of China. Neofusicoccum parvum was isolated from these cankered tissues, with the identification based on mor- phology and an ITS-nrDNA sequence. In order to demonstrate how cultures of N. parvum could cause the expected symptoms, artificial infection, using these isolates and re-isolation of the pathogen, was used. This is the first report on this taxon as a walnut canker pathogen in China.

Helicobacter is preserved in yeast vacuoles! Does Koch's postulates confirm it?

The manuscript titled "Vacuoles of Candida yeast behave as a specialized niche for Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)" not only has not been prepared in a scientific manner but the methodology used was not adequate, and therefore the conclusion reached was not correct. First of all, "yeast" is a broad terminology covering a great number of genera and species of unicellular micro-organisms. The authors should have defined the organism with its binary scientific name. This measure would allow experiment reproduction by the scientific community. Moreover, the criteria established by Robert Koch to identify a specific microorganism or pathogen was not adopted in the methodology used. Regarding the methodology applied, use of the chicken eggyolk(Ig Y) antibody and PCR of the apparently tainted yeast population to prove H. pylori existence in the yeast vacuoles might be main factors for their wrong conclusions. Bacterial tropism toward yeast extract is a known phenomenon, and yeast extract is one of the main ingredients in culture media. Their internalization through phagocytosis or similar pathways does not seem possible or practical because of the thick and cellulosic yeast wall. While the small size of yeast cells does not support their ability in harboring several H. pylori, other observations such as inefficiency of antifungal therapy as anti-Helicobacter therapy strongly reject the conclusion reached by the above-mentioned article.

Hyperbolic Fibonacci and Lucas Functions, “Golden” Fibonacci Goniometry, Bodnar’s Geometry, and Hilbert’s Fourth Problem—Part III. An Original Solution of Hilbert’s Fourth Problem

This article refers to the “Mathematics of Harmony” by Alexey Stakhov [1], a new interdisciplinary direction of modern science. The main goal of the article is to describe two modern scientific discoveries—New Geometric Theory of Phyl-lotaxis (Bodnar’s Geometry) and Hilbert’s Fourth Problem based on the Hyperbolic Fibonacci and Lucas Functions and “Golden” Fibonacci -Goniometry ( is a given positive real number). Although these discoveries refer to different areas of science (mathematics and theoretical botany), however they are based on one and the same scien-tific ideas—The “golden mean,” which had been introduced by Euclid in his Elements, and its generalization—The “metallic means,” which have been studied recently by Argentinian mathematician Vera Spinadel. The article is a confirmation of interdisciplinary character of the “Mathematics of Harmony”, which originates from Euclid’s Elements.

Hyperbolic Fibonacci and Lucas Functions, “Golden” Fibonacci Goniometry, Bodnar’s Geometry, and Hilbert’s Fourth Problem—Part II. A New Geometric Theory of Phyllotaxis (Bodnar’s Geometry)

This article refers to the “Mathematics of Harmony” by Alexey Stakhov in 2009, a new interdisciplinary direction of modern science. The main goal of the article is to describe two modern scientific discoveries–New Geometric Theory of Phyllotaxis (Bodnar’s Geometry) and Hilbert’s Fourth Problem based on the Hyperbolic Fibonacci and Lucas Functions and “Golden” Fibonacci λ-Goniometry (λ > 0 is a given positive real number). Although these discoveries refer to different areas of science (mathematics and theoretical botany), however they are based on one and the same scientific ideas-the “golden mean,” which had been introduced by Euclid in his Elements, and its generalization—the “metallic means,” which have been studied recently by Argentinian mathematician Vera Spinadel. The article is a confirmation of interdisciplinary character of the “Mathematics of Harmony”, which originates from Euclid’s Elements.

A New Geometric Approach to Explain the Features of the Micro World

A novel geometric approach is proposed for the development of the wave-particle notions. This approach is based on a comparison of the two geometries with different sizes of an infinitesimal point. It is assumed that the smaller is object mass, the larger is the size of the infinitesimal point in comparison with the point of the geometry of macro world. Within this approach, the smaller is object mass, the larger is the uncertainty of its position from the viewpoint of macro objects (macro geometry). This approach provides a natural ex-planation of Heisenberg’s indeterminancy principle. Formally, this approach appears as an unusual operation with an infinitesimal value (point). However, it should be noted that unusual operations (though with infinitely large values) are already known in physics. These are unattainability of the absolute zero of temperature and unattainability of the maximal velocity of movement. Interconnection of the two geometries with different sizes of infinitesimal values is possible with the help of the direct and inverse Weierstrass transformation. At present, diffraction effects are described using the wave notions about the light and Fourier transform. The diffraction of light is usually registered at a distance not less than 1 - 3 metres between the screens in one of which there is a slit or several slits. This distance is about 106 times longer than the wavelength of the radiation. In the present work, an approach is proposed that allows one to describe the light fluxes at short distances between the screens with the help of Fourier and Weierstrass transforms.

Hyperbolic Fibonacci and Lucas Functions, “Golden” Fibonacci Goniometry, Bodnar’s Geometry, and Hilbert’s——Part I. Hyperbolic Fibonacci and Lucas Functions and “Golden” Fibonacci Goniometry

This article refers to the “Mathematics of Harmony” by Alexey Stakhov in 2009, a new interdisciplinary direction of modern science. The main goal of the article is to describe two modern scientific discove-ries—New Geometric Theory of Phyllotaxis (Bodnar’s Geometry) and Hilbert’s Fourth Problem based on the Hyperbolic Fibonacci and Lucas Functions and “Golden” Fibonacci λ-Goniometry ( λ > 0 is a given positive real number). Although these discoveries refer to different areas of science (mathematics and theoretical botany), however they are based on one and the same scientific ideas—the “golden mean”, which had been introduced by Euclid in his Elements, and its generalization—the “metallic means”, which have been studied recently by Argentinian mathematician Vera Spinadel. The article is a confirmation of interdisciplinary character of the “Mathematics of Harmony”, which originates from Euclid’s Elements.

Alternate paradigms on Zika virus-related complications:An analytical review

The proportion of the reported cases of Zika virus(ZIKV) infection reached the status of a pandemic. Numerous studies are being conducted on the isolation of ZIKV strains from various epidemics, diagnosis of the infections, various animal models and cell culture designs to study the pathogenesis of ZIKV in the attempts to find an effective ZIKV vaccine. This review focuses upon the 'Off-Spectrum' body of studies which analyses the epidemiology, pathogenesis and other attributes of ZIKV in the light of various dissident hypotheses.

Structural Health Monitoring of Offshore Buoyant Leg Storage and Regasification Platform:Experimental Investigations

Offshore platforms are of high strategic importance,whose preventive maintenance is on top priority.Buoyant Leg Storage and Regasification Platforms(BLSRP)are special of its kind as they handle LNG storage and processing,which are highly hazardous.Implementation of structural health monitoring(SHM)to offshore platforms ensures safe operability and structural integrity.Prospective damages on the offshore platforms under rare events can be readily identified by deploying dense array of sensors.A novel scheme of deploying wireless sensor network is experimentally investigated on an offshore BLSRP,including postulated failure modes that arise from tether failure.Response of the scaled model under wave loads is acquired by both wired and wireless sensors to validate the proposed scheme.Proposed wireless sensor network is used to trigger alert monitoring to communicate the unwarranted response of the deck and buoyant legs under the postulated failure modes.SHM triggers the alert mechanisms on exceedance of the measured data with that of the preset threshold values;alert mechanisms used in the present study include email alert and message pop-up to the validated user accounts.Presented study is a prima facie of SHM application to offshore platforms,successfully demonstrated in lab scale.

Morphological and Phylogenetic Resolution of Diplodia neojuniperi Emerging Diplodia Top Dieback of Pinus thunbergii Parl. in China

In Bazhong City,Sichuan Province,China,top dieback symptoms were found on many pine trees(Pinus thunbergii Parl).The tips of old needles first turned grayish-green and then developed into brown bands in the field.Phylogenetic analysis of concatenated ITS and EF1-αindicated the pathogen of this dieback disease as Diplodia neojuniperi.Additionally,effects of temperature,pH and medium on the mycelial growth were also characterized.The most favorable temperature and pH level for mycelial growth are 25°C and 8,respectively.The optimal medium for mycelial growth is PDA medium.To our knowledge,this is the first report of D.neojuniperi causes Diplodia top dieback on Pinus thunbergii.Our results provide fundamental information for monitoring and preventing such disease in the future.

Aspergillus tubingensis Causes Leaf Spot of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in Pakistan

Cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)is a key fiber crop of great commercial importance.Numerous phytopathogens decimate crop production by causing various diseases.During July-August 2018,leaf spot symptoms were recurrently observed on cotton leaves in Rahim Yar Khan,Pakistan and adjacent areas.Infected leaf samples were collected and plated on potato dextrose agar(PDA)media.Causal agent of cotton leaf spot was isolated,characterized and identified as Aspergillus tubingensis based on morphological and microscopic observations.Conclusive identification of pathogen was done on the comparative molecular analysis of CaM andβ-tubulin gene sequences.BLAST analysis of both sequenced genes showed 99%similarity with A.tubingensis.Koch’s postulates were followed to confirm the pathogenicity of the isolated fungus.Healthy plants were inoculated with fungus and similar disease symptoms were observed.Fungus was re-isolated and identified to be identical to the inoculated fungus.To our knowledge,this is the first report describing the involvement of A.tubingensis in causing leaf spot disease of cotton in Pakistan and around the world.