Existing state of potassium chloride in agglomerated sintering dust and its water leaching kinetics

In order to examine the leaching rate of potassium chloride from the sintering dust by water,surface morphology and inner structure of the dust,especially the existing state of potassium chloride,were observed by scanning electron microscopy（SEM） and linear scanning technique via energy dispersive spectroscopy（EDS）.The characterization shows that the sintering dusts are mostly porous composites or agglomerates of the fine dust particles with size less than 10 μm,and the potassium chloride and sodium chloride particles are partly covered by other water insoluble matters in the dust which consist of elements iron,calcium and etc.Exposure of potassium chloride in the agglomerated dust matrix of this kind suggests that the leaching can be simply perceived as the dissolution of water soluble matters in the dust.On-line monitor of specific electrical conductivity of the leaching system verifies the prediction that leaching kinetics of potassium chloride from the sintering dust fits dissolution model well.Leaching equilibrium can be reached within 5 min with potassium leaching ratio more than 95%.

NaF对NaCl-KCl-CaCl_(2)盐吸水性及共晶行为的影响研究

NaCl-KCl-CaCl_(2)盐具有工作温度范围宽、化学稳定性好、比热容大等优点,因而在太阳能热发电和超高温储能中具有广泛的应用前景。但NaCl-KCl-CaCl_(2)本身极易吸水进而加剧合金的腐蚀,如何抑制NaCl-KCl-CaCl_(2)盐的吸水性已成为当前研究的热点。本文在NaCl-KCl-CaCl_(2)盐中掺杂不同含量的NaF,研究掺杂不同含量NaF后NaCl-KCl-CaCl_(2)盐的吸水性和结晶行为变化。研究结果表明,随着NaF含量增加,NaCl-KCl-CaCl_(2)盐的吸水性逐渐降低,其中10%NaF的吸水性最低。随着放置时间增加,添加NaF后NaCl-KCl-CaCl_(2)盐的吸水性逐渐增加。添加NaF后NaCl-KCl-CaCl_(2)盐的共晶行为发生变化,NaF的添加导致NaCl-KCl-CaCl_(2)盐的熔点出现变化。本研究为氯化盐的保存储藏提供了重要方法,为未来氟/氯互异盐的设计提供了重要的参考方法,具有重要的学术意义和应用价值。

Realization of Potassium Chloride Sensor Using Photonic Crystal Fiber

We propose to measure the concentration of potassium chloride using photonic crystal fiber having circular air holes of diameter 400 nm. The principle of measurement is based on the linear variation of the transmitted field emerging from the PCF with respect to concentration of potassium chloride. Field distribution in photonic crystal structure is simulated using plane wave expansion (PWE) method. Simulation result reveals that the intensity of transmitted light varies linearly with respect to concentration of potassium chloride filled in the air holes.

Analgesic effect of intrathecal bumetanide is accompanied by changes in spinal sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 and potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 expression in a rat model of incisional pain

Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 and potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 have a role in the modulation of pain transmission at the spinal level through chloride regulation in the pain pathway and by effecting neuronal excitability and pain sensitization. The present study aimed to investigate the analgesic effect of the speciifc sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 inhibitor bumetanide, and the change in spinal sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 and potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 expression in a rat model of incisional pain. Results showed that intrathecal bumetanide could decrease cumulative pain scores, and could increase thermal and mechanical pain thresholds in a rat model of incisional pain. Sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 expression in-creased in neurons from dorsal root ganglion and the deep laminae of the ipsilateral dorsal horn following incision. By contrast, potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 expression decreased in neurons of the deep laminae from the ipsilateral dorsal horn. These ifndings suggest that spinal sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 expression was up-regulated and spinal potassi-um-chloride co-transporter 2 expression was down-regulated following incision. Intrathecal bumetanide has analgesic effects on incisional pain through inhibition of sodium-potassi-um-chloride co-transporter 1.

Development and bioequivalence study of potassium chloride extended release tablets

The purposes of this study are to prepare the generic extended release tablet of potassiumchloride(PC) 600 mg and to compare the absorption of potassium ion from the experimen-tal tablets to that of Kaleorid? LP 600 mg(Leo Pharmaceutical Products, Denmark). Car-nauba wax was used as retardant in the matrix core tablets. The core tablets were coatedwith blends of ethyl cellulose(EC) and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose(HPMC) to modulatethe drug release. Results of a selective two-level, three-factor experiment design revealedthat a blend of 41.75% of EC and 58.25% of HPMC at 4.5% weight gained could produce thecoated tablets having dissolution profiles similar to those of Kaleorid?. A two-treatment,two-period, two-sequence crossover bioequivalence study was carried out on 24 healthyvolunteers to compare the absorption of potassium ion from experimental tablets to thatfrom Kaleorid?. The potassium ion in the urine was measured by a selective electrode of theADVIA 1650 system(Bayer) and used to calculate cumulative urinary excretion and urinaryexcretion rate. Results of 90 percent confidence interval analysis showed that the limits fornatural log-transformed cumulative urinary potassium excretion(Ln Ae 0-24) of test productwere in the range of 3.73–3.79 mEq, corresponding to 99.08%–100.92% of Kaleorid ?, respec-tively, and the limits for natural log-transformed maximal potassium excretion rate( R max) oftest product were in the range of 1.72–1.82 mEq/h, corresponding to 97.34%–102.66% of refer-ence product, respectively. Both of them fell within the bioequivalence interval(80%–125%)of reference product, proving that experimental product is bioequivalent to Kaleorid ?.

Antibacterial Properties of Starch Blending with Glycidyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride and Potassium Sorbate Used in Medical Dressings

Starch is easy to breed bacteria,which affects its performance and application in medical dressings.In this research,antibacterial starch was prepared by physical blending method with glycidyl trimethyl ammonium chloride(GTA)and potassium sorbate as antibacterial agents.The antibacterial activities of GTA,potassium sorbate,GTA-starch and potassium sorbate-starch were investigated with the purpose of understanding the growth of bacteria in starch system.Results showed that GTA had good antibacterial activity,and the bacteriostasis rate of 0.05 g/mL GTA against Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)was 96.55%.The antibacterial properties of starch increased with an increase of mass fraction of potassium sorbate and then decreased with the continuously increasing of mass fraction of GTA.GTA-starch with30%GTA showed the best antibacterial activities,the bacteriostasis rate of Escherichia coli(E.coli)and S.aureus were 26.48%and20.26%,respectively;50%potassium sorbate in potassium sorbatestarch showed the best antibacterial activities,the bacteriostasis rate of E.coli and S.aureus were 67.68%and 74.75%,respectively.

The diagnosis of hyperkalemia induced by potassium chloride in experimental rabbits

Objective： To observe the electrocardiogram （ECG） and heart rate in a rabbit model ofhyperkalemia induced by potassium chloride, and provide theoretical and experimental reference for timely diagnosis of hyperkalemia clinically. Methods： Forty rabbits were randomly assigned into four groups. 0.9% isotonic saline solution was perfused in the group I , while 1.0%, 4.0% and 10.0% potassium chloride solutions were perfused in the other groups, respectively, to induce hyperkalemia. Results： The changes of serum potassium, ECG and heart rate before perfusion were significantly （P〈 0.05） different from those after perfusion in the other groups compared with group I . The effect of ECG variability rates was well consistent （Kappa = 0.724, P〈0.01） with that of serum potassium on diagnostic tests in the other groups. The area under ROC curve in diagnosis effect of ECG variability rates and sermn potassium on hyperkalaemia was much significantly larger （P〈0.01 and P〈0.05） compared with 0.5. There was asignificantly positive correlation between ECG variability rates and serum potassium （r= 0.865, P〈0.05 for bilateral Pearson test）. There was certain positive correlation between heart rate and serum potassium, but the correlation was poor （r= 0.526, R2=0.277）. Conclusion： A combination of serum potassium, ECG variability rates and heart rate should be considered and analyzed by synthesis to establish an accurate and timely diagnosis for hyperkalemia.

Suicide attempt using potassium tablets for congenital chloride diarrhea:A case report

BACKGROUND Congenital chloride diarrhea(CCD)is a rare inherited disorder of intestinal electrolyte transport that results in a large wastage of electrolytes and water.Advances in substitution therapy using sodium chloride(NaCl)and potassium chloride(KCl)have dramatically improved survival for patients with CCD.Slowrelease KCl is widely prescribed as a potassium supplement;however,it has also occasionally been used in suicide attempts,as potassium poisoning can generate life-threatening hyperkalemia.CASE SUMMARY A 26-year-old female presented to the emergency department(ED)with selfpoisoning,having taken 30 tablets of slow-release KCl(total:240 mmol potassium)following an auditory hallucination.The patient had been undergoing substitution therapy with NaCl and KCl for CCD and been followed up in the pediatric department.One month prior,she developed insomnia and anxiety and had consulted a psychiatrist.At the ED,although her general condition was good,she appeared agitated.Her serum potassium level was 7.0 mmol/L,indicating hyperkalemia,and electrocardiographic changes showed tenting of the T-waves.She responded to the administration of calcium gluconate,sodium bicarbonate,and insulin with glucose,and the serum potassium level improved.Finally,she was diagnosed with schizophrenia.CONCLUSION In CCD management,physicians should pay careful attention to patients’extraintestinal issues,including psychological disorders that may emerge in adulthood.

Anomalous expression of chloride transporters in the sclerosed hippocampus of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy patients

The Na＋-K＋-CI- cotransporter 1 and K＋-CI- cotransporter 2 regulate the levels of intracellular chloride in hippocampal cells. Impaired chloride transport by these proteins is thought to be involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Imbalance in the relative expression of these two proteins can lead to a collapse of CI- homeostasis, resulting in a loss of gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic inhibition and even epileptiform discharges. In this study, we investigated the expression of Na＋-K＋-CI- cotransporter 1 and K＋-CI- cotransporter 2 in the sclerosed hippocampus of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, using western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Compared with the histologically normal hippocampus, the sclerosed hippocampus showed increased Na＋-K＋-Cl- cotransporter 1 expression and decreased K＋-CI- cotransporter 2 expression, especially in CA2 and the dentate gyrus. The change was more prominent for the Na＋-K＋-CI- cotransporter 1 than for the K＋-CI- cotransporter 2. These experimental findings indicate that the balance between intracellular and extracellular chloride may be disturbed in hippocampal sclerosis, contributing to the hyperexcitability underlying epileptic seizures. Changes in Na＋-K＋-CI-cotransporter 1 expression seems to be the main contributor. Our study may shed new light on possible therapies for patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis.

Effect of fluoride ions on coordination structure of titanium in molten NaCl–KCl

The effects of fluoride ions(F^(-)) on the electrochemical behavior and coordination properties of titanium ions(Ti^(n+)) were studied in this work,by combining electrochemical and mathematical analysis as well as spectral techniques.The α was taken as a factor to indicate the molar concentration ratio of F^(-) and Ti^(n+).Cyclic voltammetry(CV),square wave voltammetry(SWV),and open circuit potential method(OCP)were used to study the electrochemical behavior of titanium ions under conditions of various α,and in-situ sampler was used to prepare molten salt samples when α equal to 0.0,1.0,2.0,3.0,4.0,5.0,6.0,and 8.0.And then,samples were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and Raman spectroscopy.The results showed that F^(-) in molten salt can reduce the reduction steps of titanium ions and greatly affects the proportion of valence titanium ions which making the high-valence titanium content increased and more stable.Ti^(2+) cannot be detected in the molten salt when α is higher than 3.0 and finally transferred to titanium ions with higher valence state.Investigation revealed that the mechanism behind those phenomenon is the coordination compounds(TiCl_(j) F_(i)^(m-)) forming.

氯化锂溶液中钾离子的吸附分离研究

作为初级原料的氯化锂产品因钾、钠、钙等杂质含量过高,直接影响了氯化锂及由氯化锂制备的金属锂的应用和系列产品的开发。采用静态吸附法研究了由水热法合成的硅铝酸盐分子筛在氯化锂溶液中对钾离子的吸附分离性能,考察了接触时间、温度、不同钾离子初始浓度、溶液pH、离子强度等对分子筛吸附钾离子的影响,研究分析了分子筛对钾离子的吸附动力学和吸附热力学。结果表明:分子筛对钾离子有较高的选择吸附性且吸附速率快,在溶液初始钾离子浓度为0.005 mol/L、温度为25℃的条件下,30 min后分子筛对钾离子的吸附量为56 mg/g,接近吸附平衡容量;溶液中初始钾离子浓度、离子强度直接影响着分子筛对钾离子的平衡吸附量。通过动力学及热力学分析得知,分子筛对钾离子的吸附更符合Freundlich吸附等温模型且为放热反应,低温有利于吸附的进行;吸附反应过程符合准二级动力学模型,吸附反应速率由多个控制步骤共同决定。同时,分子筛对钾离子有较好的解吸效率,可循环吸附。

溶析结晶用于盐湖卤水提钾和镁锂分离研究

采用溶析结晶法快速分离盐湖卤水中氯化钾并降低卤水中的镁锂比,解决青海盐湖盐田摊晒存在的生产周期长、需要修建大面积盐田等难题。以有机溶剂为溶析剂,考察了不同种类溶析剂加入量、溶析温度、溶析时间等对盐湖氯化钾收率及镁锂比的影响。实验结果表明,以无水乙醇为溶析剂与盐湖卤水体积比为2∶1,溶析温度为-15℃,时间为90 min时,氯化钾和氯化钠的收率分别达到93.15%和99.84%。溶析结晶后的母液经过过滤,在70~80℃,以0.5℃/min的降温速率进行动态降温,析出氯化镁晶体,镁锂质量比由原卤中的388.44降低至266.63,最终达到快速分离氯化钾的目的及为后续对镁锂进一步分离提供更有利的条件。

氯化钾滚镀锌关键技术的开发研究

在氯化钾滚镀锌槽中间加隔板将其分成两个滚镀锌槽。第一镀槽中的亚铁杂质视作镀液的有效成分,将镀锌改为镀锌铁合金。第二镀槽切断了亚铁杂质的主要来源,用于制备高质量的镀锌层。钢铁件在第一镀槽中镀锌铁合金制备底镀层,然后在第二镀槽中镀锌得到面镀层,从而消除了铁杂质对氯化钾镀锌的不良影响,克服了传统工艺镀层出现滚桶眼子印和钝化困难等技术缺陷。本工艺无需处理氯化钾镀锌槽中的铁杂质,解决了用双氧水氧化处理法导致镀液性能下降的问题。结果表明:所制备的镀锌铁合金与镀锌组合镀层的耐蚀性高于传统的镀锌层。本工艺镀液维护简单,镀液和镀层性能优于传统工艺,具有良好的应用前景。

CuCl_2-KCl-LaCl_3/γ-Al_2O_3对乙烷氧氯化反应的催化性能

以γ-Al_2O_3为载体,采用常规浸渍法制备了负载型CuCl_2-KCl-LaCl_3三组分催化剂,并研究了其对乙烷氧氯化反应的催化性能.结果表明,该催化体系中乙烷的转化率较稳定,但随着反应时间的延长,氯乙烯的选择性和收率明显下降.XRD,N2吸附,TGA/DTA和XPS测试结果表明,随着反应的进行,催化剂中的活性物种Cu2+逐渐被还原成Cu+,并且积炭的产生使催化剂的比表面积和孔容积减小.活性物种Cu2+的减少及比表面积的降低是催化剂失活的主要原因.

三元体系KCl-SrCl_2-H_2O 25℃相平衡研究

Phase equilibria in the ternary system KCl-SrCl2-H2O at 25 ℃ was studied by using the isothermal method. Density and refractive index of the solution were also determined. The phase diagram was plotted according to the experimental data. In the equilibrium phase diagram of KCl-SrCl2-H2O, there is one invariant point, two univariant curves and two regions of crystallization: KCl and SrCl2·6H2O. In the invariant point, the composition of the liquid phase (mass fraction, wB) was wKCl 7.22%, wSrCl232.31%, the solid phase was KCl and SrCl2·6H2O. Neither double salts nor solid solutions between KCl and SrCl2·6H2O were found, and dehydration of SrCl2·6H2O didn′t occur in the system. The system is a simple eutectic type.

萃取分光光度法测定氯化钾体系中的十八胺

十八胺是冷结晶-正浮选法生产氯化钾的常用捕收剂,用量显著影响浮选分离效率。由于其会吸附在氯化钾表面,不可避免地在氯化钾中残留,不利于高纯钾盐产品的开发。针对氯化钾生产过程及产品中十八胺含量测定的需求,依据十八胺和溴酚蓝通过范德华力和氢键络合的作用原理,开发了以乙酸丁酯为萃取剂、溴酚蓝钠盐为显色剂的萃取分光光度法测定氯化钾中十八胺的浓度。考察了溶液pH、十二烷基吗啉、共存盐、平衡时间、显色剂用量对十八胺浓度测量的影响。结果表明:当溶液pH从3~9逐渐增大时,十八胺与溴酚蓝的络合作用减弱且络合分子极性增大,导致吸光度降低;在pH<5时,十二烷基吗啉和溴酚蓝能形成有色络合物,当pH为6~9时萃取液吸光度值趋近于零;共存氯化钾、氯化钠、硫酸钾、氯化镁等溶液的离子强度增大,氢键作用减弱但络合分子的盐析效应增强,溶液中微量的Li^(+)、NH_(4)^(+)和B对萃取液吸光度影响不大;显色剂用量过大时,吸光度值太大且不符合朗伯-比尔定律,平衡时间影响较小。选择测定条件为:溶液的pH为6、离子强度为1 mol·L^(-1),2 mmol·L^(-1)显色剂的用量为0.50 mL,采用缓冲溶液定容至25 mL,反应5 min后加入5.00 mL乙酸丁酯萃取,待分层平衡2 min后于458 nm处测定萃取液吸光度,工作曲线为A=0.04949c+0.06624(R^(2)=0.9923,ε=1.33×10^(4) L·mol^(-1)·cm^(-1),0~10 mg·L^(-1))。该方法的相对标准偏差为0.33%~2.63%,平均相对误差为-0.90%,十八胺和十二烷基吗啉混合体系的平均相对误差为-0.25%。采用该方法测得正浮选精钾母液中十八胺含量为8.66 mg·L^(-1),加标回收率为95.5%~106%,可用于测定盐湖钾肥生产过程中十八胺的浓度。

三元体系NaCl-KCl-H_2O35℃活度系数的研究

研究了 35℃NaCl KCl H2 O三元体系的活度系数 .用Na+ 、K+ 和Cl-的离子选择性电极分别测得了 (0 .1～ 1.5mmol/L)不同离子强度下该体系中NaCl和KCl的平均活度系数 .回归了该体系Pitzer方程的相互作用参数 .实验值与计算值最大相对误差为 5 .6 % ,而平均相对误差为 2 .3% .

氯通道阻断剂对KCl、5-HT引起的兔脑椎基底动脉血管环收缩效应的影响

目的 探讨不同种类氯通道阻断剂在不同激动剂引起的脑血管平滑肌收缩反应中的作用。方法 记录离体兔脑椎基底动脉环收缩反应。结果 ①氯通道阻断剂DIDS、Furosemide及NPPB均浓度依赖性抑制高K+ 及 5 HT引起血管环收缩反应 ,DIDS、Furosemide及NPPB对 5 HT引起收缩的抑制作用明显强于对KCl的作用 ;②在 5 HT引起血管收缩反应中 ,给予SK&F96 36 5引起血管最大舒张的基础上 ,DIDS、Furosemide及NPPB均可引起血管进一步舒张。结论 氯通道可能参与了由高K+ 去极化和 5

不同氯化钾施用措施对烤烟上部叶产质量的影响

[目的]探讨适宜泸州烟区的氯化钾施用措施,进一步完善田间上部烟叶的调控技术。[方法]采用田间试验,以“中川208”为试材,设施氯量30、60、90、0 kg/hm^(2)4个水平,基追比为5∶5,追施时期设移栽后30和50 d,共7个氯化钾施用处理。分析上部烟叶农艺性状、SPAD值、经济性状、化学成分、物理性状的变化。[结果]较不施用氯化钾而言,施用氯化钾使上部烟叶产量、产值、均价、中上等烟比例分别提高3.11%~9.17%、6.12%~19.29%、2.79%~12.92%、4.01%~18.25%;烤后烟叶颜色、成熟度、身份、油分、色度均得到提升,综合得分提升1.15%~8.30%。[结论]以基肥施用氯化钾30 kg/hm^(2),移栽50 d后追施30 kg/hm^(2)的施肥措施经济效益最高,烤后上部烟叶外观质量、化学成分、物理性状评分最高。

四元体系KCl-ZnCl_2-HCl(～10.61%)-H_2O(298.15K)的相平衡及其固相化合物

The equilibrium solubility of KCl ZnCl2 HCl(11%) H2O(25℃) quaternary system at 25℃ was determined and the phase diagram was constructed. This system is complicated with two new compounds K2ZnCl4·H2O (2∶1 type) and K5Zn4Cl13·3H2O (5∶4 type) which have been obtained from the system and have been characterized by XRD, TG DTG. The result shows that compound K5Zn4Cl13·3H2O of 5∶4 type is the new one which have not been reported before. For compound K2ZnCl4·H2O parameter of unit cell is a=11.976?, b=9.066?, c=7.015?, and it belong to orthogonal crystalline system. The result of TG DTG shows that compounds K2ZnCl4·H2O and K5Zn4Cl13·3H2O will dehydrate at 400℃ and 670℃, respectively.