Optimization of Anti-Collapse Drilling Fluid Systems with High Potassium Content

The ash mudstone in some oil formations is highly water-sensitive.The oil formation is fractured,and the risk of well leakage and collapse is not negligible.This study presents a countermeasure for well collapse prevention,based on a“force-chemistry synergistic balance”approach and the utilization of environmentally friendly and efficient hydration inhibitors.The relevance of this approach is demonstrated considering a drilling fluid system with the high potassium content.The analysis shows that the system can maintain good rheological properties,filtration loss and suspension stability even after aging at 130℃ for 16 h.The primary roll recovery of rock chips is better than 98%.The secondary rolling recovery rate is 89%.The rapid water loss is close to zero.The effects of carrying rock,sand,hydration inhibition and dispersion of drill chips are all noticeable.

Hyperspectral Inversion of Potassium Content in Apple Leaves Based on Vegetation Index

The aim of this study is to establish the estimation model of potassium content in apple leaves by using vegetation index. A total of 96 fresh apple leaves were collected from 24 orchards in Qixia County, Shandong Province. The spectral reflectance of the leaves was measured by ASD FieldSpec4. The difference vegetation index (DVI), ratio vegetation index (RVI) and normalized vegetation index (NDVI) were used to make the contour map through Matlab platform, and the combination of high correlation wavelength was selected to establish the random forest (RF) regression model of potassium content. The hyperspectral reflectance increased with the increase of leaf potassium content. The correlation between DVI and the content of potassium is higher than NDVI and RVI. The optimal vegetation index was DVI (364,740), the correlation coefficient was 0.5355. The random forest regression model established with DVI selected vegetation index was the best. R2 was 0.8995, RMSE and RE% were 0.0791 and 0.0617 respectively. Using DVI to establish the random forest regression model to reverse the potassium content of apple leaves has achieved good results. It is important to determine the growth status of apple in hyperspectral and to determine the potash fertilizer of apple trees.

Sugar beet yield and industrial sugar contents improved by potassium fertilization under scarce and adequate moisture conditions

Sugar beet（Beta vulgaris L.） is an industrial crop, grown worldwide for sugar production. In Pakistan, sugar is mostly extracted from sugarcane, soil and environmental conditions are equally favorable for sugar beet cultivation. Beet sugar contents are higher than sugarcane sugar contents, which can be further increased by potassium（K） fertilization. Total K concentration is higher in Pakistani soils developed from mica minerals, but it does not represent plant available K for sustainable plant growth. A pot experiment was conducted in the wire-house of Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences at University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan. K treatments were the following： no K（K_0）, K application at 148 kg ha^（–1）（K_1） and 296 kg ha^（–1）（K_2）. Irrigation levels were used as water sufficient at 60% water holding capacity and water deficient at 40% water holding capacity. The growth, yield and beet quality data were analyzed statistically using LSD. The results revealed that increase in the level of K fertilization at water sufficient level significantly increased plant growth, beet yield and industrial beet sugar content. The response of K fertilization under water deficient condition was also similar, however overall sugar production was less than that in water sufficient conditions. It is concluded from this study that K application could be used not only to enhance plant growth and beet yield but also enhance beet sugar content both under water-deficient as well as water-sufficient conditions.

施用侧孢短芽孢杆菌对烤后烟叶钾含量及烟株生理特征的影响

为探究施用侧孢短芽孢杆菌(Brevibacillus laterosporus)对烤后烟叶钾含量及烟株生理特征的影响,在烟苗移栽期设置不施用侧孢短芽孢杆菌(T1)、侧孢短芽孢杆菌浸根(T2)、侧孢短芽孢杆菌灌根(T3)及侧孢短芽孢杆菌浸根+灌根(T4)4个处理,测定烤后烟叶钾含量、叶片光合色素含量、抗氧化酶活性及抗病性等指标的变化。结果表明:侧孢短芽孢杆菌的最佳施用方式为浸根+灌根,该处理烤后上部及中部叶的钾含量较T1处理分别显著(P<0.05)提高29.86%、67.36%,根系钾含量显著提高16.58%~28.85%,烟株气候斑病、炭疽病、赤星率、叶斑病的发病率和病情指数显著降低,烟叶的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量,及超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性分别显著提高13.21%~18.81%、21.01%~35.41%、9.63%~18.31%、11.62%~13.81%,叶片丙二醛含量显著降低20.76%~30.99%。综上,在烟苗移栽期以浸根+灌根方式施用侧孢短芽孢杆菌可增强烟株的抗性,提高烤后烟叶的钾含量。

中医药治疗慢性肾脏病高钾血症的研究进展

近年来,中医药在改善慢性肾脏病(CKD)高钾血症患者病情中的作用逐渐受到重视,结合国内外中医药与CKD高钾血症的相关研究,梳理有关CKD高钾血症的中医药理论;结合CKD患者发生高钾血症的生理机制及现代中药药理学研究,探讨治疗CKD的常见中药影响钾离子代谢的机制,归纳CKD高钾血症患者具体可应用的和应避免的中药;提出CKD患者在出现高钾血症时能持续使用含钾量低且有延缓肾功能恶化的中药,为未来中医药在CKD高钾血症治疗方面的研究提供方向。参考文献54篇。

长江中游地区不同钾肥用量对油菜生物量、产量和养分吸收利用的影响

2021~2022年在长江中游地区湖北省武汉市江夏区开展田间试验,研究不同氯化钾施用量对油菜苗期及成熟期生物量、产量和养分吸收分配的影响。试验设置6个氯化钾施用量处理,分别为K_(0)(K_(2)O 0 kg/hm^(2))、K_(30)(K_(2)O30 kg/hm^(2))、K_(60)(K_(2)O 60 kg/hm^(2))、K_(90)(K_(2)O 90 kg/hm^(2))、K_(120)(K_(2)O 120 kg/hm^(2))和K_(150)(K_(2)O 150 kg/hm^(2))。结果表明,在一定范围内,随着钾肥用量的提高,油菜苗期以及成熟期各部位生物量和产量显著增加,其中最高增产量和增产率分别为1199.6 kg/hm^(2)和57.2%。当施钾量超过120 kg/hm^(2)后油菜生物量和产量均不再显著增加。油菜苗期以及成熟期各部位钾含量随着钾肥用量的增加而显著提高,氮含量均无显著变化,但成熟期籽粒中的磷含量随着施钾量的提高而显著增加。钾肥偏生产力随着钾肥用量的提高而显著降低,但钾肥农学利用率、生理利用率、表观利用率以及收获指数均在施钾量为90 kg/hm^(2)时达到最大,随后逐渐减小。经济效益分析表明施钾量为120 kg/hm^(2)时产投比和净收入达到最大,再继续增加钾肥用量经济效益反而会降低,结合线性加平台方程拟合结果该地区实现经济效益最大化的推荐施钾量为114.6 kg/hm^(2)。综上,合理施用钾肥能够显著提升油菜生物量、氮、磷和钾等养分积累量,提升株高、一级分枝数和角果数,实现增产和最大经济效益。

Characteristics of Potassium-Enriched, Flue-Cured Tobacco Genotype in Potassium Absorption, Accumulation, and In-Ward Potassium Currents of Root Cortex

This study was to investigate the main traits of potassium-enriched, flue-cured tobacco genotypes related to potassium absorption, accumulation, and in-ward potassium currents of the root cortex. Hydroponic methods, K^＋-depletion methods, and patch-clamp, whole-cell recordings were conducted to study the accumulation of dry matter and potassium in different organs, and to measure potassium absorption and dynamic and in-ward potassium currents in potassium-enriched, fluecured tobacco genotypes. The average dry weights of leaves and whole plant of potassium-enriched, flue-cured tobacco genotype ND202 were 10.20, and 14.85 g, respectively, higher than JYH （8.50 and 13.11 g, respectively） and NC2326 （8.39 and 12.72 g, respectively）, when potassium concentration in the solution ranged from 0.1 to 50 mmol L^-1. Potassium accumulation in the leaves of ND202 was 18.6% higher than JYH and 34% higher than NC2326 when potassium concentration in the solution was superior to 0.5 mmol L^-1. The Vmax （the maximum velocity） of ND202 was 118.11 lamol FW g^-1 h^-1, obviously higher than that of JYH （58.87 μmol FW g^-1 h^-1） and NC2326 （64.40 μmol FW g^-1 h^-1）. In the in-ward potassium currents, the absolute value of current density （pA/pF） of ND202 was 60, higher than that of JYH （50） and NC2326 （40）. Potassium concentration in leaves, Vmax, and in-ward potassium currents, could be used to screen potassium-enriched, flue-cured tobacco genotypes.

In sight of K-deficient layered K_(x)MnO_(2) cathode for potassium-ions batteries

Potassium-ions batteries(PIBs)are attracting increasing attention as up-and-coming youngster in largescale grid-level energy storage benefiting from its low-cost and high energy density.Nevertheless,enough researches regarding indispensable cathode materials for PIBs are badly absent.Herein,we synthesize K-deficient layered manganese-based oxides(P2-K_(0.21)MnO_(2) and P3-K_(0.23)MnO_(2))and investigate them as cathode of PIBs for the first time.As the newcomer of potassium-containing layered manganese-based oxides(K_(x)MnO_(2))group,P2-K_(0.21)MnO_(2) delivers high discharge capacity of 99.3 mAh g^(-1) and P3-K_(0.23)MnO_(2) exhibits remarkable capacity retention rate of 75.5%.Besides,in-situ XRD and ex-situ XRD measurements reveal the reversible phase transition of P2-K_(0.21)MnO_(2) and P3-K_(0.23)MnO_(2) with the potassium-ions extraction and reinsertion,respectively.This work contributes to a better understanding for the potassium storage in K-deficient layered K_(x)MnO_(2)(x≤0.23),possessing an important basic scientific significance for the exploitation and application of layered K_(x)MnO_(2) in PIBs.

基于AHP-隶属函数法的棉花子叶期耐低钾能力鉴定

挖掘和利用钾高效种质资源、提高钾营养利用效率是解决棉花生产中缺钾问题的重要途经,为建立快速可靠的耐低钾评价体系,应用决策评价模型AHP-隶属函数法在子叶期对384份棉花种质材料进行耐低钾评价。结果表明:缺钾条件下(0.03 mmol L^(–1)),子叶缺钾斑相对面积的变异系数最大(96.24%),植株干重变异系数最小(14.73%),子叶与下胚轴夹角、根长、根表面积、根体积、K^(+)浓度、K~+积累量的变异系数在15.72%~31.52%之间。子叶与下胚轴夹角与缺钾斑相对面积显著负相关;根系形态与植株干重和K~+积累量显著正相关。经AHP-隶属函数法评价,384份棉花种质材料的综合评价值C分布于0.25~0.79之间,其中无极一枝花(C=0.7868)耐低钾能力最强,巴西014(C=0.2451)耐低钾能力最弱。系统聚类显示,高度(C值为0.74~0.79)和中度(C值为0.33~0.69)耐低钾材料的占比分别为1.30%和95.31%,低钾敏感材料(C值为0.25~0.33)占比3.39%。种子K~+浓度与子叶期耐低钾能力之间的相关性不显著。本研究完善了棉花耐低钾种质资源筛选体系,对384份供试种质的子叶期耐低钾能力进行了鉴定,筛选出5份耐低钾能力强的种质(无极一枝花、棕1-61、黑山棉1号、秦荔514、苏联棉78系),研究具有一定的理论和应用价值。

六盘水烟区土壤钾硫含量及烟叶增钾降硫研究

为了探明六盘水烟区的土壤钾硫含量,实现烟叶增钾降硫优质生产,于2021年对盘州、水城和钟山等植烟区0~20 cm耕层土壤进行了土壤pH值、土壤速效钾含量、土壤有效镁含量及土壤有效硫含量的分析,并于2021年5月在盘州设置了硅基钾肥不同比例替代硫酸钾的田间试验。结果表明:六盘水烟区土壤pH值、土壤速效钾含量、土壤有效镁含量及土壤有效硫含量分别为5.9、302.2 mg/kg、186.1 mg/kg和44.7 mg/kg;与常规施肥相比,硅基钾肥替代1/4硫酸钾的处理可提高烟叶产量19.9%,明显提高烟叶钾、镁含量,降低硫含量,烟叶内部成分更协调。

草酸钠干燥和贮存方式对四氧化二氮N值标定影响研究

通过对比2种干燥方式,研究草酸钠干燥方式对N值标定的影响。对草酸钠的贮存方式进行了探讨,研究干燥后草酸钠在3种贮存条件下对N值测定的影响。研究了不同环境湿度对N值测定的影响,确定实验室环境的最佳湿度范围。进一步考证西北气候下草酸钠的最适宜干燥方式和贮存条件,从而保证N值标定的准确有效进行。

水泥生料中氨含量检测方法研究探索

本文主要探究了氯化钾溶液提取法和纳氏试剂法两种方法在水泥生料中氨含量检测的适应性和准确性,并进行了第三方检测验证。研究结果表明,氯化钾溶液提取法适用于0~50 mg/kg浓度的氨含量检测,而纳氏试剂法适用于20~100 mg/kg浓度的氨含量检测,本研究为水泥生料中氨含量检测提供指引和参考,对水泥工业实现氮氧化物超低排放,确保氨逃逸合格有着重要意义。

利用地面γ总量转换为空气吸收剂量率进行环境辐射水平评价——以桂阳县潘家村和永兴县土桥村实测数据为例

在长期的铀矿普查中,我国积累了海量的γ总量数据资料,但应用这些数据进行放射性环境评价的研究极少。本文从γ总量和空气吸收剂量率的测量原理出发,通过梳理γ总量、放射性核素含量与空气吸收剂量率之间的关系,建立起地面γ总量与空气吸收剂量率之间的联系,分析了仪器参数对测量误差的影响,认为γ总量仪器bK/bU=2.287、bTh/bU=0.430时,测量的γ总量与空气吸收剂量率满足严格线性关系,因此γ总量仪器的bK/bU、bTh/bU值越接近这两个数值,测得的γ总量转换为空气吸收剂量率越准确;利用湖南省电离辐射计量站模型进行了γ总量转换为空气吸收剂量率的系数求解,并分析了误差,推测了仪器参数中钾的铀当量值、钍的铀当量值的大致范围;在郴州市桂阳县潘家村岩体和郴州市永兴县土桥村灰岩地区进行了γ总量、γ能谱、空气吸收剂量率的同点位实测,结果显示,当核素含量比CK/CU均值小于1、CTh/CU均值小于3时,利用γ总量(FD3013仪器测得)估算的空气吸收剂量率与利用Beck公式根据能谱估算的空气吸收剂量率的误差基本处于同等水平,均方根误差均小于15%。根据国内核素的CK/CU、CTh/CU均值,认为国内大部分地区可以利用由FD3013仪器(或类似性能仪器)测得的γ总量数据估算空气吸收剂量率。利用已有铀矿普查资料中的γ总量数据转换计算有效空气吸收剂量率,为快速大面积评估环境天然放射性外照射水平提供了方法参考。

氟硅酸钾容量法测定硅石中的二氧化硅

采用氢氧化钾-碳酸钾混合熔剂高温熔融硅石样品,使难溶性硅酸盐转化为易溶性硅酸盐,氟硅酸钾容量法测定硅石中的二氧化硅含量。本文研究了硅石的熔解方法,沉淀时间、试剂的加入量以及硅石中杂质元素的干扰。结果表明:二氧化硅的测定范围为80%~99%,回收率在99%~102%,RSD<1%。方法简便,对比重量法,流程短,操作简单,结果和国标法吻合。

影响双氧水中过氧化氢含量测定的因素及改进措施

针对双氧水中过氧化氢含量测量结果不一致的情况,分析其影响因素有:高锰酸钾标准溶液不稳定;高锰酸钾溶液标定误差大;过氧化氢滴定误差大。提出相应的解决方案。改造后,达到双氧水中过氧化氢含量准确测量的目的。

钒钛球团中全铁含量测定影响因素的探讨与应用

随着钢厂降本需要,优质铁矿石资源越发紧张,找到性价比高的铁矿石资源已成为当务之急,而钒钛球团价格合适,有一定的成本优势。但钒钛球团在理化检测过程中,由于不易溶解,从而影响钒钛球团中全铁含量的分析。本文分别从温度、加入盐酸的体积、还原方法三个方面进行分析,得出影响钒钛球团中全铁含量的原因。

动物性饲料原料中铁元素含量的快速检测方法研究

研究旨在建立一种利用分光光度法快速检测动物性饲料原料中铁元素含量的方法。采用两种分光光度法(邻菲罗啉法和硫氰酸钾法)对动物性饲料原料灰分中铁元素进行检测。结果显示:试验确定原料中铁元素以Fe^(3+)形式存在,选择硫氰酸钾法作为后续试验的检测方法,优化后硫氰酸钾法的最适条件为:灰化时间3.5 h、检测波长480 nm、硫氰酸钾溶液体积1.0 mL、显色时间10 min、显色反应温度30℃,显色反应过程无须避光。在此参数下测定得到标准曲线在1~20 mg/L范围内具有良好线性关系(R2>0.999 0),方程为y=0.071 5x+0.009(R^(2)=0.999 4)。硫氰酸钾法的稳定性好、准确度高、抗干扰性强,批次内相对标准偏差为1.03%~2.05%,6批次鸡肉粉样品加标回收率为98.02%~101.03%,10~50倍Fe^(3+)浓度的Na^(+)、K^(+)和Ca^(2+)不会干扰Fe^(3+)含量的检测,具有替代原子吸收光谱法进行快速检测的可行性。使用两个方法同时测定11种动物性原料样品中铁元素含量的结果差异不显著(P>0.05)。研究表明,试验建立的硫氰酸钾法可用于宠物食品动物性饲料原料中铁元素含量的快速检测。

硫酸亚铁铵还原-重铬酸钾返滴定法测定18K金首饰中的金含量

研究了用硫酸亚铁铵还原金,重铬酸钾滴定过剩的硫酸亚铁铵,间接测定18K金首饰中金含量的方法,阐述了样品前处理、不同银铜含量的样品溶解方式,考察了共存元素的影响、方法的准确度和精密度,确定了方法适用范围。

不同植被下土壤有机质含量的测定

土壤有机质(soil organic matter,SOM)是一项评判土壤质量状况的重要因子,其含量的高低对农业生产活动具有重要作用。本文采集了江南地区三种不同植被下的土壤样品,在实验室使用重铬酸钾外加热容量法测定土壤有机质含量。结果发现,原始树林土壤有机质含量为11.6 g/kg,茶田为19.2 g/kg,竹林为36.8 g/kg。