Role of high-density brines in reservoir development stages:A review

High-density brines have been recognized beneficial for oilfield applications,with various key areas such as drilling,completion and formation evaluation.High-density brines can play a critical role in the development and production of oil and gas reservoirs during the primary,secondary,and tertiary recovery phases.High-density brines can enhance the mobility and recovery of the oil in the reservoir by controlling the density and viscosity.However,a less attention has been given to the application of high-density brine in the area of reservoir development.This review is shedding light on a concise overview of reservoir development stages in association with the recovery mechanisms.In addition,most possible applications of high-density fluids have also been reviewed in the field of the reservoir development.In summary,this review state that high-density brines can be used to stimulate reservoirs by hydraulic fracturing during the primary recovery phase.However,the risk of increased interfacial tension,which relies on the density difference of two fluids,can trap more residual oil relative to conventional water flooding.In addition,high-density brines are effective in decreasing the mobility ratio and facilitating favorable displacement during polymer flooding.However,they can be least effective in alkaline flooding due to the high IFT related to large density differences.Thus,it is suggested to consider the utilization of sustainable high-density brines by taking into account effective factors in petroleum engineering aspects such as stimulation,secondary recovery and polymer flooding.

Distribution, characteristics, metallogenic processes and prospecting potential of terrestrial brine-type lithium deposits in the world and lithium demand situation

In response to the rise of the energy storage industries such as new energy vehicles and the wide application of lithium in various fields worldwide,the global demand for lithium resources has been in explosive growth.In order to further comprehensively understand the global supply and demand pattern,development and utilization status,genesis of ore deposits and other characteristics of lithium resources,based on the achievements of many researchers at home and abroad,this paper systematically summarized the lithium supply and demand situation,resource endowment,deposit classification and distribution,typical geological characteristics,metallogenic factors and metallogenic regularity of terrestrial brine-type lithium deposits which are the main types of development and utilization all over the world.The review shows that brine-type lithium resource and(or)reserves in the plateau salt lakes are huge and play an important role.In addition,the mineralization potential of the underground brine-type lithium deposit is broad worldwide.The potential resources of underground brines are enormous,and the geothermal spring water type is also worthy of attention.Brine lithium deposits are mainly controlled by the subduction and collision of regional plate tectonics,arid climate and provenance conditions.Strengthening of the scientific research on underground brines in the future is expected to provide another significant support for the global demand for lithium resources.

Brineshrimp致死率生测法筛选九牛造抗癌活性部位

首次采用Ｂｒｉｎｅｓｈｒｉｍｐ致死率生测法检测了九牛造的不同提取组分的抗癌活性，结果表明其根提取组分均具生物活性。

BrineShrimp致死率生物鉴定法对八种民间药活性成分的研究

采用ＴｈｅＢｒｉｎｅＳｈｒｉｍｐＬｃｔａｌｉｔｙＢｉｏａｓｓａｙ法对民间药翼蓼ＰｌｅｒｏｘｙｇｏｎｕｍｇｉｒａｌｄｉｉＤｕｍｍｅｒｅｔＤｉｅｌｓ），金荞麦（Ｆａｇｏｐｙｒｕｍｄｉｂｏｔｒｙｓ（Ｄ．Ｄｏｎ）Ｈａｒａ），齿果酸模（ＲｕｍｅｘｄｅｎｔａｔｕｓＬ．）、巴天酸模（ＲｕｍｅｘｐａｔｉｅｎｔｉａＬ．）、网果酸模（ＲｕｍｅｘｄｉｃｔｙｏｃａｒｐｕｓＢｏｉｓｓｅｔＢｕｈｓｅ）、掌叶大黄（ＲｈｅｕｍｐａｌｍａｔｕｍＬｉｎｎ）、异叶败酱（ＰａｔｒｉｎｉａｈｅｔｅｒｏｐｈｙｌｌａＢｇｅ的甲醇提取物的石油醚、乙醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇等的萃取部分和水溶液部分及大自米（Ｎｏｔｈｏｌｉｒｉｏｎｈｙａｃｉｎｔｈｉｎｕｍ（Ｗｉｌｓ．）Ｓｉａｐｆ）生物碱总甙共３６种混合物进行了研究，测试出１４种活性成分，从而为抗癌药物的深入研究提供了科学依据。

Salt-Gathering and Potassium Formation of Potassium-Rich Brine during the Triassic in the Sichuan Basin, China

Potassium-rich brine in the Sichuan Basin has been much studied in recent years, but few studies have focused on the distribution and migration of salt basin and the differences of potassium formation mechanisms. This work examined the salt-gathering and potassium formation of potassiumrich brine during the Triassic in the Sichuan Basin using lithofacies palaeogeographic depiction and geochemical analyses.(1) The favorable sedimentary facies controlling the formation of potassium-rich brine during the Triassic in the Sichuan Basin are evaporation platform and restricted platform, whereas the salt basin is one of the main factors controlling the poly-salt center.(2) The distribution and migration of this salt basin were affected by certain factors. The salt basin of the Jialingjiang Formation was mainly distributed in the east and central Sichuan Basin, whereas that of the Leikoupo Formation was mainly distributed in the central and west Sichuan Basin. The sedimentary centers have gradually moved westward and become smaller.(3) Three main formation mechanisms were identified for the potassium-rich brine during the Triassic in the Sichuan Basin, i.e., evaporation and concentration of seawater, surface fresh water leaching, and deep water-rock reaction. Fresh water leaching was characterized by low anomaly δ18 O and δ13 C values. Water-rock reaction was mainly related to temperature, and high temperature environment(caused by burial depth, overthrust and deep hydrothermal fluids) was beneficial to water-rock reaction. The characteristics of water-rock reaction do not correspond to the increase ratio of K·103/Cl and Br·103/Cl in brine, and the Rb+ content of the brine was high.(4) The formation mechanisms of potassium-rich brine differed between different areas of the Sichuan Basin. In east Sichuan, the evaporation and concentration of seawater, together with meteoric fresh water leaching, was the main formation factor, whereas the evaporation and concentration of seawater and water–rock reaction predominated in west Sichuan. This study of the sedimentary environment and formation mechanisms is of significance to the exploration and exploitation of potassium-rich brine in the Sichuan Basin.

Minimizing chemical interference errors for the determination of lithium in brines by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy analysis

Chemical interferences （ionization and oxide/hydroxide formation） on the atomic absorbance signal of lithium in FAAS analysis of brine samples are elaborated in this article. It is suggested that inadequate or overaddition of deionization buffers can lead to loss of sensitivities under particular operating conditions. In the analysis of brine samples, signal enhancing and oxide/hydroxide formation inducing signal reduction resulting from overaddition of deionization buffers can be seen with varying amounts of chemical buffers. Based on experimental results, the authors have arrived at the optimized operating conditions for the detection of lithium, under which both ionization and stable compound formation can be suppressed. This is a simplified and quick method with adequate accuracy and precision for the determination of lithium in routine brine samples from chemical plants or R＆D laboratories, which contain comparable amounts of lithium with some other components.

The tempo-spatial characteristics and forming mechanism of Lithium-rich brines in China

With the technological development of exploitation and separation,the primary source of lithium has gradually changed from ore to brine,which has become the main raw material,accounting for more than 80% of the total production.Resources of lithium-bearing brine are abundant in China.This paper has summarized the spatial and temporal distribution,characteristics,and formation mechanism of the lithium-rich brine in China,aiming to provide a comprehensive set of guidelines for future lithium exploitation from brines.Lithium brines usually exist in modem saline lakes and deep underground sedimentary rocks as subsurface brines.The metallogenic epoch of China's lithium-rich brine spans from the Triassic to the Quaternary,and these brines exhibit obvious regional distribution characteristics.Modem lithium-rich saline lakes are predominately located in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.In comparison,the subsurface lithium-rich brines are mainly distributed in the sedimentary basins of Sichuan,Hubei,Jiangxi,and the western part of the Qaidam Basin.Lithium-rich saline lakes are chloride-enriched,sulfate-enriched,and carbonateenriched,while the deep lithium-rich brines are mainly chloride-enriched.On the whole,the value of Mg/Li in deep brine is generally lower than that of brine in saline lakes.The genesis of lithium-rich brines in China is not uniform,generally there are two processes,which are respectively suitable for salt lakes and deep brine.

Incipient charnockites from southern India:The role of brines

Southern India and Sri-Lanka are the places where “incipient charnockites”,i.e.the local transformation of amphibolite-facies gneisses into orthopyroxene-bearing,igneous looking charnockites,have been discovered in the early sixties.The fact that some incipient charnockites occur along a network of brittle fractures,together with CO2 remnants preserved in mineral inclusions,had called for the role of fluids during charnockite alteration.The present work presents new observations on fluid inclusions and microtextures of incipient charnockites from type localities in southern India.In addition to CO2-rich fluid inclusions in quartz and feldspar,all of the occurrences have disrupted remnants of concentrated aqueous alkali chloride solutions.CO2 inclusions are more abundant in paragneiss (Kerala) than in orthogneiss (Karnataka/Tamil Nadu).The finding of disrupted brine inclusions in the Kabbal charnockite is a key link between closely associated massive charnockites and Closepet Granite,both of which also share the brine remnants.All of the occurrences studied here have feldspar or feldspar-quartz microvein networks along grain boundaries of recrystallized quartz,feldspar and orthopyroxene.These metasomatic veins again indicate the action of alkali-exchanging fluids (i.e.,saline solutions).Feldspar microveins,which have been found in most “massive” charnockites,along with the CO2-rich fluid inclusions,suggest a commonality of incipient charnockite and massive charnockite,both types differing in intensity of interaction with metasomatizing pore fluids.

CO_2,carbonate-rich melts,and brines in the mantle

This paper reviews the origin and evolution of fluid inclusions in ultramaflc xenoliths, providing a framework for interpreting the chemistry of mantle fluids in the different geodynamic settings. Fluid inclusion data show that in the shallow mantle, at depths below about 100 km, the dominant fluid phase is CO2 ± brines, changing to alkali-, carbonate-rich （silicate） melts at higher pressures. Major solutes in aqueous fluids are chlorides, silica and alkalis （saline brines; 5-50 wt.% NaCl eq.）. Fluid inclusions in peridotites record CO2 fluxing from reacting metasomatic carbonate-rich melts at high pressures, and suggest significant upper-mantle carbon outgassing over time. Mantle-derived CO2 （±brines） may eventually reach upper-crustal levels, including the atmosphere, independently from, and additionally to magma degassing in active volcanoes.

Evolution of isotopic composition and deuterium excess of brines in the Sichuan Basin, China

The isotopic composition and parameters for deuterium excess of brines, which were sampled in the Si-chuan Basin, show obvious regularities of distribution. The brine isotopic composition shows distinct two systems of marine and terrestrial deposits, with the Middle Triassic strata as the boundary. Brine hydrogen isotopic composition of marine deposits is lower while oxygen isotopic composition is higher than that of the SMOW, respectively, indicating that the brines were derived from seawater with different evaporating degrees at different times. From the Sinian strata, up to the Cambrian, Permian Maokou Formation and the Triassic Jialingjiang Formation, the δD values of brines tend to become relatively positive with the strata becoming younger. Brines of terrestrial deposits are considered to have been derived from precipitation and their isotopic composition is close to the globe meteoric water line (GMWL). Brines of transitional deposits between marine and terrestrial ones (the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation) have δD and δ18O values falling between the two end members of marine deposit brines and precipitation, indicating that the brines are a mixture of precipitation and vaporing seawater. Water samples from the brine-bearing strata of different ages show various deuterium excesses (d) with an evident decreasing trend as the age of strata gets older and older. Brine-bearing strata of the Triassic Leikoupo-Jialingjiang Formation, the Permian Maokou Formation, the Cambrian and Sinian strata are all carbonate rocks which have experienced intensive water/rock reaction and the deuterium excess essentially changes with time. All brine-bearing-strata surrounding the basin or faults, as well as those brine wells exploited for resources, have been obviously influenced by the precipitation supply. Therefore, the deuterium excesses of their brines have increased to different extents, depending on the amount of involvement of meteoric water. The variation and distribution of d values of the brines from different Triassic strata are related to the embedded depth of the strata. The deuterium excesses of brines become lower with increasing burial depth of the strata.

Influences of the Basin Brines on Hydrocarbons of the Anthracosia Shales from Southwestern Poland

Abstract: Previous studies have shown that the oxidizing brines from the Early Permian Rotliegende sequence have influences on the organic matter of Kupferschiefer. However, inside the Rotliegende sequence there are two other black shales: the Lower and Upper Antracosia shales, which have not been studied as much in detail as in Kupferschiefer. In the present study 12 samples from the Lower and Upper Antracosia shales were analyzed by organic geochemical methods in order to clarify the influences of the oxidizing brines on organic matter. The results indicate that the organic matter of the samples from the Upper Antracosia shale and the bottom of the Lower Antracosia shale was oxidized under the influences of the oxidizing brines. The oxidation resulted in a depletion of saturated hydrocarbons and the alkyls of the aromatic compounds.

Origin and evolution of oilfield brines from Tertiary strata in western Qaidam Basin:Constraints from ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr,δD,δ^(18)O,δ^(34)S and water chemistry

Chemistry of major and minor elements,87Sr/86Sr,δD,δ18O and δ34S of brines were measured from Tertiary strata and Quaternary salt lakes in the western Qaidam Basin.The water chemistry data show that all oilfield brines are CaCl2 type.They were enriched in Ca2+,B3+,Li+,Sr2+,Br-,and were depleted in Mg2+,SO42-,which indicated that these brines had the characteristics of deeply circulated water.The relationship between δD and δ18O shows that all data of these brines decline towards the Global Meteoric Water Line(GWL) and Qaidam Meteoric Water Line(QWL),and that the intersection between oilfield brines and Meteoric Water Lines was close to the local spring and fresh water in the piedmont in the western Qaidam Basin.The results suggest that oilfield brines has initially originated from meteoric water,and then might be affected by water-rock metamorphose,because most oilfield brines distribute in the range of metamorphosing water.The 87Sr/86Sr values of most oilfield brines range from 0.71121 to 0.71194,and was less than that in salt lake water(>0.712),but close to that of halite in the study area.These imply that salt dissolution occurred in the process of migration.In addition,all oilfield brines have obviously much positive δ34S values(ranging from 26.46‰ to 54.57‰) than that of salt lake brines,which was caused by bacterial sulfate reduction resulting in positive shift of δ34S value and depleteed SO42-in oilfield brines.Combined with water chemical data and δD,δ18O,87Sr/86Sr,δ34S values,we concluded that oilfield brines mainly originate from the deeply circulated meteoric waters,and then are affected by salt dissolution,water-rock metamorphose,sulfate reduction and dolomitization during the process of migration.These processes alter the chemical compositions of oilfield brines and accumulate rich elements(such as B,Li,Sr,Br,K and so on) for sustainable utilization of salt lake resources in the Qaidam Basin.

Compare on characteristic of different chemical type salt lake brines from Tibet during evaporating

1 Introduction China is a country which has many salt lakes.Tibet is the area where have numerous salt lake,because the sources of water have multiple chemical type,resulting in Tibet salt

Influence of Painting and Dyeing on Temperature Fluctuation of Northern Tibetan Salt Brines

Introduction The amount of the total dissolved salts(TDS)in most of the salt brines on northern Tibet is relatively lower.So the effective brine concentration technique is needed for lithium,boron and potassium extraction from these brine

Depositional System and Seismic Response of Subsurface Brines Reservoirs in Western Qaidam Basin,China

It is a major continuous depocenter in Dalangtan area,western Qaidam basin since Early Cenozoic,which is most important Neogene salt deposits center in Qaidam basin.The Miocene Saline lake was developed firstly in

Chemical Analysis of Water and the Resource of Br,K Prospects of Oilfield Brines from Ordovician and Carboniferous in Tarim,China

China is lack of bromine and potassium seriously.Oilfield brines is the headline goal of bromine and potassium resources exploration.Applicants grab 24oilfield brines samples from various wells of Ordovician

3-Phase Modeling for the Origin of Chinese Lithium-Rich Brines

There are significantly different origins and mineralizations among various lithium-rich brines of the world.As for Clayton Valley,Nevada,the data and interpretations recently presented suggest that the model

Formation of Li Salts from Natural Brines during Isothermal Evaporation at 25℃

Li brines are the primary resources for Li salt industries.Evaporation is necessary to concentrate Li due to its low level of concentration in raw brines.The salt sequences during the evaporation of Li brines,especially the behavior of Li salts,represent key data for solar technologies.However,chemists cannot use any phase diagram to estimate Li salt sequences during evaporation at 25℃.The thermodynamic model proposed by us in 2003 represents the only tool for the prediction of equilibrium conditions during the evaporation of solutions containing Li^+,Na^+,K^+,Mg^2+/Cl^-,SO4^2-,and-H2O components at 25℃.In this paper,the predicted salt sequences of 20 brines are reported.The results indicate that (1) the first crystallized Li salt during evaporation of Li brine varies in brine composition;(2) lithium sulfate is crystallized in many cases initially for brines of magnesium sulfate subtype,while Db4 (Li2SO4 ·K2SO4 ) or Db3 (2Li2SO4 ·Na2SO4 ·K2SO4 ) appears first for sodium sulfate and magnesium sulfate subtypes with lower Mg/Li composition,and the final eutectic point is H+LiC+Lc+Ls+Car;(3) the final eutectic point is H+LiC+Lc+Car for brines of chloride type;and (4) Li content corresponding to the first crystallized Li salt is in the range of 0.43%-1%.These findings enhance our knowledge of Li chemistry and provide insights into solar pond technology of the Li-brine process.

A Novel Application in Green Chemical Processing Using Reject Brines and Carbon Dioxide as Raw Materials

In this paper, the concept of “green processing” will be applied, while explaining the role of sustainable development strategy with respect to the environmental issue. Two parameters are considered in the study by utilizing carbon dioxide and reject brine from desalination plants as raw materials to produce valuable chemical products and partially desalinated water.

Geochemical Characteristics of Deep-Seated Potassium-Rich Brine in the Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation, Sichuan, China

Brine extremely rich in potassium,boron and bromine has been discovered from the Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation at a depth of 4300 m in Sichuan Province.It contains-50g/L of K^+,>92g/L of Na^+,>12g/L of B2O3,>2.36g/L of Br^- and -0.030g/L of I^+.The solid precipitates during evaporation at 25℃ include KB5O8·4H2O,K2B4O7·3H2O,MgCl2·6H2O and KMgCl3·6H2O.The brine ranges from 2.2‰,to2.8‰(SMOW)inδ^18O,-38‰-53‰(SMOW)in δD,15.6‰inδ^34S,and 13.5‰-15.1‰inδ^11B.These data,particularly the isotopic composition of boron,indicate that the brine has a composite derivation from marine and nonmarine brines and dissolved marine evaporites in the Triassic system.