Study on Addition Amount of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Cellulase in Mixed Silage of Potato Plants

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the appropriate addition amounts of lactic acid bacteria and cellulase in the mixed silage of potato plants,so as to provide a basis for the rational use of potato plants.[Methods]Fresh potato(Solanum tuberosum)seedling plants,watermelon(Citrullus lanatus)plants,and melon(Cucumis melo)plants were selected as raw materials for silage,each of which was added at a ratio of 32%,and 4%of brown flour was added additionally.On this basis,an L 9(32)orthogonal experiment was designed to investigate the effects of the amount of lactic acid bacteria(10,20,30 g/kg)and the amount of cellulase(5,10,15 g/kg)on the experimental results with sensory evaluation score as an investigation index.[Results]With the increase of the amount of lactic acid bacteria and the amount of cellulase,the sensory evaluation score of silage increased,and it was the highest when the amount of lactic acid bacteria added was 20 g/kg and the amount of cellulose was 10 g/kg.With the increase of the amounts of lactic acid bacteria and cellulase added,ammonia nitrogen showed a decreasing trend,and the pH and ammonia nitrogen were the lowest when the amount of lactic acid bacteria added was 20 g/kg and the amount of cellulose was 10 g/kg.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for the rational use of effective ingredients and nutrients in potato plants and the development of new feed resources.

Generation of Virus Free Potato Plantlets through Meristem Culture and Their Field Evaluation

Different aspects of micropropagation through meristem culture for the production of virus indexed source plants, in vitro tuberization and field evaluation of the in vitro regenerated plants were studied on four commercial cultivars of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) viz., Diamant, Cardinal, Shilbilati and Lalpakri. The investigation was conducted at Rajshahi, Bangladesh from December 2010 to March 2012 to produce virus-free potato plantlets through meristem culture, shoot multiplications with root induction as well as their acclimatization and evaluation of morphological characters and tuber yield under field condition. Shoot tips of 25 - 30 day old field-grown plants of above mentioned four cultivars were used for meristem isolation. After isolation, meristems of these varieties of potato were cultured on “M” shaped filter paper bridge in Murashige and Skoog (MS) liquid medium. Four different treatments of media formulations viz. 0.1 mg/L KIN + 0.1 mg/L GA3, 0.1 mg/L KIN + 0.5 mg/L GA3, 0.5 mg/L KIN + 0.1 mg/L GA3 and 0.5 mg/L KIN + 0.5 mg/L GA3 were used as plant growth regulators. From these formulations MS + 0.1 mg/L KIN + 0.5 mg/L GA3 was found to be the best for the primary establishment of meristem culture. The primarily established meristems were subcultured on to MS semisolid basal medium supplemented with four different treatment combinations of hormones viz. 0.5 mg/L BA + 1.0 mg/L IBA;0.1 mg/L KIN + 0.1 mg/L GA3;0.5 mg/L BA + 0.5 mg/L GA3 and 0.5 mg/L KIN + 0.5 mg/L GA3 were used to identify the suitable media compositions for shoot proliferation. Results showed that out of these four media treatments the formulation 0.5 mg/L BA + 0.5 mg/L GA3 was found to be the best suitable for shoot generation. Among the four cultivars of potato higher frequency of shoot proliferation (number of shoots/explant and longest shoot length) was observed in Diamant, though the highest shoot formation (76%) was recorded in Cardinal. Virus free in vitro grown potato plantlets were obtained through DAS-ELISA test and used substantially for micro-propagation. After gradual acclimatization of rooted plantlets of four potato cultivars, they were transferred into the field for cultivation and established successfully. It was observed from the field study of in vitro meristem-derived plantlets that there were no virus-affected plants. The virus-free exotic varieties were much superior in all vegetative attributes and yield compared to those of indigenous varieties with producing potato plants of normal height. In contrast, the indigenous varieties took a longer time to tuber initiation and maturity, lower plant height and number of leaves per plant, a higher number of tubers but a lower amount of tuber weight per plant, and poorer tuber grade than the exotic varieties. However, the variety Cardinal exposed the best performances in the context of survival percentage of plantlets (90%), days to tuber initiation (DTI), a number of leaves per plant (NL), tuber weight per plant (343.40%) and the percentage of rich tuber grade.

Mapping QTL underlying tuber starch content and plant maturity in tetraploid potato

Tuber starch content and plant maturity are two important agronomic traits of potato. To investigate the complex genetic basis of these traits in the cultivated potato, as well as the relationship between them, we developed a linkage map in a tetraploid population of 192 clones derived from the cross Longshu 8 × Zaodabai and mapped quantitative trait loci(QTL) for tuber starch content and plant maturity using data collected in three diverse environments over two years. We detected eleven QTL for tuber starch content distributed on seven chromosomes, of which four, on chromosomes I, II, and VIII, were expressed in at least three environments. For plant maturity, we identified six QTL on chromosomes II, IV,V, VII, and XI, one of which, on chromosome V, showed LOD peaks ranging from 45.2 to 62.5 cM and explained 21.6%–26.6% of phenotypic variation was expressed in five of the six environments. Because the reproducible QTL for plant maturity and tuber starch content mapped to different chromosomes and neither overlapping QTL, nor any genetic interaction between QTL were detected, we infer that tuber starch content and plant maturity are controlled by independent genetic loci. This inference supports the prospect of breeding potato for both early maturity and high starch content.

Impact of Plant Density on the Formation of Potato Mimitubers Derived from Microtubers and Tip-Cuttings in Plastic Houses

The potato minitubers have been widely used for the elite seed propagation to improve the seed potato system in China. However, little information is available for an efficient production of the minitubers with high plant density in the protected growing conditions like plastic houses. In present research, the minitubers of a wide-grown potato variety, Favorita, were produced with the microtubers from tissue culture and the tip-cuttings of the microtuber plants. Three plant densities, 200, 400 and 600 microtubers or plants m-2 were set up with the randomized block design of 3 replications and the experiment was repeated in 4 seasons in 2009-2010. The canopy development, light interception, dry weight production and partitioning, tuberization and tuber weight were investigated to elucidate the mechanism by which the plant density affects the formation and growth of the minitubers. The results showed that the number of the tubers formed per unite area was in line with the increase in plant density. The difference in leaf area index （LAI） between the plant densities, especially in early stage of the plant growth, resulted in more radiation interception and dry weight producing in higher plant density than in lower one. However, our analysis demonstrated that the conversion coefficient of the cumulative intercepted radiation to plant weight and the dry weight partition rate to the tubers were constant between plant densities, suggesting that less amount of the photoassimilates partitioned to individual tubers is causal for more small tubers in high plant density. A negative exponential curve model, determined by total number of tubers produced per unit area and the mean tuber weight, fitted well to the tuber size distribution pattern. The optimum plant density could be estimated from this model for a maximum production of the minitubers with desired size.

Large-ridge Mechanized Planting Technology of Potato in Hailar District of Hulunbeier City

The mechanized large-ridge production technology of potato was summarized,including preparation before sowing,deep tillage and land preparation,deep application of chemical fertilizer,sowing,intertillage,disease and pest control,harvesting and other related contents.The comparative experimental study of large ridge and small ridge modes focused on the effects of ridge spacing on soil bulk density,temperature,water retention,crop growth and yield.The technology has the advantages of time saving,labor saving,seed saving,and fertilizer saving.It can significantly improve production efficiency,and is a high-yield and high-efficiency planting mode that increases potato yield.This model can increase yield by 370 kg/hm 2 and improve income by 160 yuan/hm 2.The results of this study have greatly promoted the promotion and application of mechanized largo-ridge potato planting technology.

The Effect of Plant Growth Regulator and Active Charcoal on the Development of Microtubers of Potatoes

With the detoxicated seedling of a potato cultivation breed named “Mire” as the material, the effect of auxins CCC, 6-BA, and active carbon to microtubers of potato (Solanum tubersum L.) was investigated under the in-vitro circumstances. The result indicated the exogenous auxins improved the production and quality of microtubers of potatoes. The effect of induction can be described as CCC > CCC + 6-BA > 6-BA > CK, the number of microtubers in per flask is 8.17 > 7.67 > 7.29 > 5.46, and the number of large potatoes in per flask is 6.33 > 5.17 > 3.17 > 1. In addition, by adding 0.5‰ of active charcoal, the growth period was shortened from 25.0 days to 9.33 days on average, and the amount of larger potatoes increased 8.54%. These results benefited the growth of microtubers of potato.

Botanicals and plant strengtheners for potato and tomato cultivation in Africa

This review provides a summary of botanicals and plant strengtheners that have potential uses for disease and pest management in potato and tomato cultivation in African.We discuss their possible use to prevent major diseases and pests which infest potato and tomato,such as early and late blight,bacterial wilt,potato tuber moth,and tomato leafminer.There are several examples of the successful uses of botanicals for pathogen and pest control relevant for different African climatic conditions;however,most of these studies have been conducted in vitro and often lack field verification.Plant strengtheners(substances that induce and improve crop resistance,yield,and quality)are little studied and used in Africa in comparison to North America and Europe.The possible benefits of using botanicals and plant strengtheners instead of conventional pesticides are discussed here in relation to human health and the environment as well as their modes of action and accessibility to farmers.Lack of knowledge of the composition and active ingredients of extracts,environmental concerns,uncertainties regarding stability and formulation,lack of legislation and limited support from governments,hamper the development of botanicals and plant strengtheners for use in sustainable African agriculture.

Modeling the Effect of Planting Dates and Nitrogen Application Rates on Potatoes Water Productivity in Jordan Valley

Agricultural sector in Jordan is facing serious challenges in meeting the growing needs of food security because of its low water availability. Maintaining and enhancing agricultural water productivity under such prevailing environmental constraints are hard to achieve. Potatoes water productively in Jordan Valley was modeled using Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) under six nitrogen applications (0, 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 kg/ha) and twelve planting dates every two weeks from October 1 to March 15 scenarios. The potatoes yield increased from 0% to 100% nitrogen treatment and then no considerable increase occurred. The potatoes’ crop yield increased from October 1st to January 15 and then decreased after which until the last day of planting date. The seasonal cumulative crop evapotranspiration for potatoes about doubled from 0% to 60% nitrogen treatment and then kept increasing gradually until the last treatment. The growing season cumulative crop evapotranspiration for potatoes increased gradually from October 1 to March 1. The water productivity increased from 0% nitrogen treatment to 100% and then decreased. The potatoes’ water productivity increased from October 1 until November 15 and then decreased to the end. From these results, we recommend that 100% of nitrogen requirements should be applied. The best window for potatoes’ planting date is the last two weeks in November.

Effects of different planting systems on yield of potato crop in Kaghan Valley: A mountainous region of Pakistan

Conversion of potato from conventional methods to wide bed planting systems may increase water and nitrogen use efficiency in commercial potato production system by reducing the amount of irrigation water and water applied nitrogen fertilizer bypassing the potato root zone. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L) cv. Desiree was tested against different planting system for yield and yield components at Kaghan, a high mountainous Himalayan region ofPakistan. The experiment was carried out at Himalayan Agricultural Research Station (HARS), Kaghan during the summer season of 2005. The results showed that maximum tuber growth (88.7%), number of stems per plant (3.5), plant expansion (45.5 cm), average number of tubers per plant (10.1) and yield per hectare (12.4 t/ha) were significantly different and higher when potatoes were planted on wide bed and covered with soil from one side. Tallest plants (53.4 cm) were observed when potatoes were sown on the ridges. Maximum number of green potatoes (12.5) and injured potatoes (5.3%) were observed when the tubers were planted following local farmers’ method. Keeping in view the soil type, land slopping, we recommend sowing potatoes on relatively plain wide beds and covering it with soil from one side, for potato cultivation in the area.

Correlations between delayed fluorescence of chlorophyll, metabolism and yield of plants. III. Influence of viral infection on field plants and new technology of clone selection of virus-free planting potato

At the end of potato plants vegetation virus in-fection induced both decrease in maximum amplitude of delayed fluorescence maximal amplitude and increase half time of its decrease, as well as reduction in the amount of stems, plants’ height and assimilation area surface, yield, acceleration of plants development and their early die-off. The differences of DF pa-rameters and yields between strongly and weakly infected plants increase in case of a combined virus infection. In industrial test of the selection of virus-free planting potato by the use of DF parameter, a rise in the yield and de-crease degree of viral infection of crops was obtained.

马铃薯整地施肥播种联合作业机的研制与试验

依据现阶段马铃薯播种机械发展现状,结合本地农民对播种机的现实需求,设计了一款马铃薯整地施肥播种联合作业机。对机具进行总体结构设计和主要参数确定,在对关键部件进行详细设计计算的基础上,制作了马铃薯联合作业机的试验样机,并进行大量田间试验。试验结果表明,设计的马铃薯联合作业机各项指标满足国家标准要求。

基于电驱动的智能播补一体化马铃薯播种机设计研究

马铃薯是我国重要的粮食和经济作物,在西南丘陵山区受限于地势条件,现有马铃薯播种机在作业时均不同程度的存在株距误差大、漏播及重播率高、土壤条件适应性差的问题。为此,设计了以AT89S51单片机为运算核心的播补薯一体机,主要由漏播监测、播补薯、株距控制模块组成。其中,漏播监测模块主要由红外线发生和接收装置组成,播补薯模块主要由步进电机驱动的取种勺根据系统命令执行指定作业,株距控制模块则通过设定的株距指令控制电机的转速及修正;同时,以步进电机作为动力取代了传统的地轮驱动以减小株距误差,步进电机驱动的单链取种勺集成播补薯功能于一体。试验表明:机具作业行走速度在0.6~1m/s时,补薯成功率为73%~81%,总播种成功率为97%~98%,播种株距误差为2.52%~4.83%,整体播种性能完全满足马铃薯播种农艺要求。

豫西旱地烟薯间作模式下不同株距对烤烟生长及产量质量的影响

为探索适宜豫西旱地烤烟高质量发展的烟薯产业综合体模式,以烤烟‘LY1306’和鲜食甘薯‘普薯32’为材料,采用田间试验研究“烟垄栽薯”2∶2间作模式下烤烟不同株距(65、60 cm和55 cm)配置对烟株生长及产量质量的影响。结果表明:在烟株移栽后90 d,与烤烟单作相比,烤烟株距为65 cm时,烟薯间作烟叶的最大叶长和最大叶宽分别提高5.09%~5.12%和5.17%~8.17%,叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值)提高4.90%~6.81%,净光合速率(P_(n))、气孔导度(G_(s))和蒸腾速率(T_(r))分别提高16.39%~21.50%、23.82%~27.72%和36.21%~45.31%,土传根茎病害发病率降低74.38%~78.42%;烤烟株距为60 cm时,烟薯间作烟叶的最大叶长和最大叶宽分别提高3.71%~4.79%和4.69%~7.61%,SPAD值提高3.80%~5.55%,P_(n)、G_(s)和T_(r)分别提高14.03%~19.77%、15.68%~22.49%和29.83%~35.78%,土传根茎病害发病率降低75.30%~78.11%;两种株距下烤后烟叶内在化学成分配比较烤烟单作更为合理。随着烤烟株距的减小,间作处理的土地当量比(LER)、总产值及烤烟感官评吸总分表现为先增加后减小;当烤烟株距为60 cm时,烟薯间作的总产值在2021年和2022年分别达82 855.40 CNY·hm^(-2)和81 654.55 CNY·hm^(-2),较烤烟单作提高15.85%和22.43%。综上,豫西旱地采用“烟垄栽薯”2∶2间作模式的LER>1,具有间作优势,且烤烟株距调整为60 cm时(烤烟单作株距65 cm),烟株生长较好,产量质量指标最优,综合效益最大。

甘薯裸苗斜插式栽植机构及电控系统研制

针对目前我国甘薯裸苗移栽机存在的栽植质量差和自动化程度低的问题,按照甘薯裸苗移栽的农艺要求,研制一种基于四连杆机构原理的甘薯裸苗斜插式栽植机构及其控制系统。通过理论分析和仿真模拟研究栽植机构的运动轨迹,确定栽植机构的关键结构参数,构建由直流无刷电机、旋转编码器和PLC控制器等组成的栽植机构电控系统。田间试验表明:在目标株距20 cm、作业速度0.4~0.6 km/h时,移栽作业质量指标均达到标准要求,其中作业速度为0.4 km/h时,作业性能优于0.5 km/h和0.6 km/h,此速度下株距变异系数均值为6.71%、栽植角度与深度合格率平均值分别为94.3%、95.0%。对比试验结果表明,0.4 km/h、0.5 km/h和0.6 km/h速度下,电驱控制与传统机械控制相比,栽植株距变异系数平均值分别降低6.25%、6.37%和6.19%,可有效解决拖拉机动力输出轴驱动不稳定性对栽植作业轨迹和株距的影响。

马铃薯早疫病病原菌分离鉴定及不同植物提取物、茵陈二炔酮抑菌活性研究

[目的]明确曲靖市会泽县马铃薯早疫病的病原菌,并探究不同植物提取物和茵陈二炔酮对病原菌的抑菌活性,为马铃薯早疫病的生物防治提供科学依据。[方法]采用组织分离法分离纯化病原菌,通过形态学和分子生物学方法鉴定病原菌,利用菌丝生长速率法筛选对病原菌有抑制效果的植物提取物,同时测定茵陈二炔酮抑菌毒力以及对菌丝形态、干重、还原糖、总蛋白含量的影响。[结果]曲靖市会泽县马铃薯病叶分离纯化的病原菌经鉴定为交链格孢菌(Alternaria alternata)。12种植物提取物(1 mg/mL)中椴叶鼠尾草和紫茎泽兰提取物的抑菌效果最好,抑菌率分别为55.19%和40.76%。茵陈二炔酮抑菌效果随着浓度升高而增强,经毒力测定其EC_(50)在16.418~46.576μg/mL。茵陈二炔酮使菌丝形态发生细微变化,干重显著减轻,还原糖、总蛋白含量显著降低。[结论]曲靖市会泽县马铃薯早疫病病原菌为交链格孢菌,椴叶鼠尾草和紫茎泽兰提取物对交链格孢菌有良好的抑菌效果,茵陈二炔酮通过阻碍菌丝细胞物质合成与能量代谢,影响菌丝正常生长以达到较好的抑菌效果。

育种试验马铃薯播种机的设计与试验

目前,我国马铃薯育种试验播种工作缺少专用机具,存在人工播种劳动量大、效率低、播种质量参差不齐等问题,对育种试验的准确性产生了误差。为此,设计了一种育种试验马铃薯播种机,可用于马铃薯育种试验过程中的播种环节。工作时,采用圆盘式排种装置进行排种,可一次性完成开沟、施肥、播种及起垄作业,在此主要对圆盘式排种装置、导种装置以及种薯存放装置进行了研究分析。田间试验表明:育种试验马铃薯播种机可保证种薯的单株播种,无重种、漏种现象,种植深度合格率为92%,株距变异系数平均值为13.2%,各项性能指标均达到国家设计标准,填补了我国马铃薯育种试验播种缺少专用机具的空白。

不同光质对马铃薯生长及光合特性的影响

【目的】为探究不同光质对马铃薯生长发育的调节规律。【方法】以马铃薯品种费乌瑞它为供试材料,研究白光、远红光、红光、绿光、蓝光、紫外光对马铃薯植株生长和光合特性的影响。【结果】不同光质对植株生长具有不同调节作用,红光处理下株高、根表面积、叶绿素含量、单个块茎重较白光分别增加37.20%、35.54%、18.82%、112.69%,单株结薯数较白光降低50.70%;蓝光处理下根表面积、蒸腾速率、单株结薯数、单个块茎质量、单株产量较白光分别增加18.98%、17.02%、25.91%、65.67%、108.11%;绿光处理下茎粗、净光合速率、单株结薯数、单株产量较白光分别降低20.45%、6.44%、22.56%、22.45%;远红光处理下根长、根表面积、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率较白光分别降低24.73%、30.91%、26.47%、10.67%、34.75%;紫外光处理下株高、根表面积、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率较白光分别降低21.72%、20.75%、21.18%、7.78%、15.60%。【结论】根据主成分分析综合评价表明,蓝光可有效促进马铃薯生长,提高光合效率,在实际生产中可通过蓝光照射提高马铃薯种薯生产效率。

基于EDEM-ADAMS的甘薯水平移栽机构优化设计

针对现有甘薯水平栽插移栽机械较少、移栽位姿不符合农艺要求等问题,结合甘薯栽植农艺要求,设计一款能实现水平栽插的甘薯移栽机构。通过建立数学模型对移栽机构的整体结构和关键部件进行优化设计。以机构前进速度、机构安装高度为试验因素,通过EDEM-ADAMS耦合仿真对薯苗入土深度与土中直线长度进行仿真试验与参数优化,仿真试验的最优参数为:机构前进速度0.22 m/s、安装高度181 mm。田间试验结果表明,薯苗入土深度平均合格率与土中直线长度合格率分别为95.32%、93.12%,符合甘薯水平栽插农艺要求。

植物生长调节剂拌种对马铃薯生长和产量的影响

以云南陆良县召夸镇为试验地点,通过设置寡聚酸碘、5%氨基寡糖素、甲壳寡糖素3种植物生长调节剂6种不同的配置方案,对不同植物生长调节剂配置拌种下马铃薯生长情况和产量指标2个角度进行评估,探究植物生长调节剂拌种对马铃薯生长和产量的影响,以期为马铃薯的科学种植提供试验数据依据。

马铃薯闽薯1号在仙游县种植表现与地膜覆盖栽培技术

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