Goat milk-based infant formula regulates intestinal barrier function and promotes the production of short-chain fatty acids

Infant formula(IF)based on cow milk and goat milk is a substitute food for infants who are underfed with human milk.In our previous study,we reported the composition and physicochemical stability of IF based on milk from cows and goats and a combination of both milks.Here,we investigated the effects of these 3 IFs on intestinal immunity and short-chain fatty acid production(SCFAs)using human microbiota-associated(HMA)mice and selected human milk as a positive control.The results showed that goat milk-based IF is associated with a functional immune advantage,due to the rise in the levels of immune-related cytokines interleukin(IL)-2 and IL-10,decreased levels of intestinal permeability markers D-lactic acid and endotoxin,and increased mRNA levels of intestinal tight junction proteins occludin and claudin.In addition,the intestine of mice fed with goat milk-based IF contained 12.06μmol/g acetate,2.42μmol/g propionate,and 1.72μmol/g butyrate,which reached 69%,79%,and 60%of the levels in human milk,respectively.Our results indicate that goat milk-based IF improves intestinal immune function and promotes the production of intestinal SCFAs.

Detection and Molecular Characterization of <i>Cronobacter sakazakii</i>Isolated from Powdered Infant Formula (PIF) from North Central Region, Nigeria

Cronobacter sakazakii is an emerging ubiquitous and opportunistic pathogen that currently contaminates a wide spectrum of foods including powdered milk and poses a lethal threat to neonates, the elderly and persons with immune deficiencies. They cause life threatening neonatal meningitis, septicemia, and necrotizing enterocolitis. A total of 360 samples of powdered infant formula were collected from postnatal hospital attendees reconstituting the PIF for their children in the North Central region of Nigeria where cases of infant mortality are very high and presenting as enterocolitis and diarrhea. Pre-enriched samples were cultured in chromogenic Cronobacter broth and were then further sub-cultured into a chromogenic Cronobacter sakazakii agar. They were positive, exhibiting yellowish cultures typical of Cronobacter sakazakii. Biochemical tests of the isolates were also carried out and indicated the presence of Cronobacter sakazakii. The isolates were then characterized molecularly using specie specific PCR detection of Cronobacter sakazakii. The targeted genes of interest were ompA gene and CPA gene. The isolates tested showed bands for ompA gene on electrophoresis imager and were confirmed as Cronobacter sakazakii. In Nigeria, majority of infants are still fed with PIF. There is no existing data on the detection of Cronobacter sakazakii previously reported in the North central region of Nigeria hence the need to carry out the present study. The result of the study demonstrated the need for effective prevention and control measures as contamination of PIF with Cronobacter sakazakii constituted potential public health risk to neonates and infants.

Screening for Enterobacteriaceae Bacteria in Infant Formula Powder

A total of 151 infant formula powder samples were tested for the screening of the Enterobacteriaceae bacteria, and it had been contaminated by the conditioned pathogen like Enterobacter sakazakii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Enterobacter cloacae. The results showed that six samples were separated Enterobacter sakazakii, 24 samples were separated Enterobacteriaceae by using the traditional validation and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. Then the result identified by API20E biochemistry test and VITEC2 identification system. Through the study we concluded the potential safety hazard of the current infant formula powder and should regard Enterobacteriaceae as an indicator to carry out effective management, the neglected mild and discontinuity contamination could be easily found, thus to guarantee the safety of the special group.

A Survey on Occurrence of Melamine and Its Analogues in Tainted Infant Formula in China

Objective To investigate the occurrence and concentrations of melamine and its analogues in tainted infant formula and to identify the etiologic factors for the urinary stones epidemic in infants and young children in China in 2008. Methods Sanlu infant formula samples were collected from families of the affected children in Gansu province, and markets in Gansu and Hebei provinces and Beijing city. Melamine and its analogues, including cyanuric acid, ammeline, and ammelide were measured by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Results High prevalence and concentrations of melamine were found in Sanlu infant formula samples, with low concentrations of cyanuric acid, ammeline and ammelide. Melamine were detected in 87 out of 111 Sanlu infant formula samples with a range of 118 to 4 700 mg/kg, Conclusion The results provide strong evidence for melamine as the etiological factor for the urinary stones epidemic in infants and young children in China in 2008.

婴儿配方奶粉中3种新型溴代阻燃剂参考物质候选物的研制

目的研制婴儿配方奶粉中五溴甲苯、六溴苯和1,2-双(2,4,6-三溴苯氧基)乙烷3种新型溴代阻燃剂的参考物质候选物。方法以市售婴儿配方奶粉为研究基质,经加水溶解、标准添加、均质、干燥、粉碎、筛分和分装等工序制备后,用同位素稀释-大气压气相色谱-串联质谱法进行目标物的均匀性检验和稳定性考察。分别采用F检验和一元线性模拟方程评价参考物质候选物的均匀性和稳定性数据。结果均匀性检验的分析结果显示3种新型溴代阻燃剂的F均小于临界值F(1.964)。稳定性考察的分析结果显示,在40℃放置10 d或–20℃避光放置6个月的条件下,候选物的特性量值未观测到明显变化。结论本研究研制的婴儿配方奶粉中3种新型溴代阻燃剂参考物质候选物的均匀性、稳定性良好,符合参考物质的预期要求,能够为进一步形成参考物质提供物质基础。

婴幼儿配方粉中反式脂肪酸在总脂肪酸中占比测定研究

本文建立了气相色谱测定婴幼儿配方粉中反式脂肪酸在总脂肪酸中所占比例的分析方法。样品经乙酰氯-甲醇法甲酯化,离心,取上清液经毛细管色谱柱分离后,采用气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器检测,面积归一化法定量。结果表明,在优化的色谱条件下,采用实际样品对检测方法进行验证,12批次婴幼儿配方粉样品平行测定6次,相对标准偏差在1.95%~5.13%之间,实际样品测定结果符合相关标准要求。方法结果准确、重复性好、操作简单,适用于婴幼儿配方粉中反式脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的占比的测定。

幼儿配方羊奶粉对抗生素所致腹泻小鼠的影响

文章探讨幼儿配方羊奶粉对抗生素所致腹泻小鼠的影响,为幼儿配方羊奶粉的推广应用提供依据。将50只KM小鼠按性别体质量随机分为空白对照组、模型对照组、羊奶粉低剂量组、羊奶粉高剂量组、幼儿配方牛奶粉组,每组10只,雌雄各半。奶粉组按20 mL/kg体质量灌胃,空白和模型对照组灌胃纯水,每天2次,连续14 d。给样7 d后,空白对照组灌胃生理盐水,其余各组灌胃头孢拉定(1.00 g/kg体质量)+庆大霉素(0.16 g/kg体质量),0.4 mL/只,2次/d,连续4 d,给抗生素2 h后继续给受试样品,试验结束前1天收集小鼠粪便,用于测定粪便含水量及肠道微生物分析,末次给样后次日眼眶采血测定血清TNF-α、IL-2、IL-6、IL-1β水平,取空肠、结肠组织进行组织病理学检查。结果表明,与空白对照组比较,模型对照组动物粪便含水量显著升高(P<0.05),血清IL-2水平极显著降低(P<0.01),IL-6、IL-1β水平极显著升高(P<0.01),空肠及回肠组织内可见隐窝数量减少,肠绒毛变短,固有层炎性细胞浸润等病理改变,肠道菌群结构改变,多样性降低;与模型对照组比较,羊奶粉高剂量组及幼儿配方牛奶粉组动物粪便含水量显著或极显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),血清IL-2水平显著升高(P<0.05),IL-6水平显著下降(P<0.05);羊奶粉对小鼠空肠和结肠组织病变有明显修复作用,对抗菌素所致小鼠肠道菌群多样性及组成有显著调节功能。幼儿配方羊奶粉可能通过提高肠道免疫功能,调节肠道菌群组成改善抗生素致腹泻小鼠肠道病理损伤。

高效液相色谱法同时测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中5种糖

建立一种婴幼儿乳粉样品的简便快速处理方法,以高效液相色谱法定量检测样品中5种糖含量。样品经水充分溶解,沉淀蛋白质后,注入高效液相色谱仪进行检测。果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖和乳糖的质量浓度在1~10 mg/mL范围内线性良好,线性相关系数均大于0.999,方法检出限均为0.15%,定量限均为0.45%。在1%、2%、10%的加标水平下,果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖、乳糖测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.9%~2.6%(n=6),回收率分别为96.5%~99.4%、97.0%~101.0%、98.2%~100.8%、99.6%~101.5%、95.5%~99.6%。该方法可用于婴幼儿乳粉中5种糖含量的日常检测。

基于超高效液相色谱-串联质谱同时测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中2′-岩藻糖基乳糖和乳糖-N-新四糖

建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,UPLC-MS/MS)同时测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中2′-岩藻糖基乳糖(2′-fucosyllactose,2′-FL)和乳糖-N-新四糖(lacto-N-neotetraose,LNnT)。样品经水提取,沉淀法除蛋白、针式水系滤膜净化,以乙腈和10 mmol/L甲酸铵水溶液(含0.1%甲酸,体积分数)为流动相,采用酰胺柱进行梯度洗脱,采用选择反应检测扫描模式(selective reaction monitoring,SRM)测定,外标法定量,稀释法评估溶剂效应、提取后添加法评估基质效应。结果表明,正离子模式下2′-FL和LNnT分别采用加合离子峰[M+NH^(+)_(4)]和[M+H^(+)]较好,梯度条件、流速优化后使得2′-FL和LNnT均能在8 min内完成洗脱,溶剂效应考察发现2′-FL和LNnT存在严重的溶剂效应,但在消除试验中发现在稀释20倍的情形下,50%乙腈甲酸铵水溶液作为净化样液的稀释溶剂可消除影响,线性范围考察发现2′-FL和LNnT线性范围分别为5.0~150.0 ng/mL和2.5~75.0 ng/mL,基质效应考察发现2′-FL和LNnT均不存在基质效应。方法验证表明,2′-FL和LNnT各项精密度正确度参数均满足国标要求,该方法适用于婴幼儿配方乳粉中2′-FL和LNnT的同时测定。

基于AFS和ICP-MS测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中硒含量的关键技术探讨

目的:探讨采用原子荧光光谱(AFS)和电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)技术对婴幼儿配方乳粉中的硒含量进行测定,分析方法原理、检测模式以及定量方式等关键技术点对检测结果准确性以及造成结果差异的影响及原因。方法:样品经微波消解后,分别使用原子荧光光谱外标法和电感耦合等离子体质谱法的高灵敏度模式、高基体模式及标准加入法对婴幼儿配方乳粉中的硒进行测定。结果:原子荧光光谱标准曲线法和ICP-MS标准加入法定量结果与质控样品中位值比较接近,ICP-MS采用标准曲线法定量时,使用高灵敏度模式和高基体模式的测定结果均比质控中位值高。结论:当使用原子荧光光谱仪外标法和电感耦合等离子质谱仪标准加入法定量时,可获得较为可靠的结果。

微孔板式微生物法测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中叶酸、泛酸和生物素含量

目的建立微孔板式微生物法测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中的叶酸、泛酸和生物素含量的方法。方法按照国标方法分别提取婴幼儿配方乳粉中的叶酸、泛酸和生物素,在96孔微孔板中接种含有相应测试菌悬液的培养基,再分别加入标准系列溶液和试样提取液,培养后用酶标仪测定吸光度,根据标准曲线分别计算试样中的叶酸、泛酸和生物素含量,并考察测定方法的检出限、精密度和加标回收率。结果叶酸、泛酸和生物素标准曲线的相关系数均大于0.999,检出限分别为0.10μg/100 g、0.013 mg/100 g、0.57μg/100 g,相对标准偏差(relative standard deviations,RSDs)分别为1.02%、0.94%、1.08%,加标回收率分别为94.6%~100.0%、95.3%~103.3%、94.5%~100.1%。结论该微孔板方法操作简单、成本较低,结果准确性和重现性良好,适用于婴幼儿配方乳粉中叶酸、泛酸和生物素含量的大批量检测。

婴幼儿配方乳粉中维生素检测关键点的探究

婴幼儿配方乳粉,作为除母乳以外婴幼儿获取营养物质的主要来源,其重要程度可见一斑。本文以婴幼儿配方乳粉中的维生素为主要研究对象,对其功能、缺乏症、检测方法关键点进行概述,结合日常检测工作和抽检要求,以期对婴幼儿配方乳粉中维生素检测研究提供参考。

模型预测控制技术在婴配乳粉配料优化中应用

为降低婴幼儿配方乳粉生产过程中的营养成分含量波动,本研究基于模型预测控制(MPC)算法和序列二次规划(SQP)算法构建婴幼儿配方乳粉配料优化控制模型,进行配料过程营养成分含量预测、反馈校正和滚动优化。结果表明,通过配料优化控制模型模拟干预100批次乳粉生产过程后,蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物含量的标准差分别从5.18、4.91、5.86 g·kg^(-1)降低至1.01、1.22和1.33 g·kg^(-1),验证了配料优化控制模型的有效性。本研究可为实现婴幼儿配方乳粉的配料优化控制提供参考。

婴幼儿配方奶粉检验检测质量的影响因素及应对策略探讨

婴幼儿配方奶粉质量关乎婴幼儿健康成长。本文通过分析影响婴幼儿配方奶粉检验检测质量的因素,包括原料质量控制、生产工艺稳定性和检测设备精度等,提出优化原料筛选机制、强化生产工艺监控和提升检测设备校准频率等应对策略,以期为进一步提升我国婴幼儿配方奶粉质量提供参考。

离子色谱法测定婴幼儿乳粉中低聚半乳糖含量

建立了一种准确测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中低聚半乳糖含量的离子色谱-脉冲安培分析方法。样品以水超声溶解提取,用乙腈沉降蛋白后经OnGuard^(TM)ⅡRP柱净化,经PA20离子色谱柱分离,脉冲安培检测器测定。用3-O-β-D-吡喃半乳糖基-D-吡喃葡萄糖标准品溶液来定性低聚半乳糖标准溶液中的低聚半乳糖二糖色谱峰,并以此峰作为定量峰,外标法定量。该方法前处理简单、快速,准确度高,稳定性好,可满足婴幼儿乳粉中低聚半乳糖含量的测定要求。

进口婴幼儿配方乳粉质量安全监管体系研究

本文旨在探讨进口婴幼儿配方乳粉质量安全监管体系的完善策略。通过深入研究现有挑战,提出了动态调整法规、加强监管协同、优化注册与检验检疫流程以及完善风险监测与应急响应等四大措施。这些建议旨在确保进口婴幼儿配方乳粉的质量安全,保障婴幼儿健康成长,并促进乳粉市场的规范发展。本文的研究对于提升进口婴幼儿配方乳粉质量安全监管水平具有一定的理论意义和实践价值。

气相色谱-质谱法测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯和缩水甘油酯

建立气相色谱-质谱法测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯和缩水甘油酯的分析方法。通过优化脂肪提取和衍生条件,考察方法的加标回收率、线性关系、精密度、检出限和定量限,内标法定量。结果表明,本实验方法在绝对含量5~500 ng范围内具有良好的线性关系(r>0.999),检出限0.006 mg/kg,定量限0.015 mg/kg。10、100、500 ng 3个水平下的加标回收率在95.6%~100.9%之间,相对标准偏差均小于5.03%。通过批量比较气相色谱-质谱法与气相色谱-串联质谱法的检测数据,样品中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯和缩水甘油酯含量没有因仪器不同而出现明显差异。相比之下,气相色谱-质谱法仪器简单易操作,成本较低,便于在不同等级实验室推广,适用于婴幼儿配方乳粉中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯和缩水甘油酯的含量测定。

新西兰乳制品法规标准监管体系及其借鉴意义

新西兰是一个畜牧业极为发达的国家,其乳制品畅销全球,有着很好的声誉。这是因为新西兰不仅有丰富的原料乳资源,而且极其重视乳制品的安全管理。新西兰通过制定一系列标准法规,从牧草种植、饲料加工、奶牛养殖、生乳管理到乳制品生产加工的各个环节加强控制,从而保障乳制品的安全。本文介绍新西兰乳制品基本监管情况和贸易情况,并分析新西兰乳品行业创新技术对我国的借鉴意义。

绵羊乳营养组成及消化特性研究进展

本文介绍绵羊乳营养特性,包括蛋白质、氨基酸、脂肪酸等组成特性,及其他有益成分;阐述蛋白质、脂肪酸消化特性;分析绵羊乳消化产物对人体影响。绵羊乳具有高蛋白、高脂肪特性,消化产物中必需氨基酸尤其是支链氨基酸丰富,有助于肌肉合成;含有大量中短链脂肪酸,可快速供能;还含有8倍天然乳铁蛋白、乳脂肪球膜等,能为婴幼儿生长提供必需营养素,在婴幼儿配方奶粉中有广阔前景。

婴儿配方乳粉中蛋白质的光学快速检测方法对比研究

目的:研究近红外光谱法(Near Infrared Spectroscopy,NIR)和中红外光谱法(Mid Infrared Spectroscopy,MIR)的蛋白质快速检测建模方法,为婴儿配方乳粉中蛋白质含量的快速测定提供参考。方法:确定乳粉样品的光谱扫描条件,选择建模算法,研究基线校正、标准正态变换、多元散射校正和一阶导数等预处理方法,利用交互验证和外部检验对模型的可靠性进行评价。结果:近红外模型经过标准正态变换预处理后模型的相关系数r为0.906,交互验证标准误差为0.11,用此模型对测试集的15个样品进行验证,样品预测值和化学测定值之间的相关系数为0.947;中红外模型的相关系数r和交互验证标准误差分别为0.633和0.15,对测试集15个样品进行验证,样品预测值和化学测定值之间的相关系数为0.685。结论:近红外光谱建模方法准确、快速、简便,可用于婴儿配方乳粉中蛋白质含量的快速测定。中红外光谱建模方法不适用于婴儿配方乳粉中蛋白质含量的快速测定。