Lifetime estimation of IGBT module using square-wave loss discretization and power cycling test

The insulated gate bipolar transistor(IGBT)module is one of the most age-affected components in the switch power supply, and its reliability prediction is conducive to timely troubleshooting and reduction in safety risks and unnecessary costs. The pulsed current pattern of the accelerator power supply is different from other converter applications;therefore, this study proposed a lifetime estimation method for IGBT modules in pulsed power supplies for accelerator magnets. The proposed methodology was based on junction temperature calculations using square-wave loss discretization and thermal modeling.Comparison results showed that the junction temperature error between the simulation and IR measurements was less than 3%. An AC power cycling test under real pulsed power supply applications was performed via offline wearout monitoring of the tested power IGBT module. After combining the IGBT4 PC curve and fitting the test results,a simple corrected lifetime model was developed to quantitatively evaluate the lifetime of the IGBT module,which can be employed for the accelerator pulsed power supply in engineering. This method can be applied to other IGBT modules and pulsed power supplies.

Capacitorless Solid-state Power Filter for Single-phase DC-AC Converters

Converters rely on passive filtering as a crucial element due to the high-frequency operational characteristics of power electronics.Traditional filtering methods involve a dual inductor-capacitor(LC)cell or an inductor-capacitor-inductor(LCL)T-circuit.However,capacitors are susceptible to wear-out mechanisms and failure modes.Nevertheless,the necessity for monitoring and regular replacement adds to an elevated cost of ownership for such systems.The utilization of an active output power filter can be used to diminish the dimensions of the LC filter and the electrolytic dc-link capacitor,even though the inclusion of capacitors remains an indispensable part of the system.This paper introduces capacitorless solid-state power filter(SSPF)for single-phase dc-ac converters.The proposed configuration is capable of generating a sinusoidal ac voltage without relying on capacitors.The proposed filter,composed of a planar transformer and an H-bridge converter operating at high frequency,injects voltage harmonics to attain a sinusoidal output voltage.The design parameters of the planar transformer are incorporated,and the impact of magnetizing and leakage inductances on the operation of the SSPF is illustrated.Theoretical analysis,supported by simulation and experimental results,are provided for a design example for a single-phase system.The total harmonic distortion observed in the output voltage is well below the IEEE 519 standard.The system operation is experimentally tested under both steady-state and dynamic conditions.A comparison with existing technology is presented,demonstrating that the proposed topology reduces the passive components used for filtering.

Ageing Assessment, Condition Inspection and Lifetime Evaluation for Safety Related Fuse in Nuclear Power Plant

This paper presents the ageing mechanism of fuse in nuclear power plant in detail. Metal Electromigration is identified as the dominant ageing mechanism. On this basis, the dominant status indicators, temperature and resistance of fuse were ensured, and current-temperature curve was proposed. The infrared thermal imaging technology was used to inspect the ageing condition and prove the current-temperature curve. Finally, the accelerated ageing testing was conducted abiding by the dominant ageing mechanism, and the lifetime was evaluated.

Power Uprate and Lifetime Extension

Overall purpose of a power uprate and lifetime extension project （PLEX） is to modernize the power station cost-efficiently resulting in fulfilling the following overall requirements. The primary target is to meet the requirements provided by the local regulations from the regulatory offices. The controlling, monitoring and power supply of safety functions have to comply with these regulations. Any deviations from the existing safety analysis report （SAR） have to be corrected. On top of the safety measures the general technical status should be raised to extend the lifetime to 60 years. A high availability during the modernization has to be assured.

A VMIMO-Based Cooperative Routing Algorithm for Maximizing Network Lifetime

Energy efficiency is an important criterion for routing algorithms in the wireless sensor network. Cooperative routing can reduce energy consumption effectively stemming from its diversity gain advantage. To solve the energy consumption problem and maximize the network lifetime, this paper proposes a Virtual Multiple Input Multiple Output based Cooperative Routing algorithm(VMIMOCR). VMIMOCR chooses cooperative relay nodes based on Virtual Multiple Input Multiple Output Model, and balances energy consumption by reasonable power allocation among transmitters, and decides the forwarding path finally. The experimental results show that VMIMOCR can improve network lifetime from 37% to 348% in the medium node density, compared with existing routing algorithms.

BLET:Battery Lifetime Enhancement Technology

In recent years,mobile devices and high-hearth because of the multifunctional,battery capacity has been increased.In this paper,without the overhead by using the battery discharge characteristics,and application of technology to extend the battery life is explained. Experiment H.264 video transmission to take some losses and extended battery life was achieved.

SiC功率模块引线键合参数优化与可靠性分析

在汽车电力电子器件开发技术中,功率模块正朝着小型化和高功率密度方向发展,而汽车动力装置的高频通断操作会增加键合线的疲劳失效风险。为了提高键合强度及可靠性,首先从键合原理角度出发,揭示键合参数在不同阶段的作用机理,利用单因素实验得到各参数的优化区间;然后通过数值计算与老化实验相结合的方法系统性研究了键合线材料对键合可靠性的影响。结果显示,Cu键合线的最高温度、最大等效应力均高于Al键合线,但受材料属性影响,Cu键合线的最大塑性应变仅为Al键合线的1/2,根据功率循环实验,其寿命约为Al键合线的4倍,并且Cu线键合质量分散性大,单根键合线脱落引起监测信号阶段性跃升的现象可以成为日常工作中的失效预警信号。

长寿期小型棒控压水堆控制棒方案研究

小型棒控压水堆舍弃了可溶硼,并高度依赖控制棒与可燃毒物棒控制堆芯的反应性。为研究控制棒对堆芯关键性能的影响,本文以核动力破冰船用KLT-40模型为对象,以轴向功率偏移、堆芯寿期、燃料利用率与径向功率峰因子为指标,开展长寿期小型棒控压水堆控制棒布置与动作策略设计分析。首先,基于OpenMC程序开发带棒燃耗程序;其次,比较堆芯带控制棒与无控制棒运行时的堆芯寿期等指标;最后,分析不同动作策略对轴向功率偏移等指标的影响。结果表明:控制棒将堆芯寿期从590 EFPDs(等效满功率天,Effective full power days)延长至650~698 EFPDs;低价值棒组优先动作策略使轴向功率偏移程度由−0.69与+0.80分别下降至−0.29与+0.52。因此,要准确计算长寿期压水堆寿期必须采用带控制棒燃耗计算策略,并且通过合理的动作策略能够有效减小控制棒带来的轴向功率偏移。

Mechanism of Reverse Snapback on I-V Characteristics of Power SITHs with Buried Gate Structure

The reverse snapback phenomena （RSP） on I-V characteristics of static induction thyristors （SITH） are physically researched. The I-V curves of the power SITH exhibit reverse snapback phenomena, and even turn to the conducting-state,when the anode voltage in the forward blocking-state is increased to a critical value. The RSP I-V characteristics of the power SITH are analyzed in terms of operating mechanism, double carrier injection effect, space charge effect, electron-hole plasma in the channel, and the variation in carrier lifetime. The reverse snapback mechanism is theoretically pro- posed and the mathematical expressions to calculate the voltage and current values at the snapback point are presented. The computing results are compared with the experiment values.

考虑热不平衡特征的MMC功率模块寿命预测

准确快速计算模块化多电平换流器(MMC)功率器件的结温波动是进行寿命预测和可靠性研究的关键。在长时间的任务剖面下,基频结温波动对MMC功率模块寿命预测的影响不容忽视。由于MMC桥臂电流的直流偏置特性,使得功率模块内部具有热不平衡特征。提出一种考虑热不平衡特征的MMC功率模块寿命预测方法。首先,分析MMC子模块功率器件的热不平衡特征,提出考虑电热耦合的功率器件低频热循环提取方法,考虑器件损耗热不平衡特征,提出基频结温波动的快速迭代求解方法;然后,利用Bayerer模型和Miner理论所建立的热循环与器件损伤之间的联系,实现MMC系统功率模块的寿命预测。最后,利用算例对所提方法进行验证和分析。

基于双级主动式拓扑的锂电池寿命优化

随着储能充电站的应用需求逐渐上升,锂电池作为主要储能载体应用广泛.但在大功率且频繁充放电工况下,锂电池循环寿命会显著降低,导致储能成本升高.鉴于超级电容具有长寿命优势,构造由超级电容与锂电池组成的混合储能系统,通过优化控制策略提高锂电池寿命并降低储能充电站的投运成本.提出双级主动式拓扑的混合储能系统,由锂电池为两个超级电容模组交替充电,再通过超级电容模组高倍率放电.基于此,根据充电桩工况提出多阶段功率状态估计协同规划策略,通过优化功率分配方案来平缓锂电池功率波动,从而保护锂电池.仿真结果表明:相较于纯锂电池储能和传统全主动式拓扑储能,双级主动式拓扑储能方案显著提高了锂电池循环寿命.

信能同传网络中基于能量的中继选择方法研究

针对中继节点能量受限的无线信能同传中继网络,中继节点可以从源节点的射频信号补充能量,并采用中继选择的方法,来延长中继网络的生命时间。首先,构建了中继网络性能约束条件下的能量受限中继节点处最小额外能量的优化目标,并将优化目标分为三个子问题进行求解,提出了通过动态调整功率分离因子来最优化中继节点处所需最小额外能量的方法;其次,通过仿真验证了所求出最优功率分离因子的有效性;然后,基于中继节点需要消耗的电池能量以及电池剩余能量,提出了两种能量意识的中继选择方法,分别是最小损失能量策略和最小损失能量比率策略;最后,通过仿真表明,最小损失能量比率策略优于最小损失能量策略,延长了网络生存周期,并提升了系统性能。

散热底板对IGBT模块功率循环老化寿命的影响

功率半导体模块通常采用减小结壳热阻的方式来降低工作结温,集成Pin-Fin基板代替平板基板是一种有效的选择。两种封装结构的热阻抗特性不同,可能对其失效机理及应用寿命产生影响。针对平板基板和集成Pin-Fin基板两种常见车规级IGBT模块进行了相同热力测试条件(结温差100 K,最高结温150℃)下的功率循环试验,结果表明,散热更强的Pin-Fin模块功率循环寿命低于平板模块。失效分析显示,两者失效模式均为键合线脱附,但Pin-Fin模块的键合失效点集中在芯片中心区域,而平板模块的键合失效点则较为分散。基于电-热-力耦合分析方法,建立功率循环试验的有限元仿真模型,结果表明,Pin-Fin模块的芯片温变梯度更大,芯片中心区域键合点温度更高,使芯片中心区域的键合点塑性变形更大,导致其寿命较平板模块更短,与试验结果吻合。

直接甲醇燃料电池离网供电应用研究

针对石油管道监测、司法监控等领域存在的离网供电不足问题,设计了离网供电系统,将自研的直接甲醇燃料电池DMFC(direct methanol fuel cell)与太阳能电池、蓄电池等进行集成,用于实现离网设备的不间断供电。自主研制的DMFC具有较高的甲醇燃料转化率;在低温-40℃、常温20℃、高温45℃的模拟环境试验中,DMFC起动正常且均能够稳定运行;高温、低温环境中电堆性能相比常温环境会有下降。在离网供电系统实际运行的3904 h内,DMFC经历了0~40℃的环境温度波动,电堆以160 mA·cm-2的电流密度运行了1491 h,其性能可保持为初始状态的94.7%。研究表明,DMFC具有较强的环境适应能力,有利于提高离网供电系统的可靠性。

环氧树脂高温热老化反应对器件功率循环寿命的影响机理

分立器件主要使用环氧树脂封装材料以保护芯片免受机械损伤和环境腐蚀,但环氧树脂材料的热稳定性较差,在高温环境下易发生化学反应,影响器件的性能。因此,一般要求器件的工作温度不能超过环氧树脂的玻璃化转变温度。以SiCMOSFET分立器件为研究对象,通过功率循环试验深入探究高温存储对器件功率循环寿命的影响。结果表明,经高温存储后器件的寿命得到显著提升。此外,通过对高温存储前后环氧树脂材料进行热机械分析,发现环氧树脂材料的热稳定性经高温存储后得到增强。最后,通过建立有限元仿真模型,深入分析高温存储对器件芯片表面应变及键合线应变的影响,发现高温存储后器件芯片表面应变及键合线应变变小,解释了高温存储对器件寿命提升的影响机理。

考虑阈值电压漂移的SiC MOSFET功率循环寿命修正技术

在SiC MOSFET的功率循环测试(PCT)中,饱和压降主要表征键合线的老化状态,其值由导通电阻决定。SiC MOSFET的阈值电压漂移会在导通电阻中引入非键合线老化导致的芯片电阻增量,进而影响寿命判断。为了准确判定键合线失效,设计和搭建阈值电压漂移在线监测平台,并结合实测阈值电压漂移数据解耦出芯片电阻增量,进而对实测饱和压降进行补偿,实现对SiC MOSFET功率循环寿命的修正。结果表明,同一器件寿命修正前后的结果基本一致,阈值电压漂移主要影响PCT前期的饱和压降,对最终寿命判定结果没有影响。该研究成果可为SiC MOSFET封装可靠性测试提供参考。

燃料电池电站效率匹配设计研究

氢能发电作为能源的补充,已经成为人们关注的热点。列举了国内外氢能燃料电池电站的进展,对燃料电池电站的设计进行了分析,对燃料电池电站的各个环节的效率损失进行了介绍。结合现阶段200 kW燃料电池系统,对兆瓦级燃料电池电站进行了效率测算。以2023年3月日本NEDO发布的2030年和2040年燃料电池性能目标作为参考,对未来兆瓦级燃料电池电站的效率进行了预估,发现燃料电池本身性能和功率的提升将大大影响燃料电池电站的发展。同时,介绍了不同的功率分配方式在效率和寿命端的影响,提出兼顾寿命和效率的功率分配方式。最后,通过效率和经济性的简单测算,表明效率的提升和寻求好的应用场景将进一步提升燃料电池电站的应用。对燃料电池电站的设计、效率和寿命方面的介绍研究,将有助于燃料电池电站之后的发展,为广大研发设计人员提供借鉴意义。

基于出厂数据和老化试验的电解电容寿命评估研究

核电厂仪控系统中的电解电容器因其寿命敏感性而备受关注,随着时间的流逝,其性能参数的逐渐退化将对电路板的寿命产生决定性影响。因此,深入探究其退化规律及寿命特性显得尤为关键。本文以仪控板卡中的典型电解电容为研究对象,根据厂家提供的电容基准寿命数据以及电厂提供的服役环境,对电容进行时限老化分析和寿命评估,设计了加速退化试验,进一步验证电解电容器的退化规律及寿命特性。通过基准寿命分析与试验验证两种方式,为核电厂板卡电容更换周期的制定提供依据,从而保障核电厂仪控系统运维的可靠性和经济性。

Local adaptive transmit power assignment strategy for wireless sensor networks

A distributed local adaptive transmit power assignment (LA-TPA) strategy was proposed to construct a topology with better performance according to the environment and application scenario and prolong the network lifetime.It takes the path loss exponent and the energy control coefficient into consideration with the aim to accentuate the minimum covering district of each node more accurately and precisely according to various network application scenarios.Besides,a self-healing scheme that enhances the robustness of the network was provided.It makes the topology tolerate more dead nodes than existing algorithms.Simulation was done under OMNeT++ platform and the results show that the LA-TPA strategy is more effective in constructing a well-performance network topology based on various application scenarios and can prolong the network lifetime significantly.

An Energy-Efficient Wireless Power Transmission-Based Forest Fire Detection System

Compared with the traditional techniques of forest fires detection,wireless sensor network(WSN)is a very promising green technology in detecting efficiently the wildfires.However,the power constraint of sensor nodes is one of the main design limitations of WSNs,which leads to limited operation time of nodes and late fire detection.In the past years,wireless power transfer(WPT)technology has been known as a proper solution to prolong the operation time of sensor nodes.In WPT-based mechanisms,wireless mobile chargers(WMC)are utilized to recharge the batteries of sensor nodes wirelessly.Likewise,the energy of WMC is provided using energy-harvesting or energy-scavenging techniques with employing huge,and expensive devices.However,the high price of energy-harvesting devices hinders the use of this technology in large and dense networks,as such networks require multiple WMCs to improve the quality of service to the sensor nodes.To solve this problem,multiple power banks can be employed instead of utilizing WMCs.Furthermore,the long waiting time of critical sensor nodes located outside the charging range of the energy transmitters is another limitation of the previous works.However,the sensor nodes are equipped with radio frequency(RF)technology,which allows them to exchange energy wirelessly.Consequently,critical sensor nodes located outside the charging range of the WMC can easily receive energy from neighboring nodes.Therefore,in this paper,an energy-efficient and cost-effective wireless power transmission(ECWPT)scheme is presented to improve the network lifetime and performance in forest fire detection-based systems.Simulation results exhibit that ECWPT scheme achieves improved network performance in terms of computational time(12.6%);network throughput(60.7%);data delivery ratio(20.9%);and network overhead(35%)as compared to previous related schemes.In conclusion,the proposed scheme significantly improves network energy efficiency for WSN.