Distributed Model Predictive Load Frequency Control of Multi-area Power System with DFIGs

Reliable load frequency control LFC is crucial to the operation and design of modern electric power systems. Considering the LFC problem of a four-Area interconnected power system with wind turbines, this paper presents a distributed model predictive control DMPC based on coordination scheme. The proposed algorithm solves a series of local optimization problems to minimize a performance objective for each control area. The generation rate constraints GRCs, load disturbance changes, and the wind speed constraints are considered. Furthermore, the DMPC algorithm may reduce the impact of the randomness and intermittence of wind turbine effectively. A performance comparison between the proposed controller with and without the participation of the wind turbines is carried out. Analysis and simulation results show possible improvements on closed-loop performance, and computational burden with the physical constraints. © 2014 Chinese Association of Automation.

High-power High-efficient and Simplified High-frequency Switching Power Supply for Electrolytic Plating

针对大功率电解电镀开关电源的输入整流级引起的无功和谐波等电能质量问题,研究了一种基于高效PWM整流的高频开关电源。该电源前级整流器仅用4个开关管来进行PWM整流,后级采用半桥逆变器进行高频变换,显著减少了开关数量。针对三相四开关PWM整流器,推导一种基于开关模型的无差拍控制方法,该方法可实现系统的快速、无差整流。针对多台开关电源的并联均流问题,提出一种基于虚拟阻抗的自均流控制方法,可实现多台电源的均流稳定运行。通过仿真与实验验证了所提结构和控制方法的正确性。

Calculation of Eddy Current Loss and Short-circuit Force in SSZ11-50000/110 Power Transformer

The ?method is used in this paper to calculate the leakage magnetic field of SSZ11-50000/110 Power transformer, and by which the structures’ influences to the main leakage flux are analyzed. Through the combination of the product and TEAM Problem 21B, the surface impedance method shows its great advantage in the calculation of eddy current loss.

Frequency Control of Power System with Solar and Wind Power Stations by Using Frequency Band Control and Deadband Control of HVDC Interconnection Line

In recent years, environmental problems are becoming serious and renewable energy has attracted attention as their solutions. However, the electricity generation using the renewable energy has a demerit that the output becomes unstable because of intermittent characteristics, such as variations of wind speed or solar radiation intensity. Frequency fluctuations due to the installation of large scale wind farm (WF) and photovoltaics (PV) into the power system is a major concern. In order to solve the problem, this paper proposes two control methods using High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) interconnection line to suppress the frequency fluctuations due to large scale of WF and PV. Comparative analysis between these two control methods is presented in this paper. One proposed method is a frequency control using a notch filter, and the other is using a deadband. Validity of the proposed methods is verified through simulation analyses, which is performed on a multi-machine power system model.

Frequency Control of Power System with Renewable Power Sources by HVDC Interconnection Line and Battery Considering Energy Balancing

Recently, introduction of renewable energy sources like wind power generation and photovoltaic power generation has been increasing from the viewpoint of environmental problems. However, renewable energy power supplies have unstable output due to the influence of weather conditions such as wind speed variations, which may cause fluctuations of voltage and frequency in the power system. This paper proposes fuzzy PD based virtual inertia control system to decrease frequency fluctuations in power system caused by fluctuating output of renewable energy sources. The proposed new method is based on the coordinated control of HVDC interconnection line and battery, and energy balancing control is also incorporated in it. Finally, it is concluded that the proposed system is very effective for suppressing the frequency fluctuations of the power system due to the large-scale wind power generation and solar power generation and also for keeping the energy balancing in the HVDC transmission line.

Steady-state Voltage Security-constrained Optimal Frequency Control for Weak HVDC Sending-end AC Power Systems

Due to the fact that a high share of renewable energy sources(RESs)are connected to high-voltage direct current(HVDC)sending-end AC power systems,the voltage and frequency regulation capabilities of HVDC sending-end AC power systems have diminished.This has resulted in potential system operating problems such as overvoltage and overfrequency,which occur simultaneously when block faults exist in the HVDC link.In this study,a steady-state voltage security-constrained optimal frequency control method for weak HVDC sending-end AC power systems is proposed.The integrated virtual inertia control of RESs is employed for system frequency regulation.Additional dynamic reactive power compensation devices are utilized to control the voltage of all nodes meet voltage security constraints.Then,an optimization model that simultaneously considers the frequency and steady-state voltage security constraints for weak HVDC sending-end AC power systems is established.The optimal control scheme with the minimum total cost of generation tripping and additional dynamic reactive power compensation required is obtained through the optimization solution.Simulations are conducted on a modified IEEE 9-bus test system and practical Qing-Yu line commutated converter based HVDC(LCC-HVDC)sending-end AC power system to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

柔性低频输电系统的主变稳态负序差动保护

为了解决常规纵差保护难以适用于低频系统的问题,通过分析低频系统的序分量抑制策略,并根据低频系统故障进入稳态后单侧有负序注入的特征,提出一种基于稳态负序分量的主变差动保护方法。为防止该差动保护在区外故障时因电流互感器饱和出现误动,通过对比分析三类制动电流计算方式的制动性能,得到了差动保护的制动方程和制动系数。为解决励磁涌流、电流互感器断线可能导致误动的问题,提出了相电压突变量的差动保护开放条件。仿真分析表明,该方法能够灵敏反映区内金属性故障及轻微故障,在区外故障伴随电流互感器饱和时有可靠的制动裕度。

基于频率切换实现恒流/恒压输出的电场耦合无线电能传输系统

电场耦合无线电能传输(electric-field coupled wireless power transfer,EC-WPT)技术的实际应用中,有些用电设备需要系统具有不同的恒定输出特性(恒流/恒压),即系统输出电压或输出电流与负载解耦,此外,系统还需具备在恒流、恒压模式间按需切换的功能。针对该需求,基于LC-CLC谐振网络提出1种具有恒流/恒压输出特性的EC-WPT系统,分析LC-CLC谐振网络特性,推导恒流/恒压输出特性的实现条件以及恒流频率和恒压频率的计算方法,并给出系统参数设计方法,分析系统对工作频率的敏感性。最后通过仿真和实验验证所提出的EC-WPT系统恒流/恒压输出特性及其参数设计方法的正确性和有效性。实验结果表明所提出的系统在输入电压恒定的不同负载工况下分别实现2 A的恒流输出以及96 V的恒压输出,其最大传输效率分别为87.83%及88.17%。

基于变频重构S/SP拓扑的无线电能传输系统恒流恒压研究

针对电动汽车无线充电系统耦合系数和负载变化导致系统输出电流和电压剧烈波动的问题,提出一种由交错叠放式线圈结构和变频重构控制策略组成的无线电能传输系统,通过重构补偿拓扑,并切换工作频率,实现了系统的恒流恒压输出。首先,分析了拓扑重构前后系统的恒流、恒压输出特性和零相角特性,对比恒流恒压工作模式下补偿电容的大小,给出了系统参数调整方法。其次,剖析了交错叠放式线圈结构模型,提出基于耦合系数波动最小原则的线圈结构优化策略。所提出的系统补偿元件较少,两个工作频率点符合国际标准。最后,搭建一套500 W的实验样机,验证系统的可行性和有效性。实验结果表明,交错叠放式线圈在X轴方向偏移发射线圈外径的55%(187mm)或Y轴方向偏移120mm时,耦合系数波动率小于5%。系统在恒流模式下电流波动率为3.58%,在恒压模式下电压波动率为4.83%,满足无线充电系统恒流恒压需求。

高频链矩阵变换器直接功率反步控制策略

针对高频链矩阵变换器(HFLMC)电路前后级耦合导致系统动态性能和鲁棒性降低的问题,提出一种基于直接功率的非线性反步控制策略(BS-DPC)。首先,建立HFLMC非线性数学模型和有功、无功功率动态模型,分析双极性电流空间矢量调制策略;然后,在考虑系统不确定性情况下引入2个解耦控制分量,设计直流输出电流和无功功率反步控制器,实现电池不同工况下输出电流参考值的快速跟踪控制;最后,根据李雅普诺夫稳定性理论证明HFLMC闭环系统全局渐进稳定性,并对比传统PI直接功率控制和BS-DPC策略。仿真和实验结果表明,所提BS-DPC策略控制HFLMC提高了输出电流的动态性能和电网波动及直流滤波电感变化下的鲁棒性,响应时间减少了约78%,网侧THD降低了0.98%。

电流差动保护在海上风电低频送出线路中的适应性分析

低频输电技术在中远距离海上风电领域应用潜力巨大。电流差动保护是广泛应用的传统交流保护,面对电力电子型电源时其性能可能受到影响,故有必要研究其在海上风电低频输电系统中的适应性。文中基于故障复合序网推导了直驱风机和模块化多电平矩阵换流器的电源特性对故障电流的影响,理论分析了电流差动保护的适应性。为定量分析保护适应性,提出了基于改进节点方程的故障电气量计算方法,计算给定故障条件下的故障电流和保护判据取值,判断保护动作情况。研究表明,单相接地和两相短路时保护灵敏度降低,甚至可能拒动;两相接地和三相短路时,保护能正常动作。最后,建立PSCAD/EMTDC仿真模型验证了理论分析和计算方法的正确性。

新能源场站高比例接入下主流类型工频量距离保护比对

新能源场站高比例接入电网后,已有广泛应用的工频量距离保护判据存在无法准确识别电网故障的问题。文章着重从装置中保护判据与工频量提取算法入手,对比分析新能源场站高比例接入场景下不同类型距离保护算法的适应性。针对保护判据,对比分析了方向圆、多边形、比相式以及工频变化量距离保护各自的适应性,明确了能够较好适用于新能源场站高比例接入的距离保护判据。针对工频量提取算法,探究了不同类型新能源场站所提供短路电流中非周期谐波量的变化特性,进一步推导了受谐波量影响的傅里叶算法对工频量提取产生的计算误差,确定了影响工频量提取精度的关键谐波分量。

基于DSP的恒流超声电源谐振频率自动识别技术研究

针对换能器在加工过程中因温度升高与负载变化导致的谐振频率偏移问题,采用最小阻抗法与相位差控制法相结合的谐振频率识别策略,利用基于DSP控制的恒流超声电源样机测试了电源谐振频率识别的精确性与一致性。结果表明超声电源识别出的换能器谐振频率与阻抗分析仪测得的谐振频率最大差值为25 Hz、误差小于0.1%;激光测振仪测得振幅最大时的谐振频率与超声电源识别的谐振频率最大相差24 Hz;使用超声电源多次测试三种负载下的换能器,相同负载下识别出的换能器谐振频率波动范围在15 Hz以内。

变压器油中工频电弧特性及变压器防爆研究综述

变压器内部短路电弧故障是变压器最严重的故障之一,极有可能引发变压器油箱的变形、变压器油的泄露,进而导致火灾,造成恶劣影响。研究变压器防爆技术对于保障电力系统的运行安全和人员生命财产安全具有重要意义。该文总结现有的油中工频电弧试验技术,包括电容电感谐振法、变压器(发电机)短路法和其他等效方法;归纳已获得的油中工频电弧的电压、电流、气泡温度、产气、压力、光谱等特性;总结目前建立的电弧故障下的油箱压力仿真模型,分析各类模型的优缺点;讨论现有的变压器防爆原理及防爆技术。在此基础上,进一步探讨目前迫切需要研究的重点,对进一步深入研究油中工频电弧特性、压力仿真模型、变压器燃爆机理和防爆技术具有重要的参考价值。

Reliability Assessment of Interconnected Power Systems with HVDC Links Considering Frequency Regulation Process

With various components and complex topologies,the applications of high-voltage direct current(HVDC)links bring new challenges to the interconnected power systems in the aspect of frequency security,which further influence their reliability performances.Consequently,this paper presents an approach to evaluate the impacts of the HVDC link outage on the reliability of interconnected power system considering the frequency regulation process during system contingencies.Firstly,a multi-state model of an HVDC link with different available loading rates(ALRs)is established based on its reliability network.Then,dynamic frequency response models of the interconnected power system are presented and integrated with a novel frequency regulation scheme enabled by the HVDC link.The proposed scheme exploits the temporary overload capability of normal converters to compensate for the imbalanced power during system contingencies.Moreover,it offers frequency support that enables the frequency regulation reserves of the sending-end and receiving-end power systems to be mutually available.Several indices are established to measure the system reliability based on the given models in terms of abnormal frequency duration,frequency deviation,and energy losses of the frequency regulation process during system contingencies.Finally,a modified two-area reliability test system(RTS)with an HVDC link is adopted to verify the proposed approach.

铁路信号机房外部冲击电流监测原理及软件分析策略

针对铁路信号机房应用场景下常见的外部冲击电流问题,从基本监测原理、软件分析策略两方面提出具体解决方案,基于该方案可实现对多频段冲击电流的综合采集以及冲击电流详情自动化分析,实现对设备管理单位的指导性建议,提升铁路信号机房运行的安全性。

Secondary Frequency Control Considering Optimized Power Support From Virtual Power Plant Containing Aluminum Smelter Loads Through VSC-HVDC Link

The growing number of renewable energy replacing conventional generators results in a loss of the reserve for frequency control in power systems,while many industrial power grids often have excess energy supply due to abundant wind and solar energy resources.This paper proposes a secondary frequency control(SFC)strategy that allows industrial power grids to provide emergency high-voltage direct current(HVDC)power support(EDCPS)for emergency to a system requiring power support through a voltage source converter(VSC)HVDC link.An architecture including multiple model predictive control(MPC)controllers with periodic communication is designed to simultaneously obtain optimized EDCPS capacity and minimize adverse effects on the providing power support(PPS)system.Moreover,a model of a virtual power plant(VPP)containing aluminum smelter loads(ASLs)and a high penetration of wind power is established for the PPS system.The flexibility and controllability of the VPP are improved by the demand response of the ASLs.The uncertainty associated with wind power is considered by chance constraints.The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is verified by simulation results using the data of an actual industrial power grid in Inner Mongolia,China.The DC voltage of the VSCs and the DC in the potlines of the ASLs are also investigated in the simulation.

中压输电线路1 kHz高频融冰优化分析

中压输电线路冬季覆冰范围广,由于线路长度较短,采用直流和工频交流融冰困难,导致断线、倒杆和冰闪跳闸事故频发。本文提出在中压输电线路采用1 kHz高频融冰的方法,分析了不同高频融冰接线方式、线路分布参数以及无功补偿对融冰效果的影响及其可行性。以LGJ-240/30导线为例,在频率1 kHz电流762 A作用下,融冰仿真实验结果表明,对于较短线路,在线路长度不超过36.3 km时,融冰时间受分布参数的影响产生的差值小于1%,可以忽略不计;结合10 kV线路绝缘耐压水平,采用频率1 kHz的交流融冰适合于供电半径小于5 km的短线路,且应采用三相短路的融冰接线方式和分段串联电容补偿措施,可满足线路绝缘水平,有效降低融冰电压和融冰电源的容量。

基于改进基频调制电流源换流器的高压直流输电系统

主动换相型电流源换流器(current source converter,CSC)是一种新型的电流源换流器,其具有功率密度高,控制灵活,且无换相失败风险等优点,在直流输电领域具有广阔的应用前景。采用脉冲宽度调制的CSC存在直流电压波动大,开关损耗高等问题,不适用于直流输电场景。基频调制的CSC虽然缓解了直流电压波动,但是其仅有一个控制自由度,无法实现有功无功独立控制。针对上述问题,在基频调制CSC的基础上,提出一种适用于高压直流输电的改进型基频调制电流源换流器。首先分析改进基频调制原理和换流器交直流侧谐波特性,并设计直流滤波器;然后,建立系统的数学模型,并提出相应的系统功率控制策略;同时考虑到系统需要向无源网络供电的情况,提出一种无源网络供电控制策略。最后在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建仿真模型,验证所提调制方法和控制策略的正确性和有效性。

500kV变电站内敞开式断路器感应电流计算分析

为分析断路器与地线形成的回路中产生感应电流的特性,文章对处于变电站500 kV开关场内的断路器、导线、地网和2个接地线与接地刀闸组成的通流体回路中的感应电流进行测量,并分别对变电站500 kV开关场正常工作状态下和检修状态下的工频磁场进行仿真。研究结果表明:在检修状态下500 kV开关场内断路器通流体回路产生的感应电流峰峰值在3.85~7.33 A之间;正常工作状态下开关场磁感应强度范围在0.260~7.480μT之间,工频磁场强度最大值主要集中分布在导线交叉处;检修状态下开关场磁感应强度范围在0.440~8.760μT之间,工频磁场强度较大值主要集中分布在第2回母线下方。研究结果为敞开式断路器检修人员安全作业提供参考。