Power spectral density analysis for nonlinear systems based on Volterra series

A consequence of nonlinearities is a multi-harmonic response via a monoharmonic excitation.A similar phenomenon also exists in random vibration.The power spectral density(PSD)analysis of random vibration for nonlinear systems is studied in this paper.The analytical formulation of output PSD subject to the zero-mean Gaussian random load is deduced by using the Volterra series expansion and the conception of generalized frequency response function(GFRF).For a class of nonlinear systems,the growing exponential method is used to determine the first 3 rd-order GFRFs.The proposed approach is used to achieve the nonlinear system’s output PSD under a narrow-band stationary random input.The relationship between the peak of PSD and the parameters of the nonlinear system is discussed.By using the proposed method,the nonlinear characteristics of multi-band output via single-band input can be well predicted.The results reveal that changing nonlinear system parameters gives a one-of-a-kind change of the system’s output PSD.This paper provides a method for the research of random vibration prediction and control in real-world nonlinear systems.

A robust power spectrum split cancellation-based spectrum sensing method for cognitive radio systems

Spectrum sensing is an essential component to realize the cognitive radio, and the requirement for real-time spectrum sensing in the case of lacking prior information, fading channel, and noise uncertainty, indeed poses a major challenge to the classical spectrum sensing algorithms. Based on the stochastic properties of scalar transformation of power spectral density（PSD）, a novel spectrum sensing algorithm, referred to as the power spectral density split cancellation method（PSC）, is proposed in this paper. The PSC makes use of a scalar value as a test statistic, which is the ratio of each subband power to the full band power. Besides, by exploiting the asymptotic normality and independence of Fourier transform,the distribution of the ratio and the mathematical expressions for the probabilities of false alarm and detection in different channel models are derived. Further, the exact closed-form expression of decision threshold is calculated in accordance with Neyman–Pearson criterion. Analytical and simulation results show that the PSC is invulnerable to noise uncertainty,and can achive excellent detection performance without prior knowledge in additive white Gaussian noise and flat slow fading channels. In addition, the PSC benefits from a low computational cost, which can be completed in microseconds.

Modeling of Noise Power Spectral Density Analysis for GaN/AlGaN HEMT

Nano Technology is the branch of technology that deals with dimensions and tolerances in terms of nanometers. In this paper, the electrical characteristics analysis is determined for the Nano-GaN HEMT and Micro-GaN HEMT and also power spectrum density is determined for GaN Nano-HEMT by reducing the gate length Lg in nm range. The GaN Nano HEMT is producing high current comparing to Micro GaN HEMT. Accuracy of the proposed analytical model results is verified with simulation results.

新疆达坂城风区顺风向脉动风功率谱

为研究新疆乌鲁木齐所处达坂城风区的复杂脉动风环境,基于实测风场风速数据分析并拟合了该风区的顺风向脉动风功率谱。结果表明:以反比例函数拟合山区峡谷地形平均风速与湍流强度的关系误差较小;山区峡谷地形湍流积分尺度分布较离散,但整体随平均风速的增大而增大;考虑地形系数的Kaimal修正谱在含能区和惯性子区间能较好地表征实测谱,在耗能区选用三参数拟合描述实测谱效果良好;选用过渡函数来描述惯性子区间与耗能区接触区域的功率谱,拟合效果较为理想。可见达坂城风区具有特殊顺风向脉动风特性,以修正谱和拟合谱分段构成的函数模型可用于表征该风区顺风向脉动风功率谱。

基于大涡模拟方法的可压缩空化流流场数值模拟分析

针对可压缩空化流流场细节特征,对空化的回射流机制与凝结激波机制下的空化云演化过程进行大涡模拟。通过对比文献实验数据验证了可压缩空化流数值模拟方法的可靠性,并分析了空化数σ、CN空化数、St数和压力损失系数K等无量纲参数,发现数值模拟对空化流压力-速度耦合计算的准确性方面还有待进一步提升。两种空化机制情况下,涡环生长是空化云脱落后耗散过程,涡环溃灭成游离涡是耗散结果;通过大涡模拟实现两种机制下的空化模拟,对比发现回射流机制的空化的无量纲参数偏差较少,凝结激波具有一定偏差;凝结激波的功率谱密度分析发现满足-7/3标度律,回射流满足-5/3标度律。

基于便携式三维激光扫描仪的路面平整度测评

针对当前公路路面测量评定方法结构复杂、成本高昂的问题,构建了基于便携式三维激光扫描仪的测量评定方法。采用三维激光扫描仪对沥青公路路面数据进行测量,获取路面三维点云数据,经分析处理得到路面的三维高程曲面,使用RegularizeData3D算法和经验模态分解等方法对数据进行预处理,重构区域路面不平度,获取路面相应等级的路面平整度数据序列,最后求解和分析试验路面功率谱密度,并根据统计结果对整个试验路面状况进行评价。结果表明:系统能较好地重建所测区域路面的特征信息,路面平整度大部分集中在A级和B级,整体路面平整度在B级以上。

内蒙古基准站噪声特征与监测能力

选取2022年1月内蒙古预警区域内22个基准站的三分量连续波形数据,计算了波形数据PSD、PDF分布,统计了0.01~50Hz频率下的PSD分布,对RMS和异常台站进行分析,并对不同频率和区域下背景噪声的变化特征按照高频段(≤1s)、微震频段(1~20s)、长周期段(≥20s)予以研究,同时对测震台网监测能力进行分析。结果表明:地震预警台站的高频段背景噪声水平与人口、工业密度有一定关联;第二类地脉动噪声水平整体较为一致,第一类地脉动观测到的噪声能量较弱,地理空间分布的噪声水平差异小;在20s以上的长周期部分,背景噪声主要受到温度湿度等自然环境影响并且有一定的区域差异,将地震计安置在山洞和井下,可以有效地降低台站周围人类活动干扰源、温度和压强等对高频段和长周期观测的影响,使其在高频段和长周期观测的噪声水平低于地表安装方式;微震频段相比高频和长周期频段背景噪声分析可以更有效、更准确地对台站仪器如靠摆、参数错误等状态进行评估;故障台站修复后,内蒙古地震预警区域台站背景噪声均优于Ⅱ级,使预警区测震台网监测能力有了显著提升,对预警工程起到了良好的保障作用。

小泉沟地震台台基背景噪声特征分析

运用Welch算法计算小泉沟地震台功率谱密度PSD,得到垂直向1/3倍频程带宽1—20 Hz各段的平均地动噪声RMS值为2.88×10^(-9)m/s,小于3.16×10^(-8)m/s,符合Ⅰ类台基标准。通过计算概率密度函数PDF,得到小泉沟地震台台背景噪声日变特征为,12—20时明显增大,夜间明显降低,背景噪声受人为活动影响较大;背景噪声年变特征受气温、气压影响较大,呈现夏低冬高的变化趋势。

Analysis of vibration and frequency transmission of high speed EMU with flexible model

When the operation speed of the high-speed train increases and the weight of the carbody becomes lighter,not only does the sensitivity of the wheel/rail contact get higher,but also the vibration frequency range of the vehicle system gets enlarged and more frequencies are transmitted from the wheelset to the carbody.It is important to investigate the vibration characteristics and the dynamic frequency transmission from the wheel/rail interface to the carbody of the high-speed electric multi-uint（EMU）.An elastic highspeed vehicle dynamics model is established in which the carbody,bogieframes,and wheelsets are all dealt with as flexible body.A rigid high-speed vehicle dynamics model is set up to compare with the simulation results of the elastic model.In the rigid vehicle model,the carbody,bogieframes and wheelsets are treated as rigid component while the suspension and structure parameters are the same as used in the elastic model.The dynamic characteristic of the elastic high speed vehicle is investigated in time and frequency domains and the di ff erence of the acceleration,frequency distribution and transmission of the two types of models are presented.The results show that the spectrum power density of the vehicle decreases from the wheelset to the carbody and the acceleration transmission ratio is approximately from 1%to 10%for each suspension system.The frequency of the wheelset rotation is evident in the vibration of the flexible model and is transmitted from the wheelset to the bogieframe and to thecarbody.The results of the flexible model are more reasonable than that of the rigid model.A field test data of the high speed train are presented to verify the simulation results.It shows that the simulation results are coincident with the field test data.

A new spatial coherence model and analytical coeffi cients for multi-support response spectrum combination

In this paper, a new spatial coherence model of seismic ground motions is proposed by a fitting procedure. The analytical expressions of modal combination （correlation） coefficients of structural response are developed for multi-support seismic excitations. The coefficients from both the numerical integration and analytical solutions are compared to verify the accuracy of the solutions. It is shown that the analytical expressions of numerical modal combination coefficients are of high accuracy. The results of random responses of an example bridge show that the analytical modal combination coefficients developed in this paper are accurate enough to meet the requirements needed in practice. In addition, the computational efficiency of the analytical solutions of the modal combination coefficients is demonstrated by the response computation of the example bridge. It is found that the time required for the structural response analysis by using the analytical modal combination coefficients is less than 1/20 of that using numerical integral methods.

Bispectrum Feature Extraction of Gearbox Faults Based on Nonnegative Tucker3 Decomposition with 3D Calculations

Nonnegative Tucker3 decomposition（NTD） has attracted lots of attentions for its good performance in 3D data array analysis. However, further research is still necessary to solve the problems of overfitting and slow convergence under the anharmonic vibration circumstance occurred in the field of mechanical fault diagnosis. To decompose a large-scale tensor and extract available bispectrum feature, a method of conjugating Choi-Williams kernel function with Gauss-Newton Cartesian product based on nonnegative Tucker3 decomposition（NTD_EDF） is investigated. The complexity of the proposed method is reduced from o（nNlgn） in 3D spaces to o（RiR2nlgn） in 1D vectors due to its low rank form of the Tucker-product convolution. Meanwhile, a simultaneously updating algorithm is given to overcome the overfitting, slow convergence and low efficiency existing in the conventional one-by-one updating algorithm. Furthermore, the technique of spectral phase analysis for quadratic coupling estimation is used to explain the feature spectrum extracted from the gearbox fault data by the proposed method in detail. The simulated and experimental results show that the sparser and more inerratic feature distribution of basis images can be obtained with core tensor by the NTD EDF method compared with the one by the other methods in bispectrum feature extraction, and a legible fault expression can also be performed by power spectral density（PSD） function. Besides, the deviations of successive relative error（DSRE） of NTD_EDF achieves 81.66 dB against 15.17 dB by beta-divergences based on NTD（NTD_Beta） and the time-cost of NTD EDF is only 129.3 s, which is far less than 1 747.9 s by hierarchical alternative least square based on NTD （NTD_HALS）. The NTD_EDF method proposed not only avoids the data overfitting and improves the computation efficiency but also can be used to extract more inerratic and sparser bispectrum features of the gearbox fault.

Dynamic energy spectrum and energy deposition in solid target by intense pulsed ion beams

A method for analyzing the dynamic energy spectrum of intense pulsed ion beam(IPIB) was proposed.Its influence on beam energy deposition in metal target was studied with IPIB produced by two types of magnetically insulated diodes(MID).The emission of IPIB was described with space charge limitation model,and the dynamic energy spectrum was further analyzed with time-of-flight method.IPIBs generated by pulsed accelerators of BIPPAB-450(active MID) and TEMP-4M(passive MID) were studied.The dynamic energy spectrum was used to deduce the power density distribution of IPIB in the target with Monte Carlo simulation and infrared imaging diagnostics.The effect on the distribution and evolution of thermal field induced by the characteristics of IPIB dynamic energy spectrum was discussed.

Dynamic modeling of ultra-precision fly cutting machine tool and the effect of ambient vibration on its tool tip response

The dynamic performances of an ultra-precision fly cutting machine tool(UFCMT)has a dramatic impact on the quality of ultra-precision machining.In this study,the dynamic model of an UFCMT was established based on the transfer matrix method for multibody systems.In particular,the large-span scale flow field mesh model was created;and the variation in linear and angular stiffness of journal and thrust bearings with respect to film thickness was investigated by adopting the dynamic mesh technique.The dynamic model was proven to be valid by comparing the dynamic characteristics of the machine tool obtained by numerical simulation with the experimental results.In addition,the power spectrum density estimation method was adopted to simulate the statistical ambient vibration excitation by processing the ambient vibration signal measured over a long period of time.Applying it to the dynamic model,the dynamic response of the tool tip under ambient vibration was investigated.The results elucidated that the tool tip response was significantly affected by ambient vibration,and the isolation foundation had a good effect on vibration isolation.

影响随机噪声CCA法勘探的关键因素试验研究

随机噪声观测技术的潜在应用前景已被众多学者公认,但由于噪声源复杂、观测方式特殊等因素,导致随机噪声勘探法仍处于探索阶段。为推动随机噪声勘探法的实际应用,本文通过现场试验数据,计算了不同采样率、采样时长、台阵半径和不同应用场景中随机噪声的Fourier谱、功率谱密度和相关系数,分析了不同应用场景的信号特征,研究了不同因素对探测结果的影响规律,以期解决城市环境中常规物探方法难于开展或根本无法开展的难题。结果表明不同应用场景中,随机噪声呈现出不同的有效频带,详细了解这一特征有助于指导施工设计;采样率会影响观测精度,试验证实在满足采样定理的前提下采用较高的采样率能够获得更好的测量结果;较短的采样时长仍能获得高质量噪声数据,但受限于随机噪声复杂性,需要通过现场试验获得最佳采样时长;更小台阵半径仍能保证随机噪声的时空平稳性,有利于拓展随机噪声勘探法的应用领域。

基于谱分析的振动台试验地震波选取方法研究

振动台试验是目前研究结构地震响应和破坏机理的重要方法之一。不同地震动下的结构响应往往存在较大差距,这对结构抗震性能的研究和评价产生较大影响。因此如何选取一定数量合适的地震波,成为试验的关键。由此提出一种基于地震动加速度反应谱与功率谱密度选波方法:将地震动反应谱在结构基本周期附近段[T_(1)-0.25ΔT_(1,)T_(1)+0.25ΔT_(1)]与设计反应谱进行对比分析,要求该周期段单条波允许误差不超过25%,多条波的平均误差不超过15%;对比计算模型结构一阶频率下的加速度功率谱密度值,按结构是否考虑最不利状态选取密度值合适的地震动。通过振动台试验对选波方法进行验证,试验结果表明:按此选波方法选取的地震波可以得到较理想的结构响应,说明此地震波选取方法具有一定的合理性,可用于振动台模型试验时地震波的选取。

基于共空间模式和功率谱密度的脑电信号分类

由于单一域缺少其他相关信息而导致运动想象分类准确率不高和泛用性差,本文研究设计了基于空间域和频域的运动想象分类方法。根据运动想象执行时的对侧映射机制以及事件相关同步和事件相关去同步的现象,对C3和C4通道数据进行共空间模式和功率谱密度特征提取和融合,然后使用网格搜索参数优化的支持向量机对运动想象的脑电信号进行分类。结果表明共空间模式和功率谱密度的融合特征,解决了共空间模式对噪声敏感以及缺少频率特征信息的缺点,实现了更高的分类结果和泛化性,分类准确率达91.3%,验证了该方法的有效性。

基于CEEMD-PSD算法的变电站控制电缆故障定位方法

频域反射法(frequency domain reflection,FDR)是电力电缆故障定位的有效办法,但尚未应用于控制电缆,且现有FDR法存在频域泄露严重、灵敏度低等问题,导致故障定位误差较大。该文提出了采用补充集合经验模态分解(complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition,CEEMD)与功率谱密度(power spectral density,PSD)联合算法,实现了变电站控制电缆精准定位。首先通过CEEMD对首端反射系数谱实部进行分解,然后对模态分量进行加努塔尔-布莱克曼混合卷积窗(nutall-blackman window)处理;最后对加窗后的模态分量进行PSD分析,获得故障电缆的定位曲线。该文搭建了控制电缆模型进行仿真研究,并选取总长为100 m,在50 m存在故障的ZR-KVVP2-22 4×4型控缆进行实验验证。仿真及实验结果表明:与传统FDR定位方法相比,该文所提方法可以有效抑制频谱泄露,提升故障识别的灵敏度。

基于混沌扩频无损吸收的共模EMI抑制方法

针对高频开关电源电磁干扰过大的问题,提出一种无损吸收与混沌扩频结合的共模传导电磁干扰(electromagnetic interference,EMI)抑制方法。无损吸收电路把吸收电容的能量回馈电源或者传送给负载,提高变换电路的效率,并且其吸收电容的取值可以比常规的吸收电容更大,可以更好地抑制d u/d t;混沌扩频技术可以使EMI频谱均匀化,减小噪声峰值,是进一步抑制共模EMI的重要和有效的手段。采用Boost功率因数校正(power factor correction,PFC)变换器作为分析对象,研究混沌扩频无损吸收的共模EMI抑制效果,首先建立无损吸收PFC变换器的共模EMI等效模型,然后基于该模型推导了混沌扩频调制下的功率谱密度函数,并进行仿真分析,最后搭建了实验样机,进行相关的EMI测试。实验结果表明:混沌扩频无损吸收能有效降低PFC变换器的共模EMI。

考虑周期性不平顺的高速铁路各型无砟轨道谱拟合与反演方法

轨道不平顺是轮轨相互作用的激扰源,其周期性特性是除波长、幅值外不可忽视的特征。结合大量动检数据,提出考虑周期性不平顺的高速铁路各型无砟轨道谱拟合与反演方法,结果表明:高速铁路周期性不平顺根据轨下基础结构尺寸、钢轨状态等诱因分为9类。提出采用修正的高斯函数表征周期性不平顺,基于8阶多项式拟合无砟轨道谱,结合谱反演验证周期性不平顺表征的合理性。通过拟合谱发现,CRTSⅢ型板的随机不平顺状态最优,CRTSⅠ型板最差。CRTSⅡ型板与双块式的随机不平顺状态相当,这两种板型轨道谱在大多数波段介于CRTSⅠ型板和CRTSⅢ型板之间,与高速铁路无砟轨道谱的分布特征最为接近。

城市轨道交通轨道短波不平顺特性实测研究

目的:轨道短波不平顺会引起轮轨系统高频振动,形成巨大的轮轨冲击力,危害行车安全。对此需要研究城市轨道交通轨面短波不平顺特性。方法:基于上海市轨道交通11号线轨面短波不平顺现场实测数据,对实测数据进行消除异常值和趋势项等预处理后,采用ISO 3095:2013《声学-轨道交通-轨道车辆发出的噪声测量》对上海轨道交通11号线真如站—枫桥路站区间的轨面不平顺状态进行评判;并利用最大熵谱法对不同轨道类型的轨道短波不平顺功率谱进行估计,将得到的功率谱密度曲线与中国铁道科学研究院提出的石太线(石家庄—太原)短波不平顺功率谱、学者Sato提出的粗糙度功率谱进行比较。结果及结论:轨道短波不平顺幅值分布接近正态分布,轨面不平顺最大幅值可达1.5 mm。随着轨道短波不平顺幅值频率分布曲线形状呈现中间高两边低,分布特性近似于正态分布。在分析波长范围内,轨道短波不平顺水平谱值均超出ISO 3095:2013标准限值,最大差值达20.87 dB。DTⅢ-2扣件型支承块轨道结构轨面不平顺状态要优于减振器扣件型支承块轨道结构及浮置板轨道结构。上海轨道交通11号线的轨面状态优于石太线普速铁路。