Influence of soil resistivity on stray current in power supply system of urban rail transit

In order to explore the influence of soil resistivity on stray current in power supply system of urban rail transit,we establish an equivalent circuit model of the rail-to-ground structure based on resistance network method first.After measuring the soil resistivity of a real subway system,a simulation model is established in Matlab to obtain the stray currents at different soil resistivities.Then the influence of soil resistivity on stray current is analyzed.Afterwards,to verify the rationality and reliability of the simulation model,we design a test circuit to measure the stray current and rail-to-ground voltage in a real subway system,and a comparison of the experimentally measured results and simulation results is presented.The results show that the stray current is the maximum when the soil resistivity is 211.57Ω·m;when the soil resistivity is 768.47Ω·m,the stray current is the minimum,that is,the smaller the soil resistivity,the greater the stray current.Therefore,the resistivity should be increased as much as possible when ramming the track foundation in urban rail transit system.

Study on the Current-Sharing Control System of the TF Power Supply for a Superconducting Tokamak

The superconducting toroidal field （TF） plays an important role in a superconducting tokamak, whose power supply was developed based on the feedback control principle. In this paper, superconducting tokamaks in different countries are described, and the TF power supply of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor （ITER） is taken as an example to study the current-sharing characteristics in the current-stabilized stage. Firstly, the mathematical model of the TF power supply is established, and then the 3-loop control method is put forward for achieving the stability and reliability of current-stabilization and current-sharing. Furthermore, further studies indicate that the current-sharing controller has no influence on the current-stabilized control, and current-stabilizing and current-sharing can be realized at the same time. All the work done provides valuable references for the current-sharing design of the TF power supply for a superconducting tokamak, and all these studies lay a solid foundation for developing superconducting tokamaks.

Research on uninterruptable power supply technology for auxiliary winding of electric locomotive while passing the neutral section

Purpose–Auxiliary power system is an indispensable part of the train;the auxiliary systems of both electric locomotives and EMUs mainly are powered by one of the two ways,which are either from auxiliary windings of traction transformers or from DC-link voltage of traction converters.Powered by DC-link voltage of traction converters,the auxiliary systems were maintained of uninterruptable power supply with energy from electric braking.Meanwhile,powered by traction transformers,the auxiliary systems were always out of power while passing the neutral section of power supply grid and control system is powered by battery at this time.Design/methodology/approach–Uninterrupted power supply of auxiliary power system powered by auxiliary winding of traction transformer was studied.Failure reasons why previous solutions cannot be realized are analyzed.An uninterruptable power supply scheme for the auxiliary systems powered by auxiliary windings of traction transformers is proposed in this paper.The validity of the proposed scheme is verified by simulation and experimental results and on-site operation of an upgraded HXD3C type locomotive.This scheme is attractive for upgrading practical locomotives with the auxiliary systems powered by auxiliary windings of traction transformers.Findings–This scheme regenerates braking power supplied to auxiliary windings of traction transformers while a locomotive runs in the neutral section of the power supply grid.Control objectives of uninterrupted power supply technology are proposed,which are no overvoltage,no overcurrent and uninterrupted power supply.Originality/value–The control strategies of the scheme ensure both overvoltage free and inrush current free when a locomotive enters or leaves the neutral section.Furthermore,this scheme is cost low by employing updated control strategy of software and add both the two current sensors and two connection wires of hardware.

Design and Simulation for the Pulse High-Voltage DC Power Supply (HVPS) of 1.2 MW/2.45 GHz HT-7U Lower Hybrid Current Drive System

The superconducting tokamak HT-7U [1] has been designed by the Institute of Plasma Physics since 1998 and will be set up before 2003. The 1.2 MW /2.45 GHz HT-7U LHCD (Lower hybrid current drive) system which being the most efficient non-induction device can heat the plasma and drive the plasma current has been efficiently in operation 'owl and a particular design of the 2.8 MW/-35 kV high-voltage DC power supply has been already completed and will apply to the klystron of LHCD on HT-7 and the future HT-7U, and the project of the power supply has been examined and approved professionally by an authorized group of high-level specialist in the institute of Plasma Physics. The detailed design of the power supply and the simulation results are referred in the paper.

The Power Supply System for HL-2A Tokamak's Magnetic Field

The highpower pulsed power supply system for the magnetic field of the HL-2A Tokamak is described in this paper. The total output power of its eight magnetic field power supply units of nearly 250 MW. Their highest DC output voltage and current are 3510 V and 45 kA, respectively. All the units are operated in a pulsed mode. The pulse duration is 5 s, and the cyclic period is 15 min. The power supply system consists mainly of pulsed flywheel motor generators, rectifying transformers, thyristor converters, diode rectifiers and switches. The system incorporates many key technologies-supply equalization with two generators and four diode bridges, constant-angle phase triggers with a wide frequency range, current equalization, a status detector for the high current 6-phase converter, and advanced monitoring based on a programmable logic computer and engineering parameter measurement. The experimental results show that the performance of the power supply system satisfies the requirements of HL-2A experiments very well.

Multi-train modeling and simulation integrated with traction power supply solver using simplified Newton–Raphson method

Multi-train modeling and simulation plays a vital role in railway electrification during operation and planning phase. Study of peak power demand and energy consumed by each traction substation needs to be deter- mined to verify that electrical energy flowing in its railway power feeding system is appropriate or not. Gauss-Seidel, conventional Newton-Raphson, and current injection methods are well-known and widely accepted as a tool for electrical power network solver in DC railway power supply study. In this paper, a simplified Newton-Raphson method has been proposed. The proposed method employs a set of current-balance equations at each electrical node instead of the conventional power-balance equation used in the conventional Newton-Raphson method. This concept can remarkably reduce execution time and computing complexity for multi-train simulation. To evaluate its use, Sukhumvit line of Bangkok transit system （BTS） of Thai- land with 21.6-km line length and 22 passenger stopping stations is set as a test system. The multi-train simulation integrated with the proposed power network solver is developed to simulate 1-h operation service of selected 5-min headway. From the obtained results, the proposed method is more efficient with approximately 18 % faster than the conventional Newton-Raphson method and just over 6 % faster than the current injection method.

Application of a Current and Voltage Mixed Control Mode for the New Fast Control Power Supply at EAST

A feedback control system is needed to restrain plasma vertical displacement in EAST （Experimental Advanced Superconducting Toknmak）. A fast control power supply excites active feedback coils, which produces a magnetic field to control the plasma＇s displacement. With the development of EAST, new demands on the new fast control power supply have led to an enhanced ability of fast response and output current, as well as a new control mode. The structure of cascaded and paralleled H-bridges can meet the demand of extended capacity, and digital control can reMize current and voltage mixed control mode. The validity of the proposed scheme is confirmed by experiments.

Electrical characteristics of new three-phase traction power supply system for rail transit

A novel three-phase traction power supply system is proposed to eliminate the adverse effects caused by electric phase separation in catenary and accomplish a unifying manner of traction power supply for rail transit.With the application of two-stage three-phase continuous power supply structure,the electrical characteristics exhibit new features differing from the existing traction system.In this work,the principle for voltage levels determining two-stage network is dissected in accordance with the requirements of traction network and electric locomotive.The equivalent model of three-phase traction system is built for deducing the formula of current distribution and voltage losses.Based on the chain network model of the traction network,a simulation model is established to analyze the electrical characteristics such as traction current distribution,voltage losses,system equivalent impedance,voltage distribution,voltage unbalance and regenerative energy utilization.In a few words,quite a lot traction current of about 99%is undertaken by long-section cable network.The proportion of system voltage losses is small attributed to the two-stage three-phase power supply structure,and the voltage unbal-ance caused by impedance asymmetry of traction network is less than 1‰.In addition,the utilization rate of regenerative energy for locomotive achieves a significant promotion of over 97%.

Research and realization of PWM drive control digitalization for the full digital welding power supply

Pulse width modulation （ PWM） drive control digitalization is the key for the full digital invert power supply. New ideas are proposed, which are based on field programmable gate array （ FPGA ）. First, digital PWM principles are discussed. The primary and secondary current characteristics are analyzed when the transformer is in both normal and magnetic bias conditions. Second, two digitalization methods are put forward after the research on PWM adjustment principles, which are based on the primary current feedback. Though the two methods could restrain magnetic bias, their realization is difficult. A new method is researched on double close-loops to overcome the above shortcomings, which uses the secondary current as the feedback signal and the primary current as the protection signal. Finally, the secondary current control made is discussed and realized. Welding experimental results show that the method has strong flexibility and adaptability, which can be used to realize the full digital welding power supply.

High-power High-efficient and Simplified High-frequency Switching Power Supply for Electrolytic Plating

针对大功率电解电镀开关电源的输入整流级引起的无功和谐波等电能质量问题,研究了一种基于高效PWM整流的高频开关电源。该电源前级整流器仅用4个开关管来进行PWM整流,后级采用半桥逆变器进行高频变换,显著减少了开关数量。针对三相四开关PWM整流器,推导一种基于开关模型的无差拍控制方法,该方法可实现系统的快速、无差整流。针对多台开关电源的并联均流问题,提出一种基于虚拟阻抗的自均流控制方法,可实现多台电源的均流稳定运行。通过仿真与实验验证了所提结构和控制方法的正确性。

Optical fiber-based power and data delivery system for high voltage electronic current transformer

This paper describes a prototype power delivery system developed for high voltage electronic current transformer （ECT） that uses laser light to transfer power to and communicates with the primary converter. The design is based on optical-to-electrical power converters, solid-state diode lasers and optical fibers. Command signals are transmitted via the same up-fiber used to send power from secondary power supply to primary converter. The upward data transmission is completed during the brief interruption of power delivery without affecting steady power-supply. A simple comparator added to the primary converter can take the command data. Experimental results show that the fibers can provide reliable up-link for data transmission at 200 kb/s from the secondary to the primary converter. Based on the delivery system, the secondary converter can control three auxiliary channels to provide additional information. These monitoring channels are used in a time-multiplexing mode to provide information about the operation temperature, voltage and current at the remote unit for monitoring the ECT. This preventive maintenance or built-in test can increase reliability by giving early warning for necessary maintenance request.

Power supply arm protection scheme of high-speed railway based on wide-area current differential

When fault occurs on cross-coupling autotransformer(AT)power supply traction network,the up-line and down-line feeder circuit breakers in the traction substation trip at the same time without selectivity,which leads to an extended power failure.Based on equivalent circuit and Kirchhoff’s current law,the feeder current characteristic in the substation,AT station and sectioning post when T-R fault,F-R fault,and T-F fault occur are analyzed and their expressions are obtained.When the traction power supply system is equipped with wide-area protection measurement and control system,the feeder protection device in each station collects the feeder currents in other two stations through the wide-area protection channel and a wide-area current differential protection scheme based on the feeder current characteristic is proposed.When a short-circuit fault occurs in the power supply arm,all the feeder protection devices in each station receive the feeder currents with time stamp in other two stations.After data synchronous processing and logic judgment,the fault line of the power supply arm can be identified and isolated quickly.The simulation result based on MATLAB/Simulink shows that the power supply arm protection scheme based on wide-area current differential has good fault discrimination ability under different fault positions,transition resistances,and fault types.The verification of measured data shows that the novel protection scheme will not be affected by the special working conditions of the electrical multiple unit(EMU),and reliability,selectivity,and rapidity of relay protection are all improved.

A Novel Half-Bridge Power Supply for High Speed Drilling Electrical Discharge Machining

High Speed Drilling Electrical Discharge Machining (HSDEDM) uses controlled electric sparks to erode the metal in a work-piece. Through the years, HSDEDM process has widely been used in high speed drilling and in manufacturing large aspect ratio holes for hard-to-machine material. The power supplies of HSDEDM providing high power applica-tions can have different topologies. In this paper, a novel Pulsed-Width-Modulated (PWM) half-bridge HSDEDM power supply that achieves Zero-Voltage-Switching (ZVS) for switches and Zero-Current-Switching (ZCS) for the dis-charge gap has been developed. This power supply has excellent features that include minimal component count and inherent protection under short circuit conditions. This topology has an energy conservation feature and removes the need for output bulk capacitors and resistances. Energy used in the erosion process will be controlled by the switched IGBTs in the half-bridge network and be transferred to the gap between the tool and work-piece. The relative tool wear and machining speed of our proposed topology have been compared with that of a normal power supply with current limiting resistances.

基于Simulink/MATLAB的实际地铁线路供电系统短路试验仿真分析

直流牵引供电系统在城市轨道交通中扮演着关键角色,其安全可靠的运行对整个城市轨道交通系统的运行至关重要。该文首先介绍地铁牵引供电系统的结构和功能,并建立地铁外部交流电源、整流机组和牵引网络的仿真模型。该仿真模型根据实际地铁牵引供电系统的结构和参数进行构建,旨在研究不同短路情况下的短路特性,包括电源出口短路、近距离短路和远距离短路。通过评估供电系统在短路故障下的稳定性和可靠性,得出若干研究结果。这些结果为地铁供电系统选择合适的一次设备提供理论依据,有助于确保城市轨道交通供电系统的稳定性和可靠性。

Design of Controller for New EAST Fast Control Power Supply

The effectiveness of the magnetic confinement of plasma can be improved by elongat- ing the plasma cross-section in tokamak devices. But elongated plasma has vertical displacement instability, so a feedback control system is needed to restrain the plasma＇s vertical displacement. A fast control power supply is needed to excite the active feedback coils, which produces a magnetic field to control the plasma＇s displacement. With the development of EAST, the fast control power supply needs to keep on enhancing the fast response and output current. The structure of a new power supply is introduced in this paper. The method of multiple inverters paralleled with the current sharing reactor is presented to meet the need for large current and fast control. According to the design demands of the EAST fast control power supply, the adjuster of the current close loop is applied to the inverter, which can advance its ability to restrain the loop current in low frequency and DC output. The result of the experiment confirms the validity of the proposed scheme and control strategy.

Experiment and Operation of a LHCD-35kV/2.8MW/1000s High-Voltage Power Supply on HT-7 Tokamak

A -35 kV/2.8 MW/1000s high-voltage power supply (HVPS) for HT-7 superconducting tokamak has been built successfully. The HVPS is scheduled to run on a 2.45 GHz/1 MW lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) [1] system of HT-7 superconducting tokamak before the set-up of HT-7 superconducting tokamak in 2003. The HVPS has a series of advantages such as good steady and dynamic response, logical computer program controlling the HVPS without any fault, operational panel and experimental board for data acquisition, which both are grounded distinctively in a normative way to protect the main body of HVPS along with its attached equipments from dangers. Electric power cables and other control cables are disposed reasonably, to prevent signals from magnetic interference and ensure the precision of signal transfer.This paper involves the experiment and operation of a 35 kV/2.8 MW/1000s HVPS [2] for 2.45 GHz/1 MW LHCD system. The reliability and feasibility of the HVPS has been demonstrated in comparison with experimental results of original design and simulation data.

A new approach for analyzing the effect of non-ideal power supply on a constant current underwater cabled system

The effect of a constant current(CC)power supply on the CC ocean observation system is a problem that once was neglected.The dynamic characteristics of the CC power supply may have great influence on the whole system,especially the voltage behavior in the event of load change.This needs to be examined.In this paper,a method is introduced to check whether the CC power supply can satisfy the dynamic requirements of the CC ocean observation system.An equivalent model to describe the non-ideal CC power supply is presented,through which the dynamic characteristics can be standardized.To verify the feasibility of this model,a minimum system of a single node in the CC ocean observation system is constructed,from which the model is derived.Focusing on the power failure problem,the output voltage responses are performed and the models are validated.Through the model,the dynamic behavior of the CC power supply is checked in a practical design.

基于ICCOS的STRETCH meat grinder电路中逆流回路的探讨

将ICCOS换流原理应用于STRETCH meat grinder电路中的电感储能型脉冲电源新型拓扑具有有效提高关断电流和降低系统成本的优势。为构建电气性能和非电性能最优的电感储能型脉冲电源系统,对基于ICCOS的STRETCH meat grinder电路的逆流回路的分析和优化设计是必要的。基于ICCOS的STRETCH meat grinder电路的理论分析,结合初步实验结果,本文提出了ICCOS逆流回路的基本设计约束,通过逆流电容值及其预充电压的优化取值,使逆流能量最小。仿真分析表明,ICCOS最小逆流能量和所要关断的电流大小直接相关,且受到一次直流电源的影响,而与所关断的电感初始储能大小无关。

基于TinySwitch-Ⅲ的LED驱动电源的设计

TinySwitch-III在一个器件上集成了一个高压功率MOSFET开关及一个电源控制器,与传统的PWM(脉宽调制)控制器不同,它用简单的开/关控制方式就能实现性能优异、可靠性高的特点。LED驱动电源对输出电压和电流有严格的要求,一款稳定的驱动电源对LED灯具寿命是至关重要的。文中详细阐述利用TinySwitch-III芯片设计一款适用于LED照明的驱动电源,即以开关电源控制模式的恒流驱动器。

Study on Electromagnetic Transient Condition of EMU Passing by Phase-separation with Electric Load in High-speed Railway

Aiming at the complex electromagnetic transient process of EMU passing by phase-separation with electric load in high-speed railway, mechanism of overvoltage caused by switching off, overvoltage caused by switching on and impact current is analyzed systematically in this article. π-type equivalent circuit of feeding section is put forward in the analysis of overvoltage mechanism. Overvoltage and overcurrent model of passing by phase-separation with electric load are also built. Correctness of mechanism was validated by simulation. In addition, the methods to solve the influence on substations, transformers and protection devices in this process are put forward, which provides a new idea on passing by phase-separation with electric load technology.