Paper deals with a comparison of selected properties of several vegetable oil representatives along their accelerated thermal ageing at the temperature of 90 ℃. These properties are compared to two widely used and co...Paper deals with a comparison of selected properties of several vegetable oil representatives along their accelerated thermal ageing at the temperature of 90 ℃. These properties are compared to two widely used and commercially available mineral transformer oils. A combined insulating system （an oil-paper system） was created with the usage of mentioned oils for measurement purposes. Dissipation factor, capacity and volume resistance are characteristics measured along a thermal ageing of the oil-paper systems. Infrared spectroscopy was used as an additional method. After 1,000 hours of ageing, the dissipation factor of all systems based on vegetable oils did not exceed the value of 0.015. The volume resistance of systems containing mineral oils was approx, twice as high as the volume resistance of those with vegetable oils. The capacity on the other hand was slightly lower in the case of mineral oils application. An experiment also showed that the paper combined with the vegetable oil dries more quickly than in combination with the mineral oil. Infrared spectroscopy has not shown any expressive changes in the chemical structure of aU tested oils yet （up to 1,000 hours of ageing）.展开更多
There is a false notion of existing available, abundant, and long lasting fuel energy in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries;with continual income return from its exports. This is not true as the sustainabili...There is a false notion of existing available, abundant, and long lasting fuel energy in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries;with continual income return from its exports. This is not true as the sustainability of this income is questionable. Energy problems started to appear, and can be intensified in coming years due to continuous growth of energy demands and consumptions. The demands already consume all produced Natural Gas (NG) in all GCC, except Qatar;and the NG is the needed fuel for Electric Power (EP) production. These countries have to import NG to run their EP plants. Fuel oil production can be locally consumed within two to three decades if the current rate of consumed energy prevails. The returns from selling the oil and natural gas are the main income to most of the GCC. While NG and oil can be used in EP plants, NG is cheaper, cleaner, and has less negative effects on the environment than fuel oil. Moreover, oil has much better usage than being burned in steam generators of steam power plants or combustion chambers of gas turbines. Introducing renewable energy or nuclear energy may be a necessity for the GCC to keep the flow of their main income from exporting oil. This paper reviews the GCC productions and consumptions of the prime energy (fuel oil and NG) and their role in electric power production. The paper shows that, NG should be the only fossil fuel used to run the power plants in the GCC. It also shows that the all GCC except Qatar, have to import NG. They should diversify the prime energy used in power plants;and consider alternative energy such as nuclear and renewable energy, (solar and wind) energy.展开更多
There are many appearances in the literature of reliable observations of studying so-called “jets” and “sprites” - the discharges in the gigantic natural capacitor “Ionosphere-Earth” [1]. The volume of such a di...There are many appearances in the literature of reliable observations of studying so-called “jets” and “sprites” - the discharges in the gigantic natural capacitor “Ionosphere-Earth” [1]. The volume of such a discharge is approximately 5-10 thousand cubic kilometers and usually it appears above the surface of ocean. There are the cases also of above mentioned discharges on the ground. The value of the energy transferred to the earth can comprise to several terajoule. Events are accompanied by the emission of the waves of ultra-low frequency. Their study has the significant interest from many points of view. The essence of the observed irregular phenomena consists of the electromechanical conversion of the energy excesses of natural electricity into mechanical and thermal energy of cyclones, typhoons and other natural cataclysms. The ionosphere can retain only the specific quantity of energy. Otherwise, it discards the surpluses of electricity through the atmosphere or transforms them into the energy of storms, in that number and inside the Earth. By using the part of the natural electricity for useful purposes it is possible to govern the weather of planet. Causing the artificial breakdowns of the ionosphere it could be possible to arrange the discharge of the controlled aqueous sediments at the necessary points of the globe. It could be possible as well to attempt to regulate the climate of planet and to decrease the amplitudes of the magnetic storms, earthquakes and hurricanes.展开更多
目前降低原油黏度的加热方法主要是电加热,而全天电加热的方式存在高能耗和高成本的问题。为满足环保和工业生产的需要,将原油降黏加热法与谷电、相变材料相结合,设计了一种新型的相变蓄热电加热装置,并对装置的相变蓄热放热性能进行数...目前降低原油黏度的加热方法主要是电加热,而全天电加热的方式存在高能耗和高成本的问题。为满足环保和工业生产的需要,将原油降黏加热法与谷电、相变材料相结合,设计了一种新型的相变蓄热电加热装置,并对装置的相变蓄热放热性能进行数值模拟研究,分析不同进口流量和泡沫金属孔隙率对放热过程的影响。结果表明:随着工质进口流量的增加,出口温度不断降低。并且,当出口温升为10℃时,装置进口流量可满足1.413~2.120 m 3/h的流量范围。同时,泡沫镍的加入使相变材料内部温度更加均匀,而且相变材料内部温度随泡沫金属的孔隙率的降低而降低。采用增加电加热棒的数量和降低单个电加热棒的功率的方法,对装置进行结构优化,使得局部高温现象明显改善。利用该装置既能保持较高的换热效率,又能降低生产成本。展开更多
文摘Paper deals with a comparison of selected properties of several vegetable oil representatives along their accelerated thermal ageing at the temperature of 90 ℃. These properties are compared to two widely used and commercially available mineral transformer oils. A combined insulating system （an oil-paper system） was created with the usage of mentioned oils for measurement purposes. Dissipation factor, capacity and volume resistance are characteristics measured along a thermal ageing of the oil-paper systems. Infrared spectroscopy was used as an additional method. After 1,000 hours of ageing, the dissipation factor of all systems based on vegetable oils did not exceed the value of 0.015. The volume resistance of systems containing mineral oils was approx, twice as high as the volume resistance of those with vegetable oils. The capacity on the other hand was slightly lower in the case of mineral oils application. An experiment also showed that the paper combined with the vegetable oil dries more quickly than in combination with the mineral oil. Infrared spectroscopy has not shown any expressive changes in the chemical structure of aU tested oils yet （up to 1,000 hours of ageing）.
文摘There is a false notion of existing available, abundant, and long lasting fuel energy in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries;with continual income return from its exports. This is not true as the sustainability of this income is questionable. Energy problems started to appear, and can be intensified in coming years due to continuous growth of energy demands and consumptions. The demands already consume all produced Natural Gas (NG) in all GCC, except Qatar;and the NG is the needed fuel for Electric Power (EP) production. These countries have to import NG to run their EP plants. Fuel oil production can be locally consumed within two to three decades if the current rate of consumed energy prevails. The returns from selling the oil and natural gas are the main income to most of the GCC. While NG and oil can be used in EP plants, NG is cheaper, cleaner, and has less negative effects on the environment than fuel oil. Moreover, oil has much better usage than being burned in steam generators of steam power plants or combustion chambers of gas turbines. Introducing renewable energy or nuclear energy may be a necessity for the GCC to keep the flow of their main income from exporting oil. This paper reviews the GCC productions and consumptions of the prime energy (fuel oil and NG) and their role in electric power production. The paper shows that, NG should be the only fossil fuel used to run the power plants in the GCC. It also shows that the all GCC except Qatar, have to import NG. They should diversify the prime energy used in power plants;and consider alternative energy such as nuclear and renewable energy, (solar and wind) energy.
文摘There are many appearances in the literature of reliable observations of studying so-called “jets” and “sprites” - the discharges in the gigantic natural capacitor “Ionosphere-Earth” [1]. The volume of such a discharge is approximately 5-10 thousand cubic kilometers and usually it appears above the surface of ocean. There are the cases also of above mentioned discharges on the ground. The value of the energy transferred to the earth can comprise to several terajoule. Events are accompanied by the emission of the waves of ultra-low frequency. Their study has the significant interest from many points of view. The essence of the observed irregular phenomena consists of the electromechanical conversion of the energy excesses of natural electricity into mechanical and thermal energy of cyclones, typhoons and other natural cataclysms. The ionosphere can retain only the specific quantity of energy. Otherwise, it discards the surpluses of electricity through the atmosphere or transforms them into the energy of storms, in that number and inside the Earth. By using the part of the natural electricity for useful purposes it is possible to govern the weather of planet. Causing the artificial breakdowns of the ionosphere it could be possible to arrange the discharge of the controlled aqueous sediments at the necessary points of the globe. It could be possible as well to attempt to regulate the climate of planet and to decrease the amplitudes of the magnetic storms, earthquakes and hurricanes.
文摘目前降低原油黏度的加热方法主要是电加热,而全天电加热的方式存在高能耗和高成本的问题。为满足环保和工业生产的需要,将原油降黏加热法与谷电、相变材料相结合,设计了一种新型的相变蓄热电加热装置,并对装置的相变蓄热放热性能进行数值模拟研究,分析不同进口流量和泡沫金属孔隙率对放热过程的影响。结果表明:随着工质进口流量的增加,出口温度不断降低。并且,当出口温升为10℃时,装置进口流量可满足1.413~2.120 m 3/h的流量范围。同时,泡沫镍的加入使相变材料内部温度更加均匀,而且相变材料内部温度随泡沫金属的孔隙率的降低而降低。采用增加电加热棒的数量和降低单个电加热棒的功率的方法,对装置进行结构优化,使得局部高温现象明显改善。利用该装置既能保持较高的换热效率,又能降低生产成本。
