In-Situ Preparation and Thermal Shock Resistance of Mullite-Cordierite Heat Tube Material for Solar Thermal Power

In order to improve the thermal shock resistance of solar thermal heat transfer tube material, the mullite-cordierite composite ceramic as solar thermal heat transfer tube material were fabricated by pressureless sintering using a-Al203, Suzhou kaolin, talc, and feldspar as starting materials. The important parameter for solar thermal transfer tube such as water absorption （W）, bulk density （Db）, and the mechanical properties were investigated. The phase composition and microstructure of the composite ceramics were analyzed by XRD and SEM. The experimental results show that the B3 sintered at 1 300 ℃ and holding for 3 h has an optimum thermal shock resistance. The bending strength loss rate of B3 is only 2% at 1 100℃ by air quenching-strength test and the sample can endure 30 times thermal shock cycling, and the water absorption, the bulk density and the bending strength are 0.32%, 2.58 g·cm-3, and 125.59 MPa respectively. The XRD analysis indicated that the phase compositions of the sample were mullite, cordierite, corundum, and spinel. The SEM images illustrate that the cordierite is prismatic grain and the mullite is nano rod, showing a good thermal shock resistance for composite ceramics as potential solar thermal power material.

Open-circuit Fault-tolerant Control Strategy Based on Five-level Power Converter for SRM System

Switched reluctance motor power converters are prone to open-circuit faults because it need to withstand large voltages and currents.Due to the small number of traditional asymmetrical half bridge topology switches,it is difficult to carry out fault tolerant control when power converters has an open-circuit fault,resulting in larger output torque ripple.This paper presents a five-level power converter based on the traditional asymmetric half-bridge power converter.The five-level topology has more switching states and can work in multi-level mode.Based on the topology,different excitation and demagnetization voltages can be choose at different speeds.A fault-tolerance strategy is developed to decrease the influence of the open-circuit fault.The five-level power converter has four switches per phase,and two of them will be used in one of the operating mode.So the remaining two of the switches can be used for safe backup,enabling fault-tolerant control when an open-circuit occur.Since each phase of the five-level power converter proposed in this paper is independent of each other,a reasonable control strategy can be used to avoid the unbalance of the midpoint potential.Finally,the topology and fault-tolerant strategy proposed in this paper are verified by simulation and experiment.

Experimental Study of Condensation Heat Transfer on Tube Bundles in Large Power Plant Condensers

In order to clarify the effect of condensate inundation on steam condensation in a large tube bundle, condensation heat transfer and the condensate flow pattern in the tube bundle have been experimentally investigated. Test tube bundle consists of 36 cooling tubes, 12 condensate supply tubes and 24 un-cooled dummy tubes. Cooling test tubes are made of copper and have an outer diameter of 19.1 mm and condensing length of 150 mm, Steam flows horizontally through the test tube bundle at gap velocities 15-27 m/s at pressures of 8.8 kPa. In this study, experimental data about condensate flow pattern and condensation heat transfer in a tube bundle were collected for the optimization of tube arrangement in large power plant condensers.

Piezoelectric Power Harvesting via Acoustic-Pressure Driven by Low-Speed Wind-Force with Resonating-Tube and Wind-Collector

Wind-driven power harvestings attract attentions since their target wind speeds are quite low less than the so-called cut-in wind speed, which is generally recognized as around 3 m/s. The extant power harvestings driven by wind-induced-air-column-resonations (i.e. acoustic-pressures) are still lacking simplicity, scale flexibility and solid strategies for practical applications. Therefore, the piezoelectric power harvesters via acoustic-pressures driven by low-speedwind-forces with resonating-tubes and wind-collectors were invented so as to complement all the lacks. The wind-collector as well as the resonating-tube contributed to upraise the power harvesting density. The champion power harvesting density of 19.5 nW/dm2 could be procured at 2.3 m/s of an artificial wind and the optimal resonating-tube and wind-collector. Power harvesting proofs from the natural wind with low mean speeds down to about 0.6 m/s were successfully obtained. The cut-in wind speed of the prototype piezoelectric power harvester was found to be quite low as about 0.4 m/s, signifying its ubiquity. Finally, a multi-bundle pendant-type piezoelectric power harvester was specifically presented together with professing the solid and multiple strategies for practical applications.

Microstructure Distribution Characteristics of High-Strength Aluminum Alloy Thin-Walled Tubes during Multi-Passes Hot Power Backward Spinning Process

The microstructure of the thin-walled tubes with high-strength aluminum alloy determines their final forming quality and performance. This type of tube can be manufactured by multi-pass hot power backward spinning process as it can eliminate casting defects, refine microstructure and improve the plasticity of the tube. To analyze the microstructure distribution characteristics of the tube during the spinning process, a 3D coupled thermo-mechanical FE model coupled with the microstructure evolution model of the process was established under the ABAQUS environment. The microstructure evolution characteristics and laws of the tube for the whole spinning process were analyzed. The results show that the dynamic recrystallization is mainly produced in the spinning deformation zone and root area of the tube. In the first pass, the dynamic recrystallization phenomenon is not obvious in the tube. With the pass increasing, the trend of dynamic recrystallization volume percentage gradually increases and extends from the outer surface of the tube to the inner surface. The fine-grained area shows the states of concentration, dispersion, and re-concentration as the pass number increases. .

Design of Portable Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger for a Solar Powered Water Distiller

This study presents theoretical considerations and results of a portable shell and tube heat exchanger in a solar water distiller system. The device is composed of a glass heat exchanger, which served as a condenser for vapor condensing which were produced in black paint solar absorber. It was also composed of a tank for water source and a tank for produced distilled water. Shell and tube was designed and simulated using an implicit numerical scheme. Simulation results showed that accumulated mass water greatly depended on the inlet vapor temperature and volume, heat exchanger material, coolant water temperature and volume. Thus, changing the material from stainless steel to glass in the same condition （vapor temperature, vapor volume, coolant temperature and coolant volume）. These inexpensive shell and tube heat exchangers permitted to produce 40 litre/day, distilled water from vapor with 378 K inlet temperature in atmosphere pressure. If inlet pressure increases, vapor temperature will decline and thereupon, heat exchanger＇s efficiency tangibility will increase.

基于PDNN的含风电互联电网负荷频率Tube-RMPC设计

随着新能源大规模接入电网,为应对新能源随机性和波动性给互联系统负荷频率控制(Load Frequency Control,LFC)带来的不确定问题,实现新能源电力系统多约束条件下的优化运行,建立了含风电机组的LFC多胞模型,以减少模型参数不确定对控制系统的影响。设计了基于原对偶神经网络(Primal-Dual Neural Network,PDNN)的Tube鲁棒模型预测控制(Tube-Robust Model Predictive Control,Tube-RMPC)策略。将标称模型预测控制器与辅助反馈控制器结合,通过PDNN实时求解标称模型预测控制器以保证为LFC系统产生最优状态轨迹。设计辅助反馈控制器抵消外部干扰,使实际系统的状态维持在以标称轨迹为中心的Tube内。最后,对含风电的三区域负荷频率控制系统进行仿真研究,结果表明所提出的Tube-RMPC控制策略,不仅能够有效提高控制精度,还能增强系统鲁棒性,提高实时优化效率。

ANALYSIS OF MECHANICS IN BALL SPINNING OF THIN-WALLED TUBE

Ball spinning is applied to manufacturing thin-walled tube with high precision and high mechanical properties. On the basis of plastic mechanics, by simplifying ball spinning of thin-walled tube as plane strain problem, slab method is used for the purpose of calculating the contact deformation pressure. The spinning force components, the torsional moment, the deformation power and the deformation work are calculated further as well. The influence of the two important process parameters such as the feed ratio and the ball diameter on the spinning force components is analyzed in order to further control the spinning force components by regulating the two process variables during the ball spinning process. The stress and strain state in deformable zone as well as mechanics boundary conditions in ball spinning are obtained. The effect of the three spinning force components on the formability of the spun part is analyzed and validated through the ball spinning experiments. The theoretical and experimental results show that the radial spinning component plays a significant role in ball spinning of thin-walled tube, and the mechanics situation in backward ball spinning contributes to enhancing the plasticity of the metal material, but that in forward ball spinning contributes to advancing the axial flow of the metal material.

Upper Lillooet River Hydroelectric Project： The Challenges of Constructing a Power Tunnel for Run-of-River Hydro Projects in Mountainous British Columbia

The Upper Lillooet River Hydroelectric Project （ULHP） is a run-of-river power generation scheme located near Pemberton, British Columbia, Canada, consisting of two separate hydroelectric facilities （HEFs） with a combined capacity of 106.7 MW. These HEFs are owned by the Upper Lillooet River Power Limited Partnership and the Boulder Creek Power Limited Partnership, and civil and tunnel construction was completed by CRT-ebc. The Upper Lillooet River HEF includes the excavation ofa 6 m wide by 5.5 m high and approximately 2500 m long tunnel along the Upper Lillooet River Valley. The project is in a moun- tainous area; severe restrictions imposed by weather conditions and the presence of sensitive wildlife species constrained the site operations in order to limit environmental impacts. The site is adjacent to the Mount Meager Volcanic Complex, the most recently active volcano in Western Canada. Tunneling conditions were very challenging, including a section through deposits associated with the most recent eruption from Mount Meager Volcanic Complex （-2360 years before the present）. This tunnel section included welded breccia and unconsolidated deposits composed of loose pumice, organics （that represent an old forest floor）, and till, before entering the underlying tonalite bedrock. The construction of this section of the tunnel required cover grouting, umbrella support, and excavation with a combination of road header, hydraulic hammer, and drilling-and-blasting method. This paper provides an overview of the project, a summary of the key design and construction schedule challenges, and a description of the successful excavation of the tunnel through deposits associated with the recent volcanic activity.

The Wireless Power Transmission on the Wristto-Forehead Path Based on the Body Channel

The body channel based wireless power transfer(BC-WPT)method utilizes the human body as the medium to transfer power for bioelectronics,which can achieve a lower transmission loss due to its higher conductivity.However,except for the channel length,different on-body loca-tions of the transmitter and receiver also influence the power supply performance.This paper fo-cuses on the wrist-to-forehead path to show the potential of BC-WPT for the brain bioelectronics such as the brain computer interface device.The channel characteristics from 10 MHz to 60 MHz are measured by a vector network analyzer(VNA)and a prototype BC-WPT system with differ-ent copper electrodes and the lowest power loss locates between-22 dB and-33 dB.Furthermore,the minimum path loss limit is simulated in Advanced Design System(ADS)software and the low-est optimum path loss can reach nearly-13 dB.Finally,a rectifier circuit is also built at the receiv-er side to harvest d.c.voltage.The results show that the open-circuit voltage(OCV)can reach 1.75 V with the transmitter of 50Ωoutput impedance supplying 5V_(pp)sine voltage at 60 MHz when adopt-ing 1 cm-diameter circular electrodes.

Energy-Saving Design for Hydraulic Tube Bender

Generally speaking, hydraulic control systems can be divided into two different driving concepts. The first one is the well-known hydraulic valve-controlled system and the second one is the pump-controlled system. The former possesses the feature of fast dynamic response. However, the poor energy-saving performance is its major fault. On the contrary, the hydraulic pump-controlled system has the significant advantage of energy-saving which meets the current demand in modem machine design. In this paper, the simulation analysis using MatLab/SimuLink and DSHplus software for a newly developed energy-saving hydraulic tube bender is conducted. Instead of the conventional fixed displacement hydraulic pump, the new hydraulic tube bender utilizes an internal gear pump with AC servomotor as its driving power source. In the new energy-saving hydraulic circuit, the use of conventional pressure relief valve and unloading valve are no longer necessary since the demanded flow-rate and pressure output can be precisely obtained by continuously changing the speed of the AC servomotor. In addition, two closed-loop control schemes using fuzzy sliding-mode controller are adopted and compared. To compare the energy-saving control systems, such as load-sensing control system, constant supply pressure control scheme and conventional hydraulic control scheme. Furthermore, the simulation results also show that the newly developed hydraulic tube bender can save up to 43% of energy consumption in a working cycle as compared to the conventional hydraulic tube bender.

T/R双模微波功率模块技术及其应用

微波功率模块(MPM)是真空电子器件和固态电子器件组合而成的一种新型微波功率器件,具有频率高、频带宽、功率大、体积重量小等特点,它使常规行波管的应用变得更加便利和广泛。现代战争向雷达、电子战综合一体化方向发展,这就要求功放既能工作在高峰值功率、低占空比的高模工作方式,也能工作在低峰值功率、准连续波的低模工作方式,针对这一需求,结合电子系统收发共孔径的要求,提出了T/R双模MPM技术。T/R双模MPM技术的核心是T/R双模行波管,基于三端口双向T/R行波管,通过在慢波系统的衰减器附近设置一个耦合口,实现行波管的信号反向接收功能;通过T/R双模行波管设计、双模放大均衡组件、双调制栅极电源等技术实现MPM的双模双向功能。T/R双模MPM应用前景广阔,特别是在基于无人机平台的作战应用中的具有明显优势。

无线电能传输系统全桥逆变器性能优化研究

针对无线电能传输系统中全桥逆变器开关管的开通和关断存在振铃,能量传输波形纹波大,导致逆变器温升大和工作不稳定的问题,进行了电路建模分析,开展了全桥逆变器性能优化研究。首先,对逆变器开关管驱动电路进行了简化,建立了RLC串联谐振电路模型,分析了驱动电路结构参数对逆变器性能的影响规律,得出了优化方法;其次,分析了逆变器纹波大的问题,给出了优化方法;最后,搭建了300 W无线电能传输系统并进行实验。实验结果验证了优化方法的正确性和有效性,逆变器性能得到了改善,温升得到了有效控制,系统传输效率提高了5.3%,整机效率达到了89.3%。

基于大回旋电子注的高次谐波回旋行波管

回旋行波管兼具高功率、宽频带特性,在毫米波高分辨成像雷达、电子对抗等重要军事领域具有广泛的应用前景。基于大回旋电子注的回旋行波放大器可工作于高次谐波状态,大大降低了工作磁场,甚至可实现无超导工作,提高了回旋行波管使用的灵活性和机动性。本文优化设计了一支Ka波段二次谐波大回旋行波管,采用具有介质加载的纵向开槽互作用高频结构有效抑制返波振荡,提高了器件工作的稳定性。利用三维粒子仿真,对大回旋行波管注-波互作用过程进行了模拟。结果表明,在电子注电压为70 kV,电流为6.5 A时,磁场可降低至0.642 T,输出功率达到106.5 kW,带宽为2.10 GHz,最大增益为35 dB。

太赫兹折叠波导慢波电路及功率合成技术

针对太赫兹频段行波管输出功率较小的瓶颈以及对紧凑型设计的明确需求,提出一种管内功率合成的0.34 THz折叠波导行波管结构。首先,对太赫兹折叠波导慢波结构的高频特性进行了研究,通过仿真计算得到了其色散特性和耦合阻抗,0.34 THz处归一化相速度为0.248,耦合阻抗为0.46Ω;其次,提出了用于管内功率合成的3 dB定向耦合器结构设计,分析表明,其在0.31~0.368 THz范围内,幅度平衡度在±0.19 dB以内,隔离度优于24 dB;最后,完成了基于3 dB定向耦合器管内功率合成的折叠波导行波管基本结构设计并构建了仿真模型,仿真结果表明,最大输出功率为9.16 W,增益为26.6 dB,3 dB带宽达到21 GHz。作为对比,单个折叠波导行波管输出功率为6.18 W,故管内合成的折叠波导行波管的输出功率是单个行波管输出功率的1.48倍;此外,与采用常规外置功率合成结构的双行波管组件设计相比,管内功率合成折叠波导行波管的横向尺寸至少缩减了56.5%。

基于大涡模拟方法的可压缩空化流流场数值模拟分析

针对可压缩空化流流场细节特征,对空化的回射流机制与凝结激波机制下的空化云演化过程进行大涡模拟。通过对比文献实验数据验证了可压缩空化流数值模拟方法的可靠性,并分析了空化数σ、CN空化数、St数和压力损失系数K等无量纲参数,发现数值模拟对空化流压力-速度耦合计算的准确性方面还有待进一步提升。两种空化机制情况下,涡环生长是空化云脱落后耗散过程,涡环溃灭成游离涡是耗散结果;通过大涡模拟实现两种机制下的空化模拟,对比发现回射流机制的空化的无量纲参数偏差较少,凝结激波具有一定偏差;凝结激波的功率谱密度分析发现满足-7/3标度律,回射流满足-5/3标度律。

电力火灾后圆端形不锈钢管混凝土柱轴压性能研究

进行了14根电力火灾后圆端形不锈钢管混凝土短柱的轴压试验,分析截面高宽比、受火时间和含钢率对其火灾后剩余承载力的影响。试验表明:该类短柱的破坏模态均为局部屈曲、焊缝开裂和混凝土被压碎;试件的剩余承载力随着受火时间或高宽比的增加而降低,受火120 min后该类试件的承载力降低了7.8%~13.9%。接着建立了有限元模型,该模型可很好地模拟实测结果。基于有限元模型开展了理论分析,结果表明初始荷载对该类组合柱的剩余承载力影响较小。参数分析表明当混凝土强度从30 MPa增加到90 MPa时,其强度折减系数降低了15.8%;当截面周长从1 228 mm增加到4 913 mm时,其强度折减系数提高了20.5%;当受火时间从0 min增加到180 min时,其强度折减系数降低了8%;但含钢率、高宽比和钢材强度对其强度折减的影响较小。最后给出了电力火灾后圆端形不锈钢管混凝土短柱的剩余承载力的设计方法。

高可靠性真空微波功率模块保护电路

文中设计一种高可靠性高压电源保护电路,适配于真空微波功率模块。首先利用PSpice仿真软件进行电路仿真,简化电路设计,优化电路参数;然后与行波管构成一个测试系统,并设计一个电路板进行实际测试,利用示波器等仪器来验证保护电路的有效性。针对长时间高强度的工作状态,电路设计包含母线电流过流保护电路、螺旋线电流过流保护电路、断电保护电路。在模块工作出现异常时,可以及时有效地关闭模块,防止元器件受到损害。仿真结果表明,所设计保护电路提高了微波功率模块的可靠性,降低了研制成本,延长了使用寿命。

高斯模式输出窗功率阈值分析

为研究窗片的可承受工作脉宽,分析了不同材料窗片传输170 GHz高斯模式时所能承受的吸收功率阈值。首先确定了不同材料窗片的厚度,然后结合高斯模式分布、介质损耗功率,在相同散热边界条件与几何结构下,对不同材料的输出窗进行稳态热分析。失效判据为陶瓷材料的失效临界温度差与抗热震系数,通过仿真结果确定了窗片所能承受的吸收功率阈值,进而反推出可传输的平均微波功率,其中蓝宝石窗片可传输的平均功率与热测结果基本一致。针对热测老炼样管时提升工作比的需求,当脉冲间隔为10 s时,理论判定不同窗片所能承受的最大脉宽,为老炼样管提供理论支持。若要实现170 GHz、1 MW连续波输出功率,只有金刚石材料满足使用需求。

核电用Inconel 690合金管微动磨损损伤机理研究

蒸汽发生器承受高温高压蒸汽作用,其传热管流致振动现角由二次侧向流引起。同时,周期性载荷导致Inconel 690合金管传热管与403SS抗振条存在微动磨损现象,从而使得传热管出现裂纹甚至破裂失效等问题,进而影响核电系统安全运行。采用微动磨损试验机进行Inconel 690合金传热管与403SS抗振条在常温空气和高温空气下不同法向载荷以及位移幅值的摩擦磨损实验,并对Inconel 690合金传热管的表面磨损形貌及氧化成分进行分析,从而揭示蒸汽发生器传热管磨损失效机理。结果表明:在室温空气条件下,随着法向载荷的增大,磨痕表面出现磨屑堆积以及片层剥离,氧化程度逐渐加剧,微动磨损机制以摩擦氧化、磨粒磨损及剥层为主;在高温空气条件下,摩擦力峰值上升,磨痕深度增加且宽度减小,材料表面塑性流动显著,氧化和剥层的程度均有所加深,微动磨损机制以摩擦氧化、剥层为主。