A Practical Study on Value-Added Assessment in Primary English Education

As a programmatic document to guide the reform of educational assessment,the“General Plan for Deepening the Reform of Educational Assessment in the New Era”clearly points out the requirement for exploring value-added assessment[1].In the process of exploring,Tennessee Value-Added Assessment System(TVAAS),which was implemented in Tennessee,United States in 1992,has a certain referential significance to the practice of assessment reform in primary English education[2].This study aims to build a value-added assessment model in line with China’s learning conditions by using big data and carry out pilot experiments in order to promote the development of educational assessment in primary schools.

Mineral and bone disorder and management in the China Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study

Background:Despite a growing population of patients starting hemodialysis in China,little is known about markers of mineral bone disease(MBD)and their management.We present data on prevalence and correlates of hypocalcemia,hyperphosphatemia,and secondary hyperparathyroidism from the China Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study(DOPPS),with evaluation of whether these laboratory markers triggered changes in management.Methods:We compared the frequency of measurement and prevalence of poor control of MBD markers in China DOPPS with other DOPPS regions.We also used generalized estimating equations to assess correlates of MBD markers,and separate models to assess predictors of vitamin D and phosphate binder prescriptions in the China DOPPS.Results:Severe hyperphosphatemia(>7 mg/dL)and secondary hyperparathyroidism(>600 pg/mL)were common(27%and 21%prevalence,respectively);both were measured infrequently(14.9%and 3.2%of patients received monthly measurements in China).Frequency of dialysis sessions was positively associated with hyperphosphatemia;presence of residual kidney function was negatively associated with both hyperphosphatemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism.Laboratory measures indicating poor control of MBD were not associated with subsequent prescription of active vitamin D or phosphate binder.Conclusions:There are substantial opportunities for improvement and standardization of MBD management in China.Development of country-specific guidelines may yield realistic targets and standardization of medication use accounting for availability and cost.

Scientific and Practical Bio-analysis Method is Basic for TCM Pharmacokinetic Study

Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has an ancient history and unique system, including theory, methodology, prescription, formulation and medicines. There are differences between TCM and chemical drugs. For TCM, the multiple components in vivo are possibly to be detected; the number of components is relatively restricted; they could represent the therapeutic effect of the parent recipe; the concentrations and pharmacokinetics （PK） could affected by the combination of traditional medicines in recipe; the effects of new bioactive compounds （metabolites） related with those of their recipe; and the PK can be affected by body state in TCM treatment significantly. Therefore, the difficulty and challenge are far greater in PK study of TCMs than the chemical drugs.