Quality assessment of local Trichogramma species (Hymenoptera, Tri- chogrammatidae) to control the olive moth Prays oleae Bern. (Lepidop- tera, Yponomeutidae)

Assessment of quality of biological control agents is an important step for the success of any biocontrol program.Experiments were carried out to select candidate Trichogramma species for use in biological control of the olive moth Prays oleae Bern(Lepidoptera,Yponomeutidae).Thirteen local strains were preselected on the basis of the geographical origin and the availability from mass production of the rearing host Ephestia kuehniella ZELL.(Lepidoptera,Pyralidae) under laboratory conditions.Selection tests were focusing on acceptance and preference for P.oleae eggs.In the acceptance test,a single parasitoid female was offered P.oleae eggs on "tricho-card" for 6 hours at 25°C,70% HR and L16:D9 and assessed for parasitism after 6 days.The preference was determined by offering the choice and observing contacts with eggs of the target pest P.oleae and eggs of the host E.kuehniella.Parasitism was therefore assessed 6 days after the experiment under similar laboratory conditions.In host acceptance test,most eggs of P.oleae were parasited by strains belonging to the species T.oleae,T.bourarachae and T.cacoeciae.These strains also showed a high number of contacts with olive moth eggs in preference tests.However,a small number of T.bourarachae observed ovipositions resulted in successful parasitism.Therefore,T.oleae and T.cacoeciae were selected as candidates for further experiments.

A simulation-based optimization approach for passenger train timetabling with periodic track maintenance and stops for praying

This paper presents two optimization methods for solving the passenger train timetabling problem to minimize the total delay time in the single track railway networks. The goal of the train timetable problem is to determine departure and arrival times to or from each station in order to prevent collisions between trains and effective utilization of resources. The two proposed methods are based on integration of a simulation and an optimization method to simulate train traffic flow and generate near optimal train timetable under realistic con- straints including stops for track maintenance and praying. The first proposed method integrates a cellular automata （CA） simulation model with genetic algorithm optimiza- tion method. In the second proposed approach, a CA simulation model combines with dynamically dimensioned search optimization method. The proposed models are applied to hypothetical case study to demonstrate the merit of them. The Islamic Republic of Iran Railways （IRIR） data and regulations have been used to optimize train timetable. The results show the first method is more effi- cient than the second method to obtain near optimal train timetabling.

Random Thoughts On Praying for Rain

Drought bites again, and people are craving for rain but it doesn’t rain. That brings back my childhood memory of people in my native town—officials plus the local gentry and elderly—going to the Dragon King Temple to pray for rain. Before that, they would fast and perform ablution. Once in the temple, they would offer sacrifices to the "Dragon King," a fierce-looking clay or wooden sculpture, who is said to take charge of distributing rain. Amid smoke that kept rising

On Feminism in Eat,Pray,Love

This paper focuses on the contentious space between self-affirmation and self-preoccupation in Elizabeth Gilbert's popular travel memoir, Eat, Pray, Love. Use the theory of Feminism to analyze it. The results confirms to be walking a fine line between critical self- insight and obsessive self- importance and insists that a lot of Elizabeth's own experiences can make the readers especially women learn to be stronger and more independent. Besides that the novel Eat, Pray, Love can have a heavy touch on the readers. People becomes more materialistic and always pursuit the worldly happiness in modern time. Eat, Pray,Love is also can make readers learn to respect other cultures. While the strengths of this novel are the unique format, the simple language styles which can make the readers more acceptable, the flexible use of foreign languages, and the cultural diversity.This novel also has weaknesses such as the viewpoint in subjective way and the plot in complicated way.

You Pray,You Pay

IN the documentary Millionaire Preachers, Dr. Sign Fireman, a pastor from Nigeria, says that he believes God wants him to be rich and denies that Jesus had a humble life.

Keep Praying!

The preacher s 5 year-old daughter noticed that her father always paused and bowed his head for amoment before starting his sermon.One day she asked him why.“Well,Honey,” he began,proud that his daughter was so observant of his messages,“I m askingthe Lord to help me preach a good sermon.”

Pray or play

开学啦！放松了两个月的身体和脑袋要赶快打起精神，迎接新学期的挑战啦！虽然花音小姐的发音一时还不见提高，但她很努力，你也要一样哦！

中国古代祈晴祭祀研究——兼说民俗中的“扫晴娘”

First of all,the chapter on the ancient Chinese festival yu and floods Festival,to correct for Qiu Yu Yu Festival Festival of errors.That the ancient Chinese Qing Yu Garden Festival in the same breath with the rain,the performance of the same belief in the concept of goal difference.Oracle combination of research results,further sweep the ancient Ching Chi-day religious ceremony,a long history of origin.From all over the folk culture of looking for some clear religious imperative,such as Chinese the Broom Woman for Fine Days and Japan’s sunny dolls,to explore their image of the godhead,clear imperative to explore the thinking behind religious connotations.Clear from the worship of our ancestors that efforts to change the reality of the situation as a means of survival,see human nature to the fight against the awakening of consciousness,ceremony and customs of their farming civilization of knowledge and research there is a value that can not ignored.

UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage

Gathering in fields or villages dur-ing community festivals,members of the Korean ethnic group in Jilin and other provinces in northeast China offer a traditional sacrifice to the God of the Land to pay homage to nature and pray for good fortune and a plentiful harvest.This is the beginning of the farmers'dance of China's Korean ethnic group,a popular folk practice passed on by senior members of a community to younger generations.Musicians play oboe-like suona,bell-shaped gongs and a variety of drums,while masked or unmasked dancers move farcically to the accompaniment.

Seasonality in the occurrence of two lepidopterous olive pests in Egypt

Prays oleae Bern, （OM） andPalpita unionalis Hfib., （JM） are two of the most important pests in olive groves in Egypt. A 3-year monitoring study using sex pheromone traps in semi-arid and arid olive groves was performed. In the semi-arid grove, flight pattern of the OM was the same as in other Mediterranean countries, but in dates concordating plant phenology. The moth completes three generations annually： the first flight is in March to April, the second is in May to June and the third occurs in August to October. In the arid olive grove, an interesting flight pattern was observed. First flight was always very close or overlapped with the second one with no male catches during August to October. However, eggs were present most of the season, indicating unusually high female presence and oviposition activity of the OM during the absence of males in the traps. Generally, moth densities were significantly lower in low fruiting years than in higher ones and were also lower in the arid olive grove than in the semi-arid one. In contrast, JM males were present all season, exhibiting six to seven and three to four overlapping flight peaks in arid and semi-arid olive groves, respectively. Moth densities were significantly higher in the arid olive grove than those in the semi-arid one. This study shows that trapping location and fruit beating year are characteristics that strongly affect the grove-specific information needed to estimate correctly adult emergence and thus the timing of control measures.