Testing techniques to reduce weed infestation is a crucial step in developing direct tree seeding systems. The use of pre-emergence herbicides may be an alternative to manual weeding techniques, but so far, informatio...Testing techniques to reduce weed infestation is a crucial step in developing direct tree seeding systems. The use of pre-emergence herbicides may be an alternative to manual weeding techniques, but so far, information on how they affect the seeds of native tree species is scarce. We established a greenhouse experiment to evaluate the effects of four pre-emergence herbicides (atrazine, diuron, isoxaflutole and oxyfluorfen) on weed suppression and seedling emergence and early growth of seven tropical forest tree species (Annona coriacea Mart., Citharexylum myrianthum Cham., Cordia ecalyculata Vell., Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub., Psidium guajava L., Pterogyne nitens Tul. and Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi). The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with five treatments and five replicates. The treatments consisted of a single dose of each pre-emergence herbicide and a control. Throughout the 60 days after sowing we evaluated weed cover and seedling emergence and early growth of tree species. Overall, our results suggest that all tested herbicides reduced weed cover; however, they also negatively affected tree species seedling emergence. Of the four herbicides tested, atrazine and diuron showed the greatest effects on tree seedling emergence, oxyfluorfen was least aggressive towards native species and isoxaflutole was most effective in weed control. Native tree species varied in their responses to herbicides, indicating that future experiments should increase the number of species tested as well as investigate how seed traits can affect the species responses to different herbicides.展开更多
Control of glyphosate-resistant giant ragweed is a challenge, particularly for soybean growers, because of limited effective post-emergence (POST) herbicide options. Many soybean growers in no-till production systems ...Control of glyphosate-resistant giant ragweed is a challenge, particularly for soybean growers, because of limited effective post-emergence (POST) herbicide options. Many soybean growers in no-till production systems use 2,4-D in burndown application for control of broadleaf weeds, including giant ragweed. Field experiments were conducted at David City, NE, in 2012 and 2013 to evaluate 2,4-D followed by PRE or POST herbicide programs for control of glyphosate-resistant giant ragweed in glyphosate-resistant soybean. Results suggested that burndown application of 2,4-D or saflufenacil plus imazethapyr resulted in 89 to 99% control of giant ragweed at 21 days after treatment. Burndown-only treatments of S-metolachlor plus metribuzin or sulfentrazone plus cloransulam resulted in poor control (≤65%) of giant ragweed and reduced soybean yield (≤ 577 kg·ha-1). Burndown application of 2,4-D followed by saflufenacil plus imazethapyr, S-metolachlor plus metribuzin, or sulfentrazone plus cloransulam applied pre-emergence (PRE) or cloransulam, chlorimuron, fomesafen, imazethapyr, or lactofen in tank-mixtures with acetochlor applied POST resulted in 87% to 99% giant ragweed control, reduced density to ≤7 plants m-2, and resulted in soybean yield from 2519 to 3823 kg·ha-1. There was no difference among and between 2,4-D followed by PRE or POST herbicides for giant ragweed control, density, or soybean yield, indicating all the two pass herbicide programs were effective. It is concluded that glyphosate-resistant giant ragweed can be effectively controlled in soybean by including 2,4-D in burndown program followed by PRE or POST herbicides tested in this study.展开更多
动脉粥样硬化是心血管疾病重要的病理生理基础,延缓和防治动脉粥样硬化对于减少和降低心血管疾病的发病率及病死率具有重要意义。高密度脂蛋白(high density lipoprotein,HDL)通过参与介导胆固醇逆向转运(reverse cholesterol transport...动脉粥样硬化是心血管疾病重要的病理生理基础,延缓和防治动脉粥样硬化对于减少和降低心血管疾病的发病率及病死率具有重要意义。高密度脂蛋白(high density lipoprotein,HDL)通过参与介导胆固醇逆向转运(reverse cholesterol transport,RCT)在抗动脉粥样硬化的形成和进展中发挥了重要作用。Preβ-1高密度脂蛋白(prebeta-1 high density lipoprotein,Preβ-1HDL)作为HDL的一种亚类,是外周细胞移出胆固醇的最初接受体,直接参与了RCT的起始步骤,并在随后的胆固醇酯化及转运中起着重要作用。本文就Preβ-1HDL的结构、代谢及其与心血管疾病的关系作一简要综述。展开更多
The management of craniocerebral trauma begins at the site of the accident. This is one of the diseases for which pre-hospital care is well codified. The objective of this study is to report the experience of the Emer...The management of craniocerebral trauma begins at the site of the accident. This is one of the diseases for which pre-hospital care is well codified. The objective of this study is to report the experience of the Emergency Aid Medical Service (EMAS) of BENIN in the pre-hospital management of craniocerebral trauma. 146 head injuries were cared for. 116 were male. The mean age was 32 years with extremes ranging from 2 to 77 years. Etiology in 68% of patients was a public road accident. And the request for the use of the EMAS was made by highway users for 41% of the injuries. About 5.5% were severe cranio-brain injuries, more than 75% of which had died in intensive care. In 77% of the EMAS interventions, there was an intensive care physician in the team. 34 wounded had been transported in a vacuum mattress. The rigid cervical collar was used in 8 major traumas. All the wounded were transported by ambulance. The duration of hospitalization varied from a few hours in the emergency department to 90 days in the hospital ward. 9 patients died. One of them, who died in an ambulance, was a woman. The prehospital medical care of head trauma in BENIN is still progressing.展开更多
BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury(TBI) is associated with most trauma-related deaths. Secondary brain injury is the leading cause of in-hospital deaths after traumatic brain injury. By early prevention and slowing of...BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury(TBI) is associated with most trauma-related deaths. Secondary brain injury is the leading cause of in-hospital deaths after traumatic brain injury. By early prevention and slowing of the initial pathophysiological mechanism of secondary brain injury, prehospital service can signifi cantly reduce case-fatality rates of TBI. In China, the incidence of TBI is increasing and the proportion of severe TBI is much higher than that in other countries. The objective of this paper is to review the pre-hospital management of TBI in China.DATA SOURCES: A literature search was conducted in January 2014 using the China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI). Articles on the assessment and treatment of TBI in pre-hospital settings practiced by Chinese doctors were identified. The information on the assessment and treatment of hypoxemia, hypotension, and brain herniation was extracted from the identifi ed articles.RESULTS: Of the 471 articles identified, 65 met the selection criteria. The existing literature indicated that current practices of pre-hospital TBI management in China were sub-optimal and varied considerably across different regions.CONCLUSION: Since pre-hospital care is the weakest part of Chinese emergency care, appropriate training programs on pre-hospital TBI management are urgently needed in China.展开更多
A study was conducted to describe midwives’ adherence to preoperative care during emergency caesarian section at Bwaila Maternity Wing in 2012 in Malawi. The study utilized a descriptive prospective and retrospective...A study was conducted to describe midwives’ adherence to preoperative care during emergency caesarian section at Bwaila Maternity Wing in 2012 in Malawi. The study utilized a descriptive prospective and retrospective design. A structured questionnaire was administered to all 28 midwives who were directly involved in the preparation of clients for emergency caesarean section. Clients charts were also reviewed using a standard checklist to determine adherence to preoperative care. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.0 and descriptive statistics in the form of frequencies and percentages were computed for the dataset. A midwife was supposed to score at least 80% on each component of preoperative care guidelines to be compliant to the stipulated pre-operation standards. The midwives scored above 80% on only four of the 14 preoperative care guidelines which were;bladder catheterization (100%, n = 14), obtaining informed consent (92.9%, n = 12), administration of IV (96.4%, n = 13) and administration of preoperative antibiotics (82.1%, n = 11). Midwives however scored less than 80% on preoperative procedures that dealt with vital signs (28.6%, n = 4): BP check (28.6%, n = 4);Pulse rate check (25%, n = 3.5);respiration check (25%, n = 3.5) and temperature check (25%, n = 3.5). The midwives scored further below standard on blood specimen collection (78.6%, n = 11). Psychological support to clients was also below standard at 60.7%, n = 8. Other components of psychological support such as surgery information (57.1%, n = 8), allowing clients ask questions (28.6%, n = 4) and answering clients’ questions (25%, n = 3.5) were also scored below standard. Overall the standard of preoperative care was below standard at the facility. Most of the midwives were new graduates, who had never received any in-service training on preoperative care. Therefore in service training it is recommended for the midwives to provide good quality of care.展开更多
科学预防高校突发事件发生对维护高校乃至社会稳定具有重要意义。为建立和完善预警机制,提高应急管理能力,本文针对高校突发事件监测预警复杂性,提出一种预警评估新方法。该方法首先采用Delphi法建立预警评估的指标集,并将Delphi和AHP...科学预防高校突发事件发生对维护高校乃至社会稳定具有重要意义。为建立和完善预警机制,提高应急管理能力,本文针对高校突发事件监测预警复杂性,提出一种预警评估新方法。该方法首先采用Delphi法建立预警评估的指标集,并将Delphi和AHP方法集成(Delphi AHP)来确定各指标权重;在预警评估阶段采用加权集值统计法(weighted set valued statistics,WSVS),避免了以往评价中采用点估计所带来的不准确性。最后,以学生公寓突发火灾事件为例表明,采用该模型确定预警等级并进行预警发布具有可行性与有效性。展开更多
基金financially supported by a Scientific Initiation Scholarship from FAPESP(So Paulo Research Council)financially supported by a Research Productivity Fellowship from CNPq(National Council for Research and Technological Development)
文摘Testing techniques to reduce weed infestation is a crucial step in developing direct tree seeding systems. The use of pre-emergence herbicides may be an alternative to manual weeding techniques, but so far, information on how they affect the seeds of native tree species is scarce. We established a greenhouse experiment to evaluate the effects of four pre-emergence herbicides (atrazine, diuron, isoxaflutole and oxyfluorfen) on weed suppression and seedling emergence and early growth of seven tropical forest tree species (Annona coriacea Mart., Citharexylum myrianthum Cham., Cordia ecalyculata Vell., Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub., Psidium guajava L., Pterogyne nitens Tul. and Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi). The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with five treatments and five replicates. The treatments consisted of a single dose of each pre-emergence herbicide and a control. Throughout the 60 days after sowing we evaluated weed cover and seedling emergence and early growth of tree species. Overall, our results suggest that all tested herbicides reduced weed cover; however, they also negatively affected tree species seedling emergence. Of the four herbicides tested, atrazine and diuron showed the greatest effects on tree seedling emergence, oxyfluorfen was least aggressive towards native species and isoxaflutole was most effective in weed control. Native tree species varied in their responses to herbicides, indicating that future experiments should increase the number of species tested as well as investigate how seed traits can affect the species responses to different herbicides.
文摘Control of glyphosate-resistant giant ragweed is a challenge, particularly for soybean growers, because of limited effective post-emergence (POST) herbicide options. Many soybean growers in no-till production systems use 2,4-D in burndown application for control of broadleaf weeds, including giant ragweed. Field experiments were conducted at David City, NE, in 2012 and 2013 to evaluate 2,4-D followed by PRE or POST herbicide programs for control of glyphosate-resistant giant ragweed in glyphosate-resistant soybean. Results suggested that burndown application of 2,4-D or saflufenacil plus imazethapyr resulted in 89 to 99% control of giant ragweed at 21 days after treatment. Burndown-only treatments of S-metolachlor plus metribuzin or sulfentrazone plus cloransulam resulted in poor control (≤65%) of giant ragweed and reduced soybean yield (≤ 577 kg·ha-1). Burndown application of 2,4-D followed by saflufenacil plus imazethapyr, S-metolachlor plus metribuzin, or sulfentrazone plus cloransulam applied pre-emergence (PRE) or cloransulam, chlorimuron, fomesafen, imazethapyr, or lactofen in tank-mixtures with acetochlor applied POST resulted in 87% to 99% giant ragweed control, reduced density to ≤7 plants m-2, and resulted in soybean yield from 2519 to 3823 kg·ha-1. There was no difference among and between 2,4-D followed by PRE or POST herbicides for giant ragweed control, density, or soybean yield, indicating all the two pass herbicide programs were effective. It is concluded that glyphosate-resistant giant ragweed can be effectively controlled in soybean by including 2,4-D in burndown program followed by PRE or POST herbicides tested in this study.
文摘动脉粥样硬化是心血管疾病重要的病理生理基础,延缓和防治动脉粥样硬化对于减少和降低心血管疾病的发病率及病死率具有重要意义。高密度脂蛋白(high density lipoprotein,HDL)通过参与介导胆固醇逆向转运(reverse cholesterol transport,RCT)在抗动脉粥样硬化的形成和进展中发挥了重要作用。Preβ-1高密度脂蛋白(prebeta-1 high density lipoprotein,Preβ-1HDL)作为HDL的一种亚类,是外周细胞移出胆固醇的最初接受体,直接参与了RCT的起始步骤,并在随后的胆固醇酯化及转运中起着重要作用。本文就Preβ-1HDL的结构、代谢及其与心血管疾病的关系作一简要综述。
文摘The management of craniocerebral trauma begins at the site of the accident. This is one of the diseases for which pre-hospital care is well codified. The objective of this study is to report the experience of the Emergency Aid Medical Service (EMAS) of BENIN in the pre-hospital management of craniocerebral trauma. 146 head injuries were cared for. 116 were male. The mean age was 32 years with extremes ranging from 2 to 77 years. Etiology in 68% of patients was a public road accident. And the request for the use of the EMAS was made by highway users for 41% of the injuries. About 5.5% were severe cranio-brain injuries, more than 75% of which had died in intensive care. In 77% of the EMAS interventions, there was an intensive care physician in the team. 34 wounded had been transported in a vacuum mattress. The rigid cervical collar was used in 8 major traumas. All the wounded were transported by ambulance. The duration of hospitalization varied from a few hours in the emergency department to 90 days in the hospital ward. 9 patients died. One of them, who died in an ambulance, was a woman. The prehospital medical care of head trauma in BENIN is still progressing.
文摘BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury(TBI) is associated with most trauma-related deaths. Secondary brain injury is the leading cause of in-hospital deaths after traumatic brain injury. By early prevention and slowing of the initial pathophysiological mechanism of secondary brain injury, prehospital service can signifi cantly reduce case-fatality rates of TBI. In China, the incidence of TBI is increasing and the proportion of severe TBI is much higher than that in other countries. The objective of this paper is to review the pre-hospital management of TBI in China.DATA SOURCES: A literature search was conducted in January 2014 using the China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI). Articles on the assessment and treatment of TBI in pre-hospital settings practiced by Chinese doctors were identified. The information on the assessment and treatment of hypoxemia, hypotension, and brain herniation was extracted from the identifi ed articles.RESULTS: Of the 471 articles identified, 65 met the selection criteria. The existing literature indicated that current practices of pre-hospital TBI management in China were sub-optimal and varied considerably across different regions.CONCLUSION: Since pre-hospital care is the weakest part of Chinese emergency care, appropriate training programs on pre-hospital TBI management are urgently needed in China.
文摘A study was conducted to describe midwives’ adherence to preoperative care during emergency caesarian section at Bwaila Maternity Wing in 2012 in Malawi. The study utilized a descriptive prospective and retrospective design. A structured questionnaire was administered to all 28 midwives who were directly involved in the preparation of clients for emergency caesarean section. Clients charts were also reviewed using a standard checklist to determine adherence to preoperative care. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.0 and descriptive statistics in the form of frequencies and percentages were computed for the dataset. A midwife was supposed to score at least 80% on each component of preoperative care guidelines to be compliant to the stipulated pre-operation standards. The midwives scored above 80% on only four of the 14 preoperative care guidelines which were;bladder catheterization (100%, n = 14), obtaining informed consent (92.9%, n = 12), administration of IV (96.4%, n = 13) and administration of preoperative antibiotics (82.1%, n = 11). Midwives however scored less than 80% on preoperative procedures that dealt with vital signs (28.6%, n = 4): BP check (28.6%, n = 4);Pulse rate check (25%, n = 3.5);respiration check (25%, n = 3.5) and temperature check (25%, n = 3.5). The midwives scored further below standard on blood specimen collection (78.6%, n = 11). Psychological support to clients was also below standard at 60.7%, n = 8. Other components of psychological support such as surgery information (57.1%, n = 8), allowing clients ask questions (28.6%, n = 4) and answering clients’ questions (25%, n = 3.5) were also scored below standard. Overall the standard of preoperative care was below standard at the facility. Most of the midwives were new graduates, who had never received any in-service training on preoperative care. Therefore in service training it is recommended for the midwives to provide good quality of care.
文摘科学预防高校突发事件发生对维护高校乃至社会稳定具有重要意义。为建立和完善预警机制,提高应急管理能力,本文针对高校突发事件监测预警复杂性,提出一种预警评估新方法。该方法首先采用Delphi法建立预警评估的指标集,并将Delphi和AHP方法集成(Delphi AHP)来确定各指标权重;在预警评估阶段采用加权集值统计法(weighted set valued statistics,WSVS),避免了以往评价中采用点估计所带来的不准确性。最后,以学生公寓突发火灾事件为例表明,采用该模型确定预警等级并进行预警发布具有可行性与有效性。
