Two stages power generation test of the hot dry rock exploration and production demonstration project in the Gonghe Basin,northeastern Qinghai-Tibet plateau,China

The Hot Dry Rock(HDR)is considered as a clean and renewable energy,poised to significantly contribute to the global energy decarbonization agenda.Many HDR projects worldwide have accumulated valuable experience in efficient drilling and completion,reservoir construction,and fracture simulation.In 2019,China Geological Survey(CGS)initiated a demonstration project of HDR exploration and production in the Gonghe Basin,aiming to overcome the setbacks faced by HDR projects.Over the ensuing four years,the Gonghe HDR project achieved the first power generation in 2021,followed by the second power generation test in 2022.After establishing the primary well group in the initial phase,two directional wells and one branch well were drilled.Noteworthy progress was made in successfully constructing the targeted reservoir,realizing inter-well connectivity,power generation and grid connection,implementing of the real-time micro-seismic monitoring.A closed-loop technical validation of the HDR exploration and production was completed.However,many technical challenges remain in the process of HDR industrialization,such as reservoir fracture network characterization,efficient drilling and completion,multiple fracturing treatment,continuous injection and production,as well as mitigation of induced seismicity and numerical simulation technology.

Deep gold mineralization features of Jiaojia metallogenic belt,Jiaodong gold Province:Based on the breakthrough of 3000 m exploration drilling

Recently,continuous breakthroughs have been made about deep gold prospecting in the Jiaodong gold province area of China.Approximately 5000 t of cumulative gold resources have been explored in Jiaodong,which has thus become an internationally noteworthy gold ore cluster.The gold exploration depth has been increased to about 2000 m from the previous<1000 m.To further explore the mineralization potential of the Jiaodong area at a depth of about 3000 m,the Shandong Institute of Geological Sciences has drilled an exploratory drillhole named“Deep drillhole ZK01”to a depth of 3266 m.Hence,as reported herein,the mineralization characteristics of the Jiaojia metallogenic belt have been successfully documented.ZK01 is,to date,the deepest borehole with an gold intersect in China,and constitutes a significant advance in deep gold prospecting in China.The findings of this study further indicate that the depth interval of 2000 m to 4000 m below the ground surface in the Wuyi Village area incorporates 912 t of inferred gold resources,while the depth interval of 2000 m to 4000 m below the surface across the Jiaodong area possesses about 4000 t of inferred gold resources.The Jiaojia Fault Belt tends to gently dip downward,having dip angles of about 25°and about 20°at vertical depths of 2000 m and 2850 m,respectively.The deep part of the Jiaojia metallogenic belt differs from the shallow and moderately deep parts about fracturing,alteration,mineralization,and tectonic type.The deep zones can generally be categorized from inside outward as cataclastic granite,granitic cataclasite,weakly beresitized granitic cataclasite,beresitized cataclasite,and gouge.These zones exhibit a gradual transitional relation or occur alternately and repeatedly.The mineralization degree of the pyritized cataclastic granite-type ore in the deep part of the Jiaojia metallogenic belt is closely related to the degree of pyrite vein development;that is,the higher the pyrite content,the wider the veins and the higher the gold grade.Compared to the shallow gold ores,the deep-seated gold ores have higher fineness and contain joseite,tetradymite,and native bismuth,suggesting that the deep gold mineralization temperature is higher and that mantle-sourced material may have contributed to this mineralization.ZK01 has also revealed that the deep-seated ore bodies in the Jiaojia metallogenic belt are principally situated above the main fracture plane(gouge)and hosted within the Linglong Granite,contradicting previous findings indicating that the moderately shallow gold ore bodies are usually hosted in the contact zone between the Linglong Granite and Jiaodong Group or meta-gabbro.These new discoveries are particularly significant because they can help correct mineralization prospecting models,determine favorable positions for deep prospecting,and improve metallogenic prediction and resource potential evaluation.

Evaluation of the oil and gas preservation conditions, source rocks, and hydrocarbongenerating potential of the Qiangtang Basin: New evidence from the scientific drilling project

The Qiangtang Basin of the Tibetan Plateau,located in the eastern Tethys tectonic domain,is the largest new marine petroliferous region for exploration in China.The scientific drilling project consisting primarily of well QK-1 and its supporting shallow boreholes for geological surveys(also referred to as the Project)completed in recent years contributes to a series of new discoveries and insights into the oil and gas preservation conditions and source rock evaluation of the Qiangtang Basin.These findings differ from previous views that the Qiangtang Basin has poor oil and gas preservation conditions and lacks high-quality source rocks.As revealed by well QK-1 and its supporting shallow boreholes in the Project,the Qiangtang Basin hosts two sets of high-quality regional seals,namely an anhydrite layer in the Quemo Co Formation and the gypsum-bearing mudstones in the Xiali Formation.Moreover,the Qiangtang Basin has favorable oil and gas preservation conditions,as verified by the comprehensive study of the sealing capacity of seals,basin structure,tectonic uplift,magmatic activity,and groundwater motion.Furthermore,the shallow boreholes have also revealed that the Qiangtang Basin has high-quality hydrocarbon source rocks in the Upper Triassic Bagong Formation,which are thick and widely distributed according to the geological and geophysical data.In addition,the petroleum geological conditions,such as the type,abundance,and thermal evolution of organic matter,indicate that the Qiangtang Basin has great hydrocarbon-generating potential.

Exploration of Laoyachen fault in Zheng-zhou and its activity investigation

In the paper, an exploration is made by the techniques of shallow seismic prospecting, borehole composite profile analysis, field morphological investigation, and new geological dating for the Laoyachen fault in Zhengzhou that was originally recognized as an active one. The result from shallow seismic prospecting indicates this fault only existed in the stratum prior to the Neogene, dislocations and activity traces of this fault could not be found in the Neogene stratum. At the same time, the surface morphological investigation reveals that the location of the so-called "fault scarp" is not consistent with that of Laoyachen fault. Moreover, seismic drilling and borehole composite profile analysis also indicate that the scarp only developed in Malan Loess. The stratum beneath it is gentle and no dislocation traces can be seen. Therefore, we propose that this scarp is not relevant to the Laoyachen fault, which might be resulted from the diverted course of Yellow River. Laoyachen fault is not an active one.

Evolution and application of in-seam drilling for gas drainage

The presence of seam gas in the form of methane or carbon dioxide presents a hazard to underground coal mining operations.In-seam drilling has been undertaken for the past three decades for gas drainage to reduce the risk of gas outburst and lower the concentrations of seam gas in the underground ventilation.The drilling practices have reflected the standards of the times and have evolved with the development of technology and equipment and the needs to provide a safe mining environment underground.Early practice was to adapt equipment from other felds,with rotary drilling being the only form of drilling available.This form of drainage allowed various levels of gas drainage coverage but with changing emphasis,research and development within the coal industry has created specifc equipment,technology and practices to accurately place in-seam boreholes to provide effcient and effective gas drainage.Research into gas content determination established a standard for the process and safe levels for mining operations to continue.Surveying technology improved from the wire-line,single-shot Eastman survey instruments which was time-dependent on borehole depth to electronic instruments located in the drill string which transmitted accurate survey data to the drilling crew without time delays.This allowed improved directional control and increased drilling rates.Directional drilling technology has now been established as the industry standard to provide effective gas drainage drilling.Exploration was identifed as an additional beneft with directional drilling as it has the ability to provide exploration data from long boreholes.The ability of the technology to provide safe and reliable means to investigate the need for inrush protection and water drainage ahead of mining has been established.Directional drilling technology has now been introduced to the Chinese coal industry for gas drainage through a practice of auditing,design,supply,training and ongoing support.Experienced drilling crews can offer site specifc gas drainage drilling services utilising the latest equipment and technology.

Application and development trend of artificial intelligence in petroleum exploration and development

Aiming at the actual demands of petroleum exploration and development,this paper describes the research progress and application of artificial intelligence(AI)in petroleum exploration and development,and discusses the applications and development directions of AI in the future.Machine learning has been preliminarily applied in lithology identification,logging curve reconstruction,reservoir parameter estimation,and other logging processing and interpretation,exhibiting great potential.Computer vision is effective in picking of seismic first breaks,fault identification,and other seismic processing and interpretation.Deep learning and optimization technology have been applied to reservoir engineering,and realized the real-time optimization of waterflooding development and prediction of oil and gas production.The application of data mining in drilling,completion,and surface facility engineering etc.has resulted in intelligent equipment and integrated software.The potential development directions of artificial intelligence in petroleum exploration and development are intelligent production equipment,automatic processing and interpretation,and professional software platform.The highlights of development will be digital basins,fast intelligent imaging logging tools,intelligent seismic nodal acquisition systems,intelligent rotary-steering drilling,intelligent fracturing technology and equipment,real-time monitoring and control of zonal injection and production.

Discovery of lacustrine shale deposits in the Yanshan Orogenic Belt,China: Implications for hydrocarbon exploration

The mechanism of formation of lacustrine deposits within stable orogenic belts and their potential for shale oil and gas exploration are frontier themes of challenge in the fields of sedimentology and petroleum exploration. Orogenic belts witness strong tectonic activities and normally cannot host stable lacustrine basins and deep shale formations. Therefore, basins in orogenic belts are considered to have no potential to form shale hydrocarbon reservoirs. Here we investigate the Luanping Basin located in the Yanshan orogenic belt where previous studies regarded rivers and fan deltas as the major main Mesozoic deposits. Based on detailed field exploration and scientific drilling, we report the finding of a large number of lacustrine shale continental deep-water deposits in the Mesozoic strata. Our finding of the occurrence of active shale oil and gas also in this basin also subvert the previous perceptions.We report SHRIMP zircon U-Pb age that define the bottom boundary of the target interval as 127.6 ± 1.7 Ma belonging to the early Cretaceous strata. Tectonics and climate are considered to be the main factors that controlled the deep-water sedimentation during this period. The drill cores revealed evidence of shale gas and the TOC of shale is 0.33%–3.60%, with an average value of 1.39% and Ro is 0.84%–1.21%, with an average value of 1.002%. The brittleness index of shale is between 52.7% and 100%. After vertical well fracturing, the daily gas production is more than 1000 m^(3). Our findings show that the basin has considerable potential for shale oil and gas. The geological resources of the shale gas in the Xiguayuan Fm. are estimated as 1110.12 × 10^(8) m^(3), with shale oil geological resources of 3340.152 × 10^(4) t. Our findings indicate that the Yanshan orogenic belt has potential exploration prospect. This work not only redefines the Luanping Basin as a rift deep-water Mesozoic Lake Basin, but also rules out the previous notion that the basin is dominated by shallow water sediments. The discovery of shale oil and gas also provides an important reference for subsequent petroleum exploration and development in this basin. Our study shows that shale oil and gas reservoirs can be found in the lacustrine basins of orogenic belts which were strongly influenced by volcanism. These results have significant implications for the sedimentology and oil exploration in the Qinling and Xingmeng Orogenic Belts of China, as well as those in other terranes of the world including the New England Orogenic Belt in Australia.

Petroleum Geology Exploration Techniques of Dagang Oilfield

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万米深井上部大尺寸井眼钻柱动力学特性研究

油气勘探已向更深、更复杂的超深层的万米勘探新领域推进,但上部大尺寸井眼给万米深井的钻井提出了巨大挑战:岩石硬和返速低导致钻速慢,大尺寸井眼内剧烈振动导致钻具裂纹多发,钻压小则钻速慢,钻压稍大则下部振动快速加剧从而导致大尺寸钻具使用寿命远低于预期。为此,在对比研究了深地川科1井(以下简称SDCK-1井)和毗邻8000 m超深井上部井段钻柱振动问题基础上,基于全井钻柱系统动力学模型和数值仿真方法,针对性研究了大尺寸井眼中的钻柱动力学特性。研究结果表明:①井眼尺寸越大,钻头和下部钻具的振动越剧烈,SDCK-1井二开大尺寸井眼与邻井中等尺寸井眼相比(井深500 m处),其钻头及下部钻具振动强度均值分别增加了48.0%和41.5%,比SDCK-1井三开中等尺寸3000 m井深的钻头及下部钻具振动强度均值分别高了29.0%和2.9%;②相同井眼尺寸和岩石特性情况下,下部钻具组合比钻柱整体长度对钻头振动的影响更大,优化下部钻具组合能够明显改善钻头振动,保护钻头,同时还可以提高钻头破岩能量利用效率实现钻井提速;③在大尺寸井眼中钻头破岩激励向上传播,横向振动衰减慢于轴向振动衰减,大尺寸钻头扭矩更大且钻压和扭矩波动更加明显,因此从保护下部钻具的角度出发,大尺寸井眼钻具组合对抑制横振更加有效;④大尺寸井眼中下部钻具弯矩和弯矩波动更大,现场频繁出现的钻具裂纹除受控于整体振动强度较大以外,交变弯矩是裂纹发生的重要原因。结论认为,该研究成果揭示了超深井大尺寸井眼中钻柱的动力学特性,指出了应着重控制横振和交变弯矩,该认识可以为超深井上部大尺寸井眼钻井提供技术指导。

不同勘探方法对浅层小断距隐伏断裂探测效果

采用浅层地震勘探、钻孔联合剖面勘探、槽探3种方法联合探测临汾盆地郭家庄断裂的空间位置,并研究其活动特征。结果表明,不同探测方法对断层信息的揭示存在很大差异,浅层地震勘探在探测具有一定断距的断层,同时地层存在一定物性差异的情况下能取得理想的效果,且不同的工作参数探测效果不相同;钻孔联合剖面勘探能提高对小断距断层的分辨率,但受地形及地层主观认别等因素的影响,可能会遗漏断距小、标识层薄的断层;槽探能较好地识别地表断层的微小断距,但受施工深度和施工条件影响。3种方法相结合,可以精确确定断裂的空间位置和活动特征。

钻井利器的故事之“全液压岩心钻机”

钻机作为钻探工程中最重要的地面设备,是当之无愧的钻井利器。全液压岩心钻机是岩心钻机的主要发展方向。本文从科普的角度,介绍了岩心钻机在破岩过程中提供压力和旋转运动的主要作用,类比杠杆分析液压传动的工作原理,回顾了立轴式手把钻机、立轴式油压钻机到全液压岩心钻机的发展历程,阐述模块化轻便岩心钻机的特点及适合绿色勘查要求的优越性,并指出全液压岩心钻机的智能化、高效化、绿色化的发展方向。

实现致密气高效开发的气体钻井技术

对钻井、完井、压裂都是水基工作液的技术体系,在中国大多数致密砂岩储层中都存在无法回避、无法消除的严重、甚至致命的水锁伤害,从而导致低产低效、甚至开发失败,即便是目前热门的水平井分段压裂技术,也由于水锁伤害而偏于高成本、低效益。目前,气体钻井是彻底消除水锁伤害的唯一方法。文章通过分析致密气地质特征及在勘探开发中的储层伤害,指出了气体钻井技术在致密气勘探开发中的优势,倡导在致密气勘探开发过程中采用气体钻井技术以提高对储层的发现和开发。以塔里木DX1井为范例,展示了气体钻井技术用于致密气的勘探;以四川盆地气体钻直井、斜井、水平井为范例,展示了气体钻井技术用于浅层致密气的开发;以塔里木DB104井为范例,展示了气体钻井技术用于深层致密气的开发。文章最后指出,气体钻井用于致密气的勘探与开发,属于刚刚起步的探索性新技术,尚有诸多技术难题有待解决,尤其是气体钻水平井的配套技术,但这些技术在目前的科技、工业水平下应该是可以解决的,需要的是关注、投入和坚持。

邯东断裂浅部特征及第四纪活动性分析

邯东断裂为太行山山前断裂以东的一条隐伏断裂,是华北平原坳陷区内邯郸凹陷的东界断裂,位于邯郸东部新区规划建设范围内。研究其空间分布特征和活动性对于地震危险性评价及城区重大工程项目选址具有重要意义。本文采用浅层地震勘探、钻孔联合剖面探测和年代学测试方法,对邯东断裂的展布特征及第四纪活动性进行系统研究,共布设跨断裂浅层地震勘探测线6条、钻孔联合地质剖面3条。综合分析表明,邯东断裂为一条近NNE-SSE走向的高角度正断层,倾向W,视倾角约50°~75°。断裂上断点埋深南浅北深,最新活动时代为中更新世晚期。中更新世早期,南段与北段相比较为活跃。

神府矿区采空区精细化综合勘探技术研究

为精细化查明神府矿区亿源煤矿井田内原不明小煤窑采空区,为采空区治理提供科学依据,需开展瞬变电磁法、钻探及测井等综合勘查技术工作,以明确采空区分布范围及富水情况。结果表明:从测井曲线中可以看出煤岩层物性稳定,曲线形态明显,煤层具有高电阻率、低密度、低伽玛特性,煤层属导电性较差的高阻层(最高大于1000Ω·m),其他泥岩、砂质泥岩、砂岩等呈现相对低阻特征,煤层与围岩物性差异明显;瞬变电磁法采用280 m矩形发射线框、发射频率25 Hz、增益2^(2)~2^(5)之间、发射电流8 A、积分时间15 s的参数组合进行探测,对已知采空区反映明显,推断3^(-1)煤层房柱式采空区总面积0.985 km^(2);通过钻探揭露了2^(-2)煤和3^(-1)煤房柱式采空区,验证了物探推断的3^(-1)煤采空区。测井、瞬变电磁法探测、钻探相互依托、相辅相成,达到了精细化综合勘探的目的。

广谱性金刚石钻头国内外研究现状及发展趋势分析

随地球浅层资源消耗殆尽,资源勘探开发不断向深部进军,所遇地层条件愈加复杂,坚硬致密地层、强研磨性地层等复杂地层条件成为深部钻探的重大阻碍。金刚石钻头广泛应用于地质资源开发,因此对金刚石钻头综合性能要求也随之提高,然而现有的金刚石钻头只能适用于某一地层,需要经常更换,因此,研发地层适用性好、钻进效率高、钻头寿命长的广谱性金刚石钻头是克服深部钻探任务的重要内容。近年来,金刚石钻头发展迅速,在结构、品类与性能等方面都得到了较大提升,同时也存在一定提升空间。本文介绍了近年来广谱性金刚石钻头的研究现状与取得的重要进展,包括钻头结构及胎体性能方面的提升及应用,随后针对现有的广谱性金刚石钻头研究成果,提出了金刚石钻头的研究难题以及未来发展方向。通过本文对广谱性金刚石钻头的发展趋势总结,揭示了金刚石钻头制作技术和应用领域的新型研究方向,对我国油气勘探及矿产资源开发领域广谱性金刚石钻头研究有一定借鉴意义。

PDC钻头钻进岩石破碎过程及其与钻进规程参数关系的分析研究

PDC复合片钻头在地质勘探和石油天然气钻井等领域得到了广泛的应用,取得了很好的技术经济效果。但是,对于其碎岩过程及其与钻进规程参数间的关系研究不够深入,影响了技术经济指标的进一步提高。俄罗斯钻探工作者在这方面做了很多工作,取得了一定效果,值得引起我们的注意。例如,他们建议,由于岩石破碎方式是变化的,所以,尽量使岩石破碎处于体积破碎状态;如果把钻头每转进尺能耗量指标作为一个评价指标考虑进去,则评价系统会更加科学和更加全面;钻头每转进尺,不是越高越好,有一个最优值,这个最优值与钻进规程参数密切相关;提出了临界钻进规程的概念,即当轴载和转速的乘积高达一定数值时,切削具温度急剧上升、钻头磨损明显加剧,冲洗液量再大也无济于事,因此,此时应该采取措施,及时调整规程参数,避免钻进过程处于临界规程状态,以便使钻进处于正常状态,继续钻进下去。

掘锚机探放水钻机固定支架强度分析

针对一种掘锚一体机机载式探放水钻机,分析了其作业工况和功能需求。对钻机在各种工况下的受力进行分析,对关键部件的强度进行了有限元仿真校核。理论分析结果表明,安装座竖向载荷、伸缩滑套和钻机连接处的竖向载荷、伸缩滑套竖向载荷均是随着俯仰转角的增大,先增大后减小,在俯仰转角为0°时转矩最大。有限元计算结果显示关键部件伸缩轨道的和伸缩滑套的最大应力远小于所用材料Q345B的屈服强度,满足使用要求。钻机固定支架应力最大值仅为37.096 MPa,变形量为2.006 mm,说明钻机在最大载荷工况下,钻机固定支架能够满足强度要求。通过厂内和煤矿井下的工业性试验验证了设计的探放水钻机结构的有效性,具有较好的应用和推广价值。

高精度磁法测量在隐伏磁铁矿勘查中的应用——以冀东迁安曹庄子地区为例

冀东迁安地区铁矿成矿带是我国重要的沉积变质型铁矿产地之一,其矿石自然类型主要为磁铁型,随着开采与开发程度的提高,目前迁安地区已发现的大部分铁矿床已面临资源枯竭的局面,因此在区内寻找隐伏铁矿具有迫切需求。通过在冀东迁安曹庄子地区开展地面高精度磁法测量工作,查明其磁异常特征,研究结果表明:研究区磁异常主要由隐伏磁性体引起,经钻探验证,在深部发现了厚大铁矿体,磁异常分布与钻探所见的隐伏铁矿体对应较好,说明高精度磁法测量方法在冀东变质岩地区寻找深部隐伏铁矿体具有良好的找矿效果。研究可为迁安地区的铁矿找矿工作提供参考。

定向深孔探放水技术在平煤五矿的应用

为了解决平煤五矿上层煤采空区积水威胁到下层煤开采的问题,对当前采空区积水空间位置及积水量进行分析,从经济性、合理性以及时间效应三个方面对三种排水方案进行比选,分析了定向深孔探放水技术相较于常规钻孔探放水技术具有的优势,最终确定定向深孔探放水技术为最优方案。基于此,研究了定向深孔探放水技术的设计方案及施工工艺,并进行现场应用试验,同时采用了固安特封孔技术,与传统水泥浆封孔技术相比缩短了88%的封孔时间,累计排放采空区积水量近30000 m^(3),解决了己_(15)-32020采空区水害问题,掩护了巷道安全掘进。