Circular RNAs in breast cancer diagnosis,treatment and prognosis

Breast cancer has surpassed lung cancer to become the most common malignancy worldwide.The incidence rate and mortality rate of breast cancer continue to rise,which leads to a great burden on public health.Circular RNAs(circRNAs),a new class of noncoding RNAs(ncRNAs),have been recognized as important oncogenes or suppressors in regulating cancer initiation and progression.In breast cancer,circRNAs have significant roles in tumorigenesis,recurrence and multidrug resistance that are mediated by various mechanisms.Therefore,circRNAs may serve as promising targets of therapeutic strategies for breast cancer management.This study reviews the most recent studies about the biosynthesis and characteristics of circRNAs in diagnosis,treatment and prognosis evaluation,as well as the value of circRNAs in clinical applications as biomarkers or therapeutic targets in breast cancer.Understanding the mechanisms by which circRNAs function could help transform basic research into clinical applications and facilitate the development of novel circRNA-based therapeutic strategies for breast cancer treatment.

Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of epilepsy: electromagnetic stimulation-mediated neuromodulation therapy and new technologies

Epilepsy is a severe,relapsing,and multifactorial neurological disorder.Studies regarding the accurate diagnosis,prognosis,and in-depth pathogenesis are crucial for the precise and effective treatment of epilepsy.The pathogenesis of epilepsy is complex and involves alterations in variables such as gene expression,protein expression,ion channel activity,energy metabolites,and gut microbiota composition.Satisfactory results are lacking for conventional treatments for epilepsy.Surgical resection of lesions,drug therapy,and non-drug interventions are mainly used in clinical practice to treat pain associated with epilepsy.Non-pharmacological treatments,such as a ketogenic diet,gene therapy for nerve regeneration,and neural regulation,are currently areas of research focus.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the pathogenesis,diagnostic methods,and treatments of epilepsy.It also elaborates on the theoretical basis,treatment modes,and effects of invasive nerve stimulation in neurotherapy,including percutaneous vagus nerve stimulation,deep brain electrical stimulation,repetitive nerve electrical stimulation,in addition to non-invasive transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation.Numerous studies have shown that electromagnetic stimulation-mediated neuromodulation therapy can markedly improve neurological function and reduce the frequency of epileptic seizures.Additionally,many new technologies for the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy are being explored.However,current research is mainly focused on analyzing patients’clinical manifestations and exploring relevant diagnostic and treatment methods to study the pathogenesis at a molecular level,which has led to a lack of consensus regarding the mechanisms related to the disease.

Intestinal Behçet's disease: A review of clinical diagnosis and treatment

Behçet's disease(BD)is a chronic inflammatory disorder prone to frequent re-currences,with a high predilection for intestinal involvement.However,the ef-ficacy and long-term effects of surgical treatment for intestinal BD are unknown.In the current issue of World J Gastrointest Surg,Park et al conducted a retrospec-tive analysis of 31 patients with intestinal BD who received surgical treatment.They found that elevated C-reactive protein levels and emergency surgery were poor prognostic factors for postoperative recurrence,emphasizing the adverse impact of severe inflammation on the prognosis of patients with intestinal BD.This work has clinical significance for evaluating the postoperative condition of intestinal BD.The editorial attempts to summarize the clinical diagnosis and treatment of intestinal BD,focusing on the impact of adverse factors on surgical outcomes.We hope this review will facilitate more precise postoperative management of patients with intestinal BD by clinicians.

Automation in road distress detection,diagnosis and treatment

Road transportation plays a crucial role in society and daily life,as the functioning and durability of roads can significantly impact a nation's economic development.In the whole life cycle of the road,the emergence of disease is unavoidable,so it is necessary to adopt relevant technical means to deal with the disease.This study comprehensively reviews the advancements in computer vision,artificial intelligence,and mobile robotics in the road domain and examines their progress and applications in road detection,diagnosis,and treatment,especially asphalt roads.Specifically,it analyzes the research progress in detecting and diagnosing surface and internal road distress and related techniques and algorithms are compared.In addition,also introduces various road gover-nance technologies,including automated repairs,intelligent construction,and path planning for crack sealing.Despite their proven effectiveness in detecting road distress,analyzing diagnoses,and planning maintenance,these technologies still confront challenges in data collection,parameter optimization,model portability,system accuracy,robustness,and real-time performance.Consequently,the integration of multidisciplinary technologies is imperative to enable the development of an integrated approach that includes road detection,diagnosis,and treatment.This paper addresses the challenges of precise defect detection,condition assessment,and unmanned construction.At the same time,the efficiency of labor liberation and road maintenance is achieved,and the automation level of the road engineering industry is improved.

Research Progress of Ultrasound Radiomics in The Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer

With the advancement of medical research in recent years and the frequent occurrence of different types of cancer, breast cancer has gradually attracted the public’s attention. The incidence of breast cancer is rising, mainly affecting women with a high mortality rate. According to the clinical treatment effect, early diagnosis and early treatment can effectively control the mortality of breast cancer and improve patient’s quality of life. Ultrasound radiomics is an emerging field that can extract quantitative high-dimensional data from ultrasound images. Recently, ultrasound radiomics has been widely used in the clinical treatment of breast cancer. This paper analyzed the research progress of ultrasound radiomics in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer.

Radiomics in the diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is a common malignant tumor.At present,early diagnosis of HCC is dif-ficult and therapeutic methods are limited.Radiomics can achieve accurate quantitative evaluation of the lesions without invasion,and has important value in the diagnosis and treatment of HCC.Radiomics fea-tures can predict the development of cancer in patients,serve as the basis for risk stratification of HCC patients,and help clinicians distinguish similar diseases,thus improving the diagnostic accuracy.Further-more,the prediction of the treatment outcomes helps determine the treatment plan.Radiomics is also helpful in predicting the HCC recurrence,disease-free survival and overall survival.This review summa-rized the role of radiomics in the diagnosis,treatment and prognosis of HCC.

Extrahepatic cholestasis associated with paracoccidioidomycosis:Challenges in the differential diagnosis of biliopancreatic neoplasia

BACKGROUND Paracoccidioidomycosis(PCM)may involve the hepatic pedicle and peripan creatic lymph nodes,cause damage to the bile duct and manifest,exceptionally,in combination with extrahepatic cholestasis(EHC),making investigation and treatment challenging.AIM To investigate the management of patients with visceral PCM admitted with EHC.METHODS All patients diagnosed with PCM treated in a public,tertiary teaching hospital between 1982 and 2020 were retrospectively evaluated.Those also identified with EHC were allocated to two groups according to the treatment approach for the purpose of comparing clinical,laboratory,and imaging findings,resources used for etiological diagnosis,treatment results,and prognosis.Statistical analyses were performed using the linear mixed-effects model(random and fixed effects),which was adjusted using the PROC MIXED procedure of the SAS®9.0 software,and Fisher’s exact test.RESULTS Of 1645 patients diagnosed with PCM,40(2.4%)had EHC.Of these,20(50.0%)lived in the rural area and 29(72.5%)were men,with a mean age of 27.1 years(3-65 years).Jaundice as first symptom and weight loss of at least 10 kg were observed in 16 patients(40.0%),and a mass in the head of the pancreas was observed in 8(20.0%).The etiological diagnosis was made by tissue collection during surgery in 4 cases(10.0%)and by endoscopic methods in 3 cases(7.5%).Twenty-seven patients(67.5%)received drug treatment alone(Group 1),whereas 13(32.5%)underwent endoscopic and/or surgical procedures in combination with drug treatment(Group 2).EHC was significantly reduced in both groups(40.7% in Group 1,with a mean time of 3 months;and 38.4% in Group 2,with a mean time of 7.5 months),with no statistically significant difference between them.EHC recurrence rates,associated mainly with treatment nonadherence,were similar in both groups:37% in Group 1 and 15.4% in Group 2.The mortality rate was 18.5% in Group 1 and 23% in Group 2,with survival estimates of 71.3% and 72.5%,respectively,with no statistically significant difference.CONCLUSION Although PCM-related EHC is rare,it needs to be included in the differential diagnosis of malignancies,as timely treatment can prevent hepatic and extrahepatic sequelae.

Electroencephalography in the diagnosis and management of treatment-resistant depression with comorbid epilepsy:a novel strategy

INTRODUCTION.Depression,a common mental disorder,is a leading cause of disability worldwide,with a global prevalence ranging from 20% to 25% in women and 7% to 12% in men,and it has exhibited an increasing trend in recent decades.Despite being known for decades,a consensus on the definition and diagnosis of treatment-resistant depression(TRD)is still lacking.

Expert Consensus on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Anticancer Drug-Induced Interstitial Lung Disease

Drug-induced interstitial lung disease(DILD)is the most common pulmonary adverse event of anticancer drugs.In recent years,the incidence of anticancer DILD has gradually increased with the rapid development of novel anticancer agents.Due to the diverse clinical manifestations and the lack of specific diagnostic criteria,DILD is difficult to diagnose and may even become fatal if not treated properly.Herein,a multidisciplinary group of experts from oncology,respiratory,imaging,pharmacology,pathology,and radiology departments in China has reached the“expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of anticancer DILD”after several rounds of a comprehensive investigation.This consensus aims to improve the awareness of clinicians and provide recommendations for the early screening,diagnosis,and treatment of anticancer DILD.This consensus also emphasizes the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration while managing DILD.

Glioblastoma multiforme:Diagnosis, treatment, and invasion

Glioblastoma multiforme(GBM) is an essentially incurable brain tumor, which has been explored for approximately a century. Nowadays, surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy are still the standardized therapeutic options. However, due to the intrinsic invasion and metastasis features and the resistance to chemotherapy, the survival rate of glioblastoma patients remains unsatisfactory. To improve the current situation, much more research is needed to provide comprehensive knowledge of GBM. In this review, we summarize the latest updates on GBM treatment and invasion. Firstly, we review the traditional and emerging therapies that have been used for GBM treatment. Given the limited efficiency of these therapies, we further discuss the role of invasion in GBM recurrence and progression, and present current research progress on the mode and mechanisms of GBM invasion.

Progress in diagnosis and treatment of acute injury to the anterior talofibular ligament

Injury to the anterior talofibular ligament(ATFL)is a common acute injury of the lateral foot ligament.Untimely and improper treatment significantly affects the quality of life and rehabilitation progress of patients.The purpose of this paper is to review the anatomy and the current methods of diagnosis and treatment of acute injury to the ATFL.The clinical manifestations of acute injury to the ATFL include pain,swelling,and dysfunction.At present,non-surgical treatment is the first choice for acute injury of the ATFL.The standard treatment strategy involves the“peace and love”principle.After initial treatment in the acute phase,personalized rehabilitation training programs can be followed.These may involve proprioception training,muscle training,and functional exercise to restore limb coordination and muscle strength.Static stretching and other techniques to loosen joints,acupuncture,moxibustion massage,and other traditional medical treatments can relieve pain,restore range of motion,and prevent joint stiffness.If the non-surgical treatment is not ideal or fails,surgical treatment is feasible.Currently,arthroscopic anatomical repair or anatomical reconstruction surgery is commonly used in clinical practice.Although open Broström surgery provides good results,the modified arthroscopic Broström surgery has many advantages,such as less trauma,rapid pain relief,rapid postoperative recovery,and fewer complications,and is more popular with patients.In general,when treating acute injury to the ATFL,treatment management and methods should be timely and reasonably arranged according to the specific injury scenario and attention should be paid to the timely combination of multiple therapies to achieve the best treatment results.

Pathogenesis,clinical manifestations,diagnosis,and treatment progress of achalasia of cardia

Achalasia cardia,type of esophageal dynamic disorder,is a relatively rare primary motor esophageal disease characterized by the functional loss of plexus ganglion cells in the distal esophagus and lower esophageal sphincter.Loss of function of the distal and lower esophageal sphincter ganglion cells is the main cause of achalasia cardia,and is more likely to occur in the elderly.Histological changes in the esophageal mucosa are considered pathogenic;however,studies have found that inflammation and genetic changes at the molecular level may also cause achalasia cardia,resulting in dysphagia,reflux,aspiration,retrosternal pain,and weight loss.Currently,the treatment options for achalasia focus on reducing the resting pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter,helping to empty the esophagus and relieve symptoms.Treatment measures include botulinum toxin injection,inflatable dilation,stent insertion,and surgical myotomy(open or laparoscopic).Surgical procedures are often subject to controversy owing to concerns about safety and effectiveness,particularly in older patients.Herein,we review clinical epidemiological and experimental data to determine the prevalence,pathogenesis,clinical presentation,diagnostic criteria,and treatment options for achalasia to support its clinical management.

Overview of peripheral arteriovenous malformations:From diagnosis to treatment methods

Based on the latest classification by the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies in 2018,vascular malformations(VMs)can be categorized into simple,combined,VMs of major named vessels,and VMs associated with other anomalies.Simple VMs include lymphatic,venous,capillary,and arteriovenous malformations(AVMs).AVMs represent disorders of direct arteriovenous shunts caused by the absence of a capillary bed between the involved arteries and veins.This abnormal vascular communication causes arterial blood to accumulate in the venous vessels,thus resulting in venous hypertension and characteristic clinical manifestations,such as pulsation,tremors,and elevated temperature.AVMs can occur sporadically or as manifestations of syndromic lesions and are considered among the most complex and challenging VMs.The diagnosis and treatment of AVMs can vary depending on the lesion location and associated clinical symptoms,thus complicating their management.Herein,we discuss peripheral AVMs in terms of their clinical manifestations,imaging examinations,and staging systems to provide a comprehensive reference for the treatment,evaluation methods,and follow-up procedures for this vascular anomaly.

Advances and future directions in keloid research:Pathogenesis,diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies

Keloids,which are abnormal manifestations of wound healing,can result in significant functional impairment and aesthetic deformities.The pathogenesis of keloids is multifaceted and complex and influenced by various factors,such as genetics,the environment,and immune responses.The evolution of keloid treatment has progressed from traditional surgical excision to a contemporary combination of therapies including injection and radiation treatments,among others.This article provides a comprehensive review of keloid pathogenesis and treatment,emphasizing the latest advances in the field.Ultimately,this review underscores the necessity for continued research to enhance our understanding of keloid pathogenesis and to devise more effective treatments for this challenging condition.

Multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment nutritional support intervention for gastrointestinal tumor radiotherapy:Impact on nutrition and quality of life

BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal tumors are a major cause of cancer-related deaths and have become a major public health problem.This study aims to provide a scientific basis for improving clinical treatment effects,quality of life,and prognosis of patients with gastrointestinal tumors.AIM To explore the clinical effect of the multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment(MDT)nutrition intervention model on patients with gastrointestinal tumors.METHODS This was a case control study which included patients with gastrointestinal tumors who received radiotherapy at the Department of Oncology between January 2021 and January 2023.Using a random number table,120 patients were randomly divided into MDT and control groups with 60 patients in each group.To analyze the effect of MDT on the nutritional status and quality of life of the patients,the nutritional status and quality of life scores of the patients were measured before and after the treatment.RESULTS Albumin(ALB),transferrin(TRF),hemoglobin(Hb),and total protein(TP)levels significantly decreased after the treatment.The control group had significantly lower ALB,TRF,Hb,and TP levels than the MDT group,and the differences in these levels between the two groups were statistically significant(P<0.05).After the treatment,the MDT group had significantly more wellnourished patients than the control group(P<0.05).The quality of life total score,somatic functioning,role functioning,and emotional functioning were higher in the MDT group than in the control group.By contrast,pain,fatigue,nausea,and vomiting scores were lower in the MDT group than in the control group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION MDT nutritional intervention model effectively improves the nutritional status and quality of life of the patients.The study provides a rigorous theoretical basis for improving the prognosis of cancer patients.In the future,we intend to provide additional treatment methods for improving the quality of life of patients with cancer.

Beyond the stomach: An updated view of Helicobacter pylori pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment

Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) is an extremely common, yet underappreciated, pathogen that is able to alter host physiology and subvert the host immune response, allowing it to persist for the life of the host. H. pylori is the primary cause of peptic ulcers and gastric cancer. In the United States, the annual cost associated with peptic ulcer disease is estimated to be $6 billion and gastric cancer kills over 700000 people per year globally. The prevalence of H. pylori infection remains high(> 50%) in much of the world, although the infection rates are dropping in some developed nations. The drop in H. pylori prevalence could be a double-edged sword, reducing the incidence of gastric diseases while increasing the risk of allergies and esophageal diseases. The list of diseases potentially caused by H. pylori continues to grow; however, mechanistic explanations of how H. pylori could contribute to extragastric diseases lag far behind clinical studies. A number of host factors and H. pylori virulence factors act in concert to determine which individuals are at the highest risk of disease. These include bacterial cytotoxins and polymorphisms in host genes responsible for directing the immune response. This review discusses the latest advances in H. pylori pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Up-todate information on correlations between H. pylori and extragastric diseases is also provided.

A review of Helicobacter pylori diagnosis, treatment, and methods to detect eradication

Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) affects nearly half of the world's population and, thus, is one of the most frequent and persistent bacterial infections worldwide. H. pylori is associated with peptic ulcer disease, gastric ulcers, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, and gastric cancer. Various diagnostic methods exist to detect infection, and the choice of one method or another depends on several factors, such as accessibility, advantages and disadvantages of each method, cost, and the age of patients. Once H. pylori infection is diagnosed, the clinician decides whether treatment is necessity, according to the patient's clinical condition. Typically, eradication of H. pylori is recommended for treatment and prevention of the infection. Cure rates with the standard triple therapy are acceptable, and effective quadruple therapies, sequential therapies, and concomitant therapies have been introduced as key alternatives to treat H. pylori infection. In this work, we review the main diagnostic methods used to identify H. pylori infection and to confirm eradication of infection. In addition, key factors related to treatment are reviewed.

Current Status of Diagnosis And Treatment of Primary Breast Cancerin Beijing,2008

Objective：To investigate the status of diagnosis and treatment of primary breast cancer in Beijing,2008.Methods：All the patients who were diagnosed as primary breast cancer in Beijing in 2008 were enrolled in this study.Information of these patients,including the features of tumors,clinical diagnosis and treatment was collected,and filled in the well-designed questionnaire forms by trained surveyors.The missing data were partly complemented through telephone interviews.Results：A total of 3473 Beijing citizens were diagnosed as primary breast cancer（25 patients with synchronal bilateral breast cancer） in Beijing,2008.Of them 82.09% were symptomatic.19.02% and 34.11% were diagnosed using fine needle aspiration biopsy（FNAB） and core needle biopsy（CNB）,respectively.15.92% received sentinel lymph node biopsy（SLNB） and 24.27% received breast conserving surgery（BCS）.Among 476 cases with Her-2 positive,only 96 received anti-Her-2 therapy.We found that the standardization level varied in hospitals of different grades,with higher level in Grade-III hospitals.Of note,some breast cancer patients received non-standard primary tumor therapy：65.63% of the patients with ductal carcinoma in situ（DCIS） received axillary lymph node dissection and 36.88% received chemotherapy;25.89% of the patients underwent breast conserving surgery without margin status;12.10% of the patients received chemotherapy less than 4 cycles.Conclusion：Although most breast cancer patients received basic medical care,the mode of diagnosis and treatment should be improved and should be standardized in the future in Beijing.

Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO) diagnosis and treatment guidelines for colorectal cancer 2018(English version)

Contents1. General guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer2. Diagnostic principles for colorectal cancer2.1 Colorectal cancer screening of asymptomatic healthy population2.2 Basic diagnostic principles2.2.1 Colorectal cancer diagnosis2.2.2 Appendix on colorectal cancer imaging staging and diagnosis2.3 Principles of pathological diagnosis2.4 Staging.

Diagnosis and treatment of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas

BACKGROUND: Solid-pseudopapillary tumor (SPT) of the pancreas is a rare exocrine pancreatic tumor. Despite the increasing recognition of the tumor in recent years, its pathogenesis and apparent therapeutic algorithm remain unclear. This study was designed to define the clinical, imaging, and pathologic features and to improve the diagnosis and treatment of this rare disease. METHOD: The clinical, imaging, and pathologic findings of 9 SPT patients managed in our hospital between 2001 and 2005 were retrospectively analyzed, and related literatures were reviewed. RESULTS: In the 9 patients aged from 14 to 68 years, 8 were female and 1 male. The mean age of these patients at diagnosis was 30 years. Initially, 8 patients complained of vague abdominal pain and one patient had pancreatic mass detected incidentally by abdominal CT. The levels of blood and urine amylase and tumor markers were all within the normal range. B-US, CT and MRI demonstrated that tumors were well encapsulated and contained some degree of internal hemorrhage or cystic degeneration. The mean transverse diameter of these tumors was 5.4 cm (range, 2-10.5 cm). The tumors were located at the head (2 patients), body (2), body and tail junction (4), and tail (1) of the pancreas. Surgical procedures included pancreaticoduodenectomy, distal pancreatectomy, distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy, and enucleation. Histological examination showed solidified cystic areas and papillary protrusions. Two malignant tumors demonstrated retroperitoneal metastases and vascular invasion. Follow-up for 2.5 years on average showed that one patient died of tumor recurrence at 10 months and the rest were alive. CONCLUSIONS: SPT exhibits unique clinical and pathologic features and is readily diagnosed by its characteristic imaging and histological appearance. Surgical resection of the primary tumor and metastases is the treatment of choice.