What induced the trend shift of mixed-layer depths in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current region in the mid-1980s?

An obvious trend shift in the annual mean and winter mixed layer depth(MLD)in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current(ACC)region was detected during the 1960–2021 period.Shallowing trends stopped in mid-1980s,followed by a period of weak trends.The MLD deepening trend difference between the two periods were mainly distributed in the western areas in the Drake Passage,the areas north to Victoria Land and Wilkes Land,and the central parts of the South Indian sector.The newly formed ocean current shear due to the meridional shift of the ACC flow axis between the two periods is the dominant driver for the MLD trends shift distributed in the western areas in the Drake Passage and the central parts of the South Indian sector.The saltier trends in the regions north to Victoria Land and Wilkes Land could be responsible for the strengthening mixing processes in this region.

Calculation and Analysis of TVMS Considering Profile Shifts and Surface Wear Evolution Process of Spur Gear

Profile shift is a highly effective technique for optimizing the performance of spur gear transmission systems.However,tooth surface wear is inevitable during gear meshing due to inadequate lubrication and long-term operation.Both profile shift and tooth surface wear(TSW)can impact the meshing characteristics by altering the involute tooth profile.In this study,a tooth stiffness model of spur gears that incorporates profile shift,TSW,tooth deformation,tooth contact deformation,fillet-foundation deformation,and gear body structure coupling is established.This model efficiently and accurately determines the time-varying mesh stiffness(TVMS).Additionally,an improved wear depth prediction method for spur gears is developed,which takes into consideration the mutually prime teeth numbers and more accurately reflects actual gear meshing conditions.Results show that consideration of the mutual prime of teeth numbers will have a certain impact on the TSW process.Furthermore,the finite element method(FEM)is employed to accurately verify the values of TVMS and load sharing ratio(LSR)of profile-shifted gears and worn gears.This study quantitatively analyzes the effect of profile shift on the surface wear process,which suggests that gear profile shift can partially alleviate the negative effects of TSW.The contribution of this study provides valuable insights into the design and maintenance of spur gear systems.

Direct pre-stack depth migration on rugged topography

Engineering seismic exploration aims at shallow imaging which is confused by statics if the surface is uneven. Direct pre-stack depth migration （DPDM） is based on accurate elevations of sources and receivers, by which static correction is completely abandoned before migration and surely the imaging quality is remarkably improved. To obtain some artificial shot gathers, high-order staggered-grid finite-difference （FD） method is adapted to model acoustic wave propagation. Since the shot gathers are always disturbed by regular interferences, the statics still must be applied to supporting the interference elimination by apparent velocity filtering method. Then all the shot gathers should be removed back to their original positions by reverse statics. Finally, they are migrated by pre-stack reverse-time depth migration and imaged. The numerical experiments show that the DPDM can ideally avoid the mistakes caused by statics and increase imaging precision.

Impedance inversion of pre-stack seismic data in the depth domain

The extensive application of pre-stack depth migration has produced huge volumes of seismic data,which allows for the possibility of developing seismic inversions of reservoir properties from seismic data in the depth domain.It is difficult to estimate seismic wavelets directly from seismic data due to the nonstationarity of the data in the depth domain.We conduct a velocity transformation of seismic data to make the seismic data stationary and then apply the ridge regression method to estimate a constant seismic wavelet.The estimated constant seismic wavelet is constructed as a set of space-variant seismic wavelets dominated by velocities at different spatial locations.Incorporating the weighted superposition principle,a synthetic seismogram is generated by directly employing the space-variant seismic wavelets in the depth domain.An inversion workflow based on the model-driven method is developed in the depth domain by incorporating the nonlinear conjugate gradient algorithm,which avoids additional data conversions between the time and depth domains.The impedance inversions of the synthetic and field seismic data in the depth domain show good results,which demonstrates that seismic inversion in the depth domain is feasible.The approach provides an alternative for forward numerical analyses and elastic property inversions of depth-domain seismic data.It is advantageous for further studies concerning the stability,accuracy,and efficiency of seismic inversions in the depth domain.

Modulation Depth Based on Frequency-shift Characteristic of LiNbO3 Waveguide Electro-optic Intensity Modulator

The modulation depth, defined according to practical modulation results, which changes with the microwave power and its frequency, is significant for systems utilizing the frequency-shift characteristic of the LiNbO3 waveguide Electro-Optic Intensity Modulator （EOIM）. By analyzing the impedance mismatch between the microwave source and the EOIM, the effective voltage applied to the RF port of the EOIM is deprived from the microwave power and its frequency. Associating with analyses of the phase velocity mismatch between the microwave and the optical wave, the theoretical modulation depth has been obtained, which is verified by experimental results. We provide a method to choose the appropriate modulation depth to optimize the desired sideband through proper transmission bias for the system based on the frequency-shift characteristic of the EOIM.

Application of Gaussian beam pre-stack depth migration in rugged seabed

Strong fluctuation of seabed,abrupt variation in depth and dip of seabed bring seismic imaging problems,such as irregular reflection waves,obvious multiple waves,serious lateral wave development,poor imaging on base surface and depression structure,low signal-to-noise ratio of middle and deep layers.In this paper,Gaussian beam migration imaging method is used to analyze the imaging effect of rugged seabed in deep water area,and the ray tracing method of wavefront construction method is used to analyze the kinematic characteristics of seismic waves.By improving the design of seismic data acquisition and observation system,imaging quality of fine structures is improved.

细观尺度下表面波法检测混凝土表面裂缝深度研究

基于表面波截止频率检测混凝土表面裂缝深度是一种有效的无损检测方法。目前通常使用频率透射比法来识别截止频率,但该方法受混凝土细观结构影响较大,识别效果较差。为提高截止频率的识别精度,本文提出了多道信号相移频散分析法,开展了表面波检测均匀介质和混凝土细观模型表面裂缝深度的有限元模拟,通过对比研究频率透射比法和多道信号相移频散分析法的检测机理和识别效果,给出了截止频率的识别标准,最后分析了骨料、孔隙率和检测频率对多道信号相移频散分析法的影响。研究结果表明,多道信号相移频散分析法的识别效果较好,且不受细观结构和缝厚比的影响;骨料粒径、含量和弹性模量的变化基本不影响该方法对截止频率的有效识别;当表面波波长小于构件厚度且孔隙率不超过4%时,该方法仍具备较好的识别效果。本研究可为实际工程中混凝土表面裂缝深度的定量检测提供理论基础。

基于颜色直方图和深度信息的CamShift目标跟踪算法

基于颜色直方图的Cam Shift目标跟踪方法不能适应复杂环境,特别是环境中有相似颜色干扰的情况.针对这一不足,提出了一种基于颜色直方图和深度信息的Cam Shift目标跟踪方法.通过对比试验,证明深度信息的引入,大大削弱了复杂环境对跟踪效果的影响,提高了目标跟踪的鲁棒性.

Nonlinear effect of the structured light profilometry in the phase-shifting method and error correction

Digital structured light （SL） profilometry is increasingly used in three-dimensional （3D） measurement technology. However, the nonlinearity of the off-the-shelf projectors and cameras seriously reduces the measurement accuracy. In this paper, first, we review the nonlinear effects of the projector-camera system in the phase-shifting structured light depth measurement method. We show that high order harmonic wave components lead to phase error in the phase-shifting method. Then a practical method based on frequency domain filtering is proposed for nonlinear error reduction. By using this method, the nonlinear calibration of the SL system is not required. Moreover, both the nonlinear effects of the projector and the camera can be effectively reduced. The simulations and experiments have verified our nonlinear correction method.

Degree of style coiling is associated with corolla-tube length in the nectarless flowers of Roscoea schneideriana

The plant-pollinator‘arms race’model posits that a major driver of the evolution of elongated corollas in flowers is reciprocal selection for‘morphological fit’between pollinator-tongue length and access distance to nectar(usually corolla-tube length).Evidence for the pollinator-mediated selection on tube length and evolution of multiple,correlated floral traits remains inconclusive.To gain possible insights into the strength of stabilizing selection by assessing standing phenotypic variation,we measured a series of functionally important floral traits,including corolla tube length and‘effective’tube depth and degree of style coiling.We then calculated coefficients of variation(CV)for these traits in three field populations of R.schneideriana.Unlike in most long-tubed flowers,the bottom part of the corolla tube is completely occupied by the style,with no room for nectar.The length of this portion of the corolla tube was more variable(higher CV)than the upper part of the corolla tube,suggesting that functional tube depth was under stronger stabilizing selection.The degree of style coiling was negatively related to the corolla-tube length in all three populations of R.schneideriana,suggesting that there may be conflicting selection acting on style length and corolla-tube length,which are otherwise usually tightly correlated.Given the lack of nectar in the flowers of this species,the long corolla tubes and long styles may represent morphological holdovers from ancestors that were pollinated by long-tongued pollinators,as is still seen in related species in the western Himalayas.

Residual curvature migration velocity analysis for angle domain common imaging gathers

Pre-stack depth migration velocity analysis is one of the keys to influencing the imaging quality of pre-stack migration.In this paper we cover a residual curvature velocity analysis method on angle-domain common image gathers（ADCIGs） which can depict the relationship between incident angle and migration depth at imaging points and update the migration velocity.Differing from offset-domain common image gathers（ODCIGs）,ADCIGs are not disturbed by the multi-path problem which contributes to imaging artifacts,thus influencing the velocity analysis.On the basis of horizontal layers,we derive the residual depth equation and also propose a velocity analysis workflow for velocity scanning.The tests to synthetic and field data prove the velocity analysis methods adopted in this paper are robust and valid.

单程和双程波动方程叠前深度偏移方法

叠前深度偏移是获得地下构造映像的有效手段,而基于波动方程的叠前深度偏移方法对速度横向变化剧烈的地层有更好的适应性.分析基于单程波方程的相移法、相移加插值法、频率—空间域有限差分法、傅里叶有限差分法和基于双程波方程的逆时偏移方法,借助于地堑模型与盐丘模型,测试5种逆时偏移方法成像复杂构造的精度和适应性.结果表明,基于波动方程的叠前深度偏移方法可实现横向变速地下构造成像,相比于基于双程波方程的逆时偏移方法,单程波方程方法对垂直断层等高陡倾角构造成像有局限性;逆时偏移方法对垂直断层、盐丘下边界等复杂构造可以清晰成像,辅以精确的地层速度,逆时偏移方法在地震资料成像领域中有广阔的发展和应用前景.

波动方程深度偏移波场延拓算子的快速重建

基于波动方程的叠前深度偏移对计算机的速度和存储空间都有较高要求.随着并行集群的出现,此类叠前深度偏移问题已经开始应用于工业生产,但与传统偏移方法相比仍然耗时较长.本文应用三次样条函数对波场延拓算子进行光滑处理,然后用抽样函数进行算子重建,既可以保证计算精度,又能减少叠前深度偏移过程所需的计算存储,从而提高效率,缩短整个处理流程的时间.

基于非固定算子相移法三维VSP叠前深度偏移

地面地震成像方法很多且比较成熟,但对于三维VSP来说较成熟的成像方法很少,其成像效果特别是陆上不够理想。针对应用传统VSP成像方法如:VSP-CDP、克希霍夫积分法等成像过程中存在保幅性差、对复杂构造的归位不准、分辨率低等问题,采用非固定相移算子的叠前深度偏移方法能够适应介质速度横向变化,同时克服了常规相移偏移算法中要求速度横向不变的缺点。该方法运用基于非固定滤波器理论的非固定相移算子,具有更高的精度和稳定性,叠前深度偏移算法采取分片均匀近似的策略提高了运算速度。该方法应用于三维VSP成像并在胜利垦71井区实际资料处理中取得了比较好的成像效果。

高精度屏算子地震偏移成像方法研究

从波场延拓的非稳态相移公式出发,基于反问题求解中常用的摄动理论,利用单平方根算子的渐进展开,推导出了波动方程广义屏叠前深度偏移算子方程的高阶形式;针对散射波场计算项对于横向变速介质的不稳定性问题,通过数学近似提出了有效提高稳定性的策略并应用到波场递归外推过程中,从而得到一种稳定的高精度屏算子地震偏移成像方法。数值试验和实际资料处理表明,该方法具有更高的精度,对宽角度信息成像更好,是对传统广义屏算子的有效补充和发展。

基于单目视觉的移动机器人跟随

针对室外环境下移动机器人基于单目视觉对目标人实时跟随问题进行了研究,提出通过均值漂移算法对像平面目标的跟踪来实现目标定位。为了补偿摄像机运动造成目标在像平面的偏移,提出了以卡尔曼滤波器的估计值作为均值漂移算法的启动点,然后利用均值漂移算法获得最终位置;为了估计单目视觉下目标与机器人之间的距离,提出了一种借助于主颜色描述子和形状直方图的间接景深计算方法。室外实验表明该算法具有很好的实时性和鲁棒性,能有效实现复杂室外环境下对人的跟随。

双平方根叠前深度偏移的广义高阶屏方法

叠前深度偏移技术既可在炮点—接收点域实现，也可在共中心点—炮检距域实现。前人将裂步延拓算子 推广到共中心点—炮检距域相移法双平方根叠前偏移中。在波场向下延拓的每一步长内，仅通过一次时移量来校正常速相移延拓产生的误差，得出了简单、高效的裂步双平方根叠前深度偏移方法，但精度较低。本文基于波场延拓的非稳态相移公式，通过引入参考速度，并对双平方根项中的两个平方根项作泰勒级数展开，经过适当的数学推导，得出了共中心点—炮检距域波场延拓的双平方根非稳态相移新的高阶屏近似公式。该公式可直接 在共中心点—炮检距域高效地延拓叠前波场。通过增加屏的阶数，提高了剧烈横向变速条件 下叠前深度偏移的精度。它是裂步双平方根叠前深度偏移方法的推广。理论模型和实际资料 的试算结果表明，本文方法是有效而实用的。

可分裂的三维陡倾角深度偏移算法

对于构造复杂和存在明显速度横向变化地区的地震资料，三维深度偏移方法能同时消除波的衍射和折射效应，且对侧面波的收敛也很显著，故其成像结果能准确地反映地质构造在地下的空间分布．文中通过对深度偏移方程进行陡倾角近似，并利用二阶中心差分网格将三维方程离散分裂，极大地提高了运算效率和节约存贮量，同时在波场外推计算中采用了一种与差分相似的时移算法，较好地解决了差分频散现象和数值稳定性问题．理论模型和实际资料的试验结果进一步验证了算法的可行性和实用性．

基于红外编码结构光的深度测量方法

视觉深度测量是计算机视觉领域的重要问题。提出了一种基于红外编码结构光的深度测量方法。首先,设计一种新的网格图案并提出一种顺序编解码算法,准确计算参考图像与目标图像之间对应点的偏移;然后,提出一种成像系统参数线性拟合算法,建立目标深度与光斑像素偏移之间的线性关系,并修正镜头畸变;最后,基于线性关系实现深度测量,并基于Delaunay三角剖分算法实现三维重建。在实验过程中,通过多组数据进行误差评估与校正,提高测量精度,降低系统误差。多组实验数据表明,该深度测量方法准确性较高,并具有较好的实用性与鲁棒性。

混合法深度偏移及其吸收边界条件

混合法偏移是一种将有限差分偏移和频率波数域偏移相结合进行偏移的方法，它兼有两者的优点，即既能适应较大横向变速情况，又节省内存和运算量。本文利用平方根算子的最佳逼近，导出了混合法偏移的一种新算法，其运算交替用ω－x域中的有限差分法和f-k是域中的相移法来完成。同时，还提出了一种新的吸收边界条件，它通过在边界外附加一个很薄的具有强吸收作用的边界层，并与衰减型吸收边界条件相结合，有效地消除了边界反射。该方法既适用于规则区域，又适用于不规则区域，其离散方程具有统一形式，易于编程。较多的模型计算和实际资料试算表明，该方法是一种计算量适中、处理精度高、稳定性好、吸收效果明显的偏移方法。