Instability mechanism of mining roadway passing through fault at different angles in kilometre-deep mine and control measures of roof cutting and NPR cables

The angle α between the fault strike and the axial direction of the roadway produces different damage characteristics. In this paper, the research methodology includes theoretical analyses, numerical simulations and field experiments in the context of the Daqiang coal mine located in Shenyang, China. The stability control countermeasure of "pre-splitting cutting roof + NPR anchor cable"(PSCR-NPR) is simultaneously proposed. According to the different deformation characteristics of the roadway, the faults are innovatively classified into three types, with α of type I being 0°-30°, α of type II being 30°-60°, and α of type III being 60°-90°. The full-cycle stress evolution paths during mining roadway traverses across different types of faults are investigated by numerical simulation. Different pinch angles α lead to high stress concentration areas at different locations in the surrounding rock. The non-uniform stress field formed in the shallow surrounding rock is an important reason for the instability of the roadway. The pre-cracked cut top shifted the high stress region to the deep rock mass and formed a low stress region in the shallow rock mass. The high prestressing NPR anchor cable transforms the non-uniform stress field of the shallow surrounding rock into a uniform stress field. PSCR-NPR is applied in the fault-through roadway of Daqiang mine. The low stress area of the surrounding rock was enlarged by 3-7 times, and the cumulative convergence was reduced by 45%-50%. It provides a reference for the stability control of the deep fault-through mining roadway.

Initial pre-stress finding procedure and structural performance research for Levy cable dome based on linear adjustment theory

The cable-strut structural system is statically and kinematically indeterminate. The initial pre-stress is a key factor for determining the shape and load carrying capacity. A new numerical algorithm is presented herein for the initial pre-stress finding procedure of complete cable-strut assembly. This method is based on the linear adjustment theory and does not take into account the material behavior. By using this method,the initial pre-stress of the multi self-stress modes can be found easily and the cal-culation process is simplified and efficient also. Finally,the initial pre-stress and structural performances of a particular Levy cable dome are analyzed comprehensively. The algorithm has proven to be efficient and correct,and the numerical results are valuable for practical design of Levy cable dome.

Initial Pre-stress Finding and Structural Behaviors Analysis of Cable Net Based on Linear Adjustment Theory

The tensile cable-strut structure is a self-equilibrate pre-stressed system.The initial pre-stress cal- culation is the fundamental structural analysis.A new numerical procedure was developed.The force density method is the cornerstone of analytical formula,and then introduced into linear adjustment theory;the least square least norm solution,the optimized initial pre-stress,is yielded.The initial pre-stress and structural performances of a particular single-layer saddle-shaped cable-net structure were analyzed with the developed method,which is proved to be efficient and correct.The modal analyses were performed with respect to various pre-stress levels.Finally,the structural performances were investigated comprehensively.

Parametric Study on Cable-Stayed and Knee-Braced Steel Portal Frames

To improve wind resistance capacity of cable-braced steel portal frames,a double-braced portal frame was proposed by adding two pre-stressed knee braces to a cable-braced portal frame. To study the reasonable range of application and method of cable parameter determination for this novel structure,the influences of load condition, span, base constraint, and cable parameters on structural performance were investigated by using the finite element code SAP2000. The results show that pre-stressed knee braces can effectively resist both uplifted and lateral wind loads,so this cablestayed and knee-braced steel portal frame is suitable for large wind.When the vertical load is comparable with the wind load,this novel type of portal frames is suitable for a medium span( 21-48 m). The cables in the cable brace can be determined by structural vertical stiffness,and the cables in the knee brace can be designed as the same as those in the cable-stayed part for the reason that their cross sectional area has only a weak effect on the structure. If no cable fails,the pretension variation of the cable does not affect the stiffness of the portal frame. The cable in the cable brace,working together with the cables in the knee braces,can ease uneven distribution of internal force,and their pretensions can be determined according to actual engineering projects.

Determination Method on Initial Pretension of Cables in Steel Mega Frame and Prestressed Composite Bracing Structure

Determining initial pretension values of pre-stressed cables is one of the key problems for a steel mega frame and pre-stressed composite bracing structure.Through the mechanical analysis of the composite bracing under vertical loading,the critical factors deciding the initial pretention value were found.According to these factors,a rule for the initial pretension value was put forward.The determination equations were acquired based on the principle of force equilibrium at nodes.The numerical results indicate that the internal force disequilibrium in composite bracings resulted from symmetrical load can be eliminated only in a symmetrical way,so that initial pretention values are decided only by vertical loads.The influencing coefficient leveling method,taking into account interactions between story and story,is accurate and feasible.

Test analysis of stress characteristics on reinforcing rock slope with group anchorage cable

To research the reinforcement effect of a rock slope with group anchorage cables and the stress characteristics of pre-stressed anchorage cables in the fractured surface, the rock slope calculated model of a wedge block within the double-slide face was established by using the finite difference software according to the actual slope project combined with indoor model test. The pre-stress loss rule of the anchorage cable and the distribution of axial force and the force-transferring mechanism of the anchorage cable were analyzed during simulation. Also, based on the displacement contour and the safety factor of the calculated results, the quantitative analysis for the reinforcement ef- fect of the rock slope with group pre-stressed anchorage cable was discovered. The results computed by the software conform with the data in the experiment, which can prove the effectiveness and correctness of parameter selection and model building. Keywords group anchorage reinforcement, rock slope, joint fissure, pre-stressed anchorage cable, stress characteristics

考虑海水-海床-斜拉桥相互作用下纵桥向设置BRB的减震作用与优化设计

由于海洋场地存在深厚的海水层,其对海底地震动特性以及海洋结构物的地震反应存在较大影响,在跨海桥梁等海洋结构物抗震分析时不容忽视。因此,研究基于地震波动理论建立海水-海床-斜拉桥耦合的地震波动分析模型,确定海水层对结构地震反应的影响。考虑海洋环境可能对减震构件的耐久性造成威胁,提出一种应用耐久性能优良的防屈曲支撑(Bulking Restrained Brace,BRB)作为纵桥向减震构件的斜拉桥减震体系,并且以青州航道桥为工程背景,通过其与漂浮体系斜拉桥模型的地震反应对比,验证了考虑海洋环境影响下该减震体系的可行性。研究对BRB的布设位置与设备参数等进行优化分析,进一步确定BRB作为斜拉桥纵桥向减震构件的设计方法。研究发现地震作用下海水产生的动水效应会放大斜拉桥上部结构的地震反应。通过对比不同工况下结构的地震反应,发现在桥墩与桥塔位置同时设置BRB时,桥梁整体减震效果最佳。另外,BRB的屈服承载力等参数对斜拉桥的抗震性能亦产生较大影响。

斜拉桥塔柱施工临时水平拉杆与横撑构造优化及受力性能分析

为提高双向倾斜索塔在施工过程中的安全性及成塔状态下满足应力和线形的要求。该文以柴埠溪大桥西侧索塔为背景,介绍了索塔施工过程中的临时拉杆和临时横撑的布置、施工力的计算、临时结构的设计等内容。施工过程中产生的塔柱应力,成塔状态下的位移和应力均满足要求。主动力施加时温度对其影响以及临时拉杆和临时横撑与温度的修正关系。临时结构的应力和稳定性满足规范要求。可为今后的同类型斜拉桥索塔塔柱施工提供参考。

斜塔柱施工内力和变形控制研究

索塔施工控制是斜拉桥建造的重要环节,斜塔柱施工过程中的内力和变形控制尤为复杂。文章以倾斜角度较大的钻石形索塔为例,建立了索塔空间有限元模型,对施工过程进行仿真分析,研究不同支撑方式对斜塔柱内力和变形控制的影响,结果表明:主动横撑能消除施工过程中不利附加应力积累,减小内倾变形。研究成果可为同类型索塔的设计和施工提供借鉴和参考。

横向骑跨既有地道曲线宽幅梁拱组合体系桥梁设计与分析

文章以广东省深圳市前海合作区临海桂湾河桥为背景,对异形梁拱组合体系桥梁的设计特点与施工方法进行介绍。桂湾河桥桥位处地形复杂,桩基布置需避开地下通道等构筑物,设计方案最终确定为86.84 m+124.65 m下承式梁拱组合体系桥,并采用骑跨式转换梁跨越地下通道,主梁、拱肋及转换梁构成整体,共同参与结构受力。桥梁平面位于曲线段;主梁采用封闭的正交异形钢箱梁,桥宽56.2 m~57.8 m,桥面宽度较大,按使用功能横向分为四幅桥设计,结构受力复杂;拱肋由大拱和小拱组成,拱肋之间无风撑连接;吊索采用高强钢丝高钒密封索,结构紧凑,性能稳定,在国内首次应用到大跨径桥梁中。采用有限元分析方法,验证了设计的合理性与施工方法的可行性,可为类似桥梁设计与施工提供借鉴。

斜拉桥双向倾斜桥塔主动横撑优化设计研究

为保证双向倾斜桥塔在施工过程中的安全稳定性,应合理设计主动横撑作为临时结构,并对其进行施工控制。文章以某在建斜拉桥为研究对象,对全桥模型进行施工阶段验算后分析了主动横撑的设置位置与顶推力,并优化了设置方案。根据模型计算各临时横撑的顶推力,并对其在最不利施工阶段下进行验算,验证了方案的可行性。结果表明,优化后的方案在确保安全性的前提下可少布置一道临时横撑,能有效控制施工过程中塔柱混凝土的拉应力。

Stability control measures for roof cutting and NPR supporting of mining roadways in fault areas of kilometre-deep coal mine

The study focuses on the stability control measures for mining roadways in fault zones of deep mines,using Daqiang Coal Mine as a case study.The control system under consideration,referred to as"pre-splitting cutting roof+NPR anchor cable"(PSCR-NPR),is subjected to scrutiny through theoretical analysis,numerical modelling,and field trials.Furthermore,a comprehensive analysis is undertaken to evaluate the stability control mechanism of this particular technology.The study provides evidence that the utilization of deep-hole directional energy-concentrated blasting facilitates the attainment of directional roof cutting in roadways.The aforementioned procedure leads to the formation of a uniform structural surface on the roof of the roadway and causes modifications in the surrounding geological formation.The examination of the lateral abutment pressure and shear stress distribution,both prior to and subsequent to roof cutting,indicates that the implementation of pre-splitting techniques leads to a noteworthy reduction in pressure.The proposition of incorporating the safety factor Q for roof cutting height is suggested as a method to augment comprehension of the pressure relief phenomenon in the field of engineering.The analysis of numerical simulation has indicated that the optimal pressure relief effect of a mining roadway in a fault area is attained when the value of Q is 1.8.The NPR anchor cable exhibits noteworthy characteristics,including a high level of prestress,continuous resistance,and substantial deformation.After the excavation of the roadway,a notable reduction in radial stress occurs,leading to the reinstatement of the three-phase stress state in the surrounding rock.This restoration is attributed to the substantial prestress exerted on the radial stress.The termination point of the NPR anchor cable is strategically positioned within a stable rock formation,allowing for the utilization of the mechanical characteristics of the deep stable rock mass.This positioning serves to improve the load-bearing capacity of the surrounding rock.The mining roadway within the fault region of Daqiang Coal Mine is outfitted with the PSCR-NPR technology.The drop in shear stress experienced by the rock surrounding the roadway is estimated to be around 30%,whilst the low-stress region of the mining roadway extends by a factor of approximately 5.5.The magnitude of surface displacement convergence experiences a decrease of approximately 45%-50%.The study’s findings provide useful insights regarding the stable of mining roadway in characterized by fault zones.

牛田洋大桥主桥钢桁梁设计

汕头市牛田洋大桥主桥为(77.5+166.1+468+166.1+77.5)m公轨两用钢桁梁斜拉桥。主桥采用双层桥面布置,上层为双向8车道一级公路兼城市快速路,下层为双线跨座式轨道交通。该桥采用半飘浮体系,纵、横向正交分离的减隔震约束体系。主梁采用带副桁的板桁结合钢桁梁结构,主桁采用三角桁,桁高11 m,2片主桁中心间距16 m;副桁上弦杆采用平行四边形箱形截面,弦杆顶板中心线间距37.2 m。主梁共63个节间,标准节间长15.1 m,主跨及次边跨公路桥面系采用纵横梁体系正交异性整体钢桥面板,边跨公路桥面系采用纵、横梁支撑的混凝土桥面板;下层轨道交通无桥面板,设置下平纵联。索梁锚固采用锚拉板式钢锚箱。主梁标准节段采用两节间大节段全焊制造。边跨、次边跨钢桁梁采用顶推法施工,主跨钢桁梁采用悬臂吊装法施工。

某弧形外框-支撑体系钢结构办公楼结构设计

本工程结构高度48.00m,属于高层结构,采用框架—支撑钢结构体系。为满足建筑造型要求,外框柱呈弧型。结合建筑平面,本文提出了四种结构体系。从建筑效果、用钢量等角度对四种结构体系方案进行对比,最终确定了“内框柱(核心筒)+外框斜柱”的结构方案。本工程结构平面为细腰形,为加强抗侧刚度,在核心筒周边对称布置BRB支撑。鉴于建筑造型要求,屋面层设置单层网壳结构的塔冠。采用YJK,对结构进行多遇地震下的弹性分析。分析结果表明结构各指标满足规范要求。此外,本文分别对弧形外框柱整体稳定性、BRB支撑耗能减震以及中庭拉索幕墙进行了分析研究。本文的相关分析可为后续类似结构的设计提供参考。

鄂东长江公路大桥桥塔拉杆及支撑系统设计与施工

鄂东长江公路大桥为主跨926 m的双塔双索面半漂浮体系混合梁斜拉桥。北桥塔高度达242.5 m,采用"凤翎"式结构,下塔柱外倾,中塔柱内倾,施工过程中为避免桥塔根部混凝土应力过大出现裂缝,在中、下塔柱设置主动拉杆和主动横撑。主要阐述鄂东长江公路大桥北桥塔下塔柱拉杆及中塔柱水平支撑系统的设计与施工。

劲性支撑穹顶结构找形分析

针对索垂度在施工成形过程中不可忽略的问题,采用悬链线单元模拟索,依据胡克定律、小应变假设和变形协调方程等条件,推导了索原长的计算公式,给出了一种已知任意一个正值求解索原长度的二分法。在正交索网结构中,采用该二分法求得的索原长与已知条件给出的索原长进行对比,其误差均不超过0.16%,且不同初始值计算得到的索原长差别不大。针对劲性支撑穹顶结构的找形分析问题,给出了一种FEDR法,即有限元动力松弛法,以期提高动力松弛法的计算精度和可靠性。给出了找形分析的求解策略,并通过FORTRAN语言和ANSYS的APDL语言编制找形分析程序。对正交索网和跨度为71.2 m设两道环杆的肋环型劲性支撑穹顶结构进行找形分析,ANSYS有限元分析与FORTRAN语言找形程序求得的杆件内力进行对比,其误差均不超过0.42%。

武汉青山长江公路大桥北塔临时横撑设计

武汉青山长江公路大桥主桥为主跨938 m的双塔双索面全飘浮体系斜拉桥,桥塔采用A形混凝土结构,仅设上横梁、无下横梁,北塔高279.5 m,塔座处两塔肢间距62 m。塔柱采用液压爬模施工,在塔柱悬臂施工过程中,根据塔柱施工线形及塔肢截面弯矩控制需要,在桥塔两塔肢范围内共布置了13道主动临时横撑,临时横撑由牛腿、横撑钢管、起顶系统、钢楔块四部分组成。采用MIDAS Civil软件建立桥塔施工阶段有限元模型,按照以桥塔线形控制为主、内力为辅的原则确定了临时横撑对顶力及最大内力,并根据临时横撑最大内力进行横撑钢管截面配置、牛腿设计。通过分析确定该桥中、下塔柱临时横撑按从中部往两端的顺序拆除,上塔柱临时横撑按照从上端往下端的顺序拆除。

港珠澳大桥青州航道桥“中国结”形钢剪刀撑设计与施工

港珠澳大桥青州航道桥为双塔斜拉桥,桥塔采用钢筋混凝土框架结构。经桥梁建筑景观研究,塔柱上联结系采用"中国结"造型剪刀撑(简称"结形撑"),并采用钢结构。结形撑构造异形、尺度庞大,设计、制造与安装难度大且技术含量高。结形撑采用变高度带倒角的箱形断面,与混凝土塔柱连接采用"承压-传剪"的复合传力模式及连接箱构造;内、外表面采用油漆涂装体系,设置了全方位可达的维修养护通道和设施;结构计算分析表明结形撑受力安全;采用分节段制造与安装,制造过程采用了特殊措施以保证其整体形状,安装分预埋节段和撑体节段分别进行。

武汉青山长江公路大桥北塔施工关键技术

武汉青山长江公路大桥主桥为主跨938m的双塔双索面全飘浮体系斜拉桥,北塔采用A形钢筋混凝土结构,塔高279.5m,由下塔柱、中塔柱、上塔柱、上横梁及塔冠等部分组成。北塔塔柱分为49个节段,标准节段长6m,采用液压爬模施工。施工时,在塔柱内设置劲性骨架,并在两塔肢间设13道临时横撑,按施工阶段对塔肢进行主动顶推。塔柱采用C55高性能混凝土,利用超高压泵将混凝土一次泵送到位。上横梁高6m,采用支架法施工,上横梁混凝土分2层(每层高3m)与两侧塔柱混凝土同步浇筑;钢锚梁采用10 000kN·m的塔吊整体吊装;上塔柱锚固区环向预应力采用深埋锚工艺施工。

横撑对斜拉拱桥稳定性的影响

采用有限元法分析了横撑对斜拉钢管混凝土拱桥整体稳定性的影响.以湘潭市湘江四大桥为例,采用线弹性特征值稳定的分析方法,探讨了横撑布置位置、布置形式以及横撑刚度对斜拉拱桥稳定性的影响.结果表明,横撑对斜拉拱桥稳定性的影响体现了和一般钢管混凝土拱桥相同的性质,对结构稳定性影响最大的是桥面上3/8处的K字撑.增加横撑的数量比增加横向刚度更能提高稳定性,在同等数量的横撑下,增加横撑刚度才能起比较大的作用.横撑刚度增大,稳定性提高;刚度减小,稳定性降低,因此,采取增大横撑弦管尺寸或者改变材料特性来提高横撑刚度的方法提高稳定性,效果不明显.