Mechanical properties and reinforcement effect of jointed rock mass with pre-stressed bolt

Pre-stressed bolt anchorage is the key technology for jointed rock masses in rock tunnelling,slope treatment and mining engineering.To investigate the mechanical properties and reinforcement effect of jointed rock masses with pre-stressed bolts,in this study,uniaxial compression tests were conducted on specimens with different anchoring types and flaw inclination angles.ABAQUS software was used to verify and supplement the laboratory tests.The laws of the uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)obtained from the numerical simulations and laboratory tests were consistent.The results showed that under the same flaw angle,both the UCS and elastic modulus of the bolted specimens were improved compared with those of the specimens without bolts and the improvements increased with an increase in the bolt pre-stress.Under the same anchoring type,the UCS and elastic modulus of the jointed specimens increased with an increase in the flaw angle.The pre-stressed bolt could not only restrain the slip of the specimens along the flaw surface but also change the propagation mode of the secondary cracks and limit the initiation of cracks.In addition,the plot contours of the maximum principal strain and the Tresca stress of the numerical models were influenced by the anchoring type,flaw angle,anchoring angle and bolt position.

Numerical and analytical simulation of the structural behaviour of fully grouted cable bolts under impulsive loading

Designing reliable yielding support system to mitigate the effect of the kinetic energy in burst-prone conditions in mining and tunneling excavations is one of the challenges for geotechnical engineers. A combination of the support elements can be used to increase rock strength and minimise the displacement of unstable rock mass. It is important to understand how the support system works to ensure the stability of underground excavations. Cable bolts have been commonly used as an effective underground support system and an element of reinforcement to improve rock stability. Cable bolts are usually considered to be subjected to static loads under relatively low stress environments, however, in burst-prone conditions, they might be subjected to dynamic loads. Cable bolts as well as other support elements are used in burst-prone conditions to absorb the kinetic energy of the removed rock to avoid sudden and violent failures. This paper develops numerical and a novel analytical simulation technique for cable bolts to assess their structural behaviour under static and dynamic loading conditions. The numerical and analytical models are then validated against experimental observations reported in the literature, which demonstrates the reliability of the proposed models.

A review on the performance of conventional and energy-absorbing rockbolts

This is a review paper on the performances of both conventional and energy-absorbing rockbolts manifested in laboratory tests. Characteristic parameters such as ultimate load, displacement and energy absorption are reported, in addition to load-displacement graphs for every type of rockbolt. Conventional rockbolts refer to mechanical rockbolts, fully-grouted rebars and frictional rockbolts. According to the test results, under static pull loading a mechanical rockbolt usually fails at the plate; a fully-grouted rebar bolt fails in the bolt shank at an ultimate load equal to the strength of the steel after a small amount of displacement; and a frictional rockbolt is subjected to large displacement at a low yield load. Under shear loading, all types of bolts fail in the shank. Energy-absorbing rockbolts are developed aiming to combat instability problems in burst-prone and squeezing rock conditions. They absorb deformation energy either through ploughing/slippage at predefined load levels or through stretching of the steel bolt. An energy-absorbing rockbolt can carry a high load and also accommodate significant rock displacement, and thus its energy-absorbing capacity is high. The test results show that the energy absorption of the energy-absorbing bolts is much larger than that of all conventional bolts. The dynamic load capacity is smaller than the static load capacity for the energy-absorbing bolts displacing based on ploughing/slippage while they are approximately the same for the D-Bolt that displaces based on steel stretching.

Principle and practice of coupling support of double yielding shell of soft rock roadway under high stress

In order to ensure the safety and stability of the soft rock roadway under high stress, based on the char- acteristics of the surrounding rock deformation and failure, this paper presented the support technology“coupling support of double yielding shell”, then gave the design method of inner and outer shells and analyzed the principle and requirements of the support technology by taking the -850 meast belt mad-way of Qujiang coal mine as the background. The field application results show that the support technol- ogy can control the soft rock roadway deformation better under high stress. The displacement between roadway sides was 851 mm, the displacement of the roof was 430 mm, and the displacement of the floor was 510 mm.

An experimental study of a yielding support for roadways constructed in deep broken soft rock under high stress

A rationally designed support for deep roadways excavated in broken soft rock under high stress was investigated. The deformation and failure characteristics and the mechanism of ''yielding support'' was studied for anchor bolts and cables. The rail roadway of the 2-501 working face in the Liyazhuang Mine of the Huozhou coal area located in Shanxi province was used for field trials. The geological conditions used there were used during the design phase. The new ''highly resistant, yielding'' support system has a core of high strength, yielding bolts and anchor cables. The field tests show that this support system adapts well to the deformation and pressure in the deep broken soft rock. The support system effectively controls damage to the roadway and ensures the long term stability of the wall rock and safe production in the coal mine. This provides a remarkable economic and social benefit and has broad prospects for fur- ther application.

High-resistance controlled yielding supporting technique in deep-well oil shale roadways

In order to avoid the deep-well oil shale roadway being deformed, damaged, or difficult to maintain after excavating and supporting in Haishiwan coal mine, this paper has analyzed the characteristics of the deformed roadway and revealed its failure mechanism by taking comprehensively the methods of field geological investigation, displacement monitoring of surrounding rock, rock properties and hydration properties experiments and field application tests. Based on this work, the high-resistance controlled yielding supporting principle is proposed, which is： to ＂resist＂ by high pre-tightening force and high stiff- ness in the early stage, to ＂yield＂ by making use of the controlled deformation of a yielding tube in the middle stage, and to ＂fix＂ by applying total-section Gunite in the later stage. A high-resistance controlled yielding supporting technique of ＂high pre-tightening force yielding anchor bolt ＋ small-bore pre-tight- ening force anchor cable ＋ rebar ladder beam ＋ rhombic metal mesh ＋ lagging gunite＂ has been estab- lished, and industrial on site testing implemented. The practical results show that the high-resistance controlled yielding supporting technique can effectively control the large deformation and long-time rheology of deep-well oil shale roadways and can provide beneficial references for the maintenance of other con-generic roadways.Deep-well Oil shale

Effect of Seedling Quality on Growth,Yield and Quality of Angelica sinensis

[Objectives]Aiming at the problems of high bolting rate,low yield and poor quality traits in the production of Angelica sinensis in Qinghai Province,this study investigated the effect of seeding quality on the growth,yield and quality of A.sinensis.[Methods]Field experiments were carried out in five aspects,including different seedling shapes,different seedling sizes,different seedling ages,different seedling raising methods,and different seedling sources.The effect of seedling quality on the survival rate,bolting rate,main quality traits(root length,root fresh weight,root head thickness,root head length)and yield of A.sinensis was investigated.[Results]The seedlings,0.2-0.5 cm in diameter,100-110-d old,raised from three-year-old provenance in cultivated land by conventional method,were more preferable,and their survival rate was high,bolting rate was low,yield is high,and quality traits performed well.[Conclusions]The seedlings,0.2-0.5 cm in diameter,100-110-d old,raised from three-year-old provenance in cultivated land by conventional method,were more preferable,and their survival rate was high,bolting rate was low,yield is high,and quality traits performed well.

锚栓屈服型可抬升柱脚节点抗震性能试验研究

为满足结构在震中安全且震后可修复使用的目的,设计了一种锚栓屈服型可抬升柱脚节点,该节点是一种半刚性节点,将柱脚锚栓的一部分作为节点的阻尼器,阻尼器为柱脚提供抗弯能力和可抬升能力,在地震时柱脚节点塑性变形主要集中在阻尼器上,震后通过更换阻尼器即可完成柱脚节点的修复。为此,设计一组普通外露式柱脚节点和锚栓屈服型可抬升柱脚节点进行对比试验,并通过拟静力试验,研究它们在低周往复荷载下的滞回特性、抗弯承载力、刚度退化、耗能能力等抗震性能,同时研究柱脚节点在更换阻尼器前后的抗震性能。研究结果表明:对比普通外露式柱脚节点,锚栓屈服型可抬升柱脚具有更好的耗能能力和变形能力,试件的损伤基本集中在可更换的阻尼器上,耗能模式和损伤机制较为合理。在进行修复后,除初期转动刚度略低于修复前试件外,整体抗震性能基本可恢复至震前水平。另外,该新型柱脚的阻尼器拆卸和更换较为简便。

大跨度装配式单层网壳十字形半刚性螺栓连接节点抗弯性能研究

装配式连接节点是大跨度装配式单层空间网壳结构体系的关键。提出一种适用于大跨度单层网壳结构的十字形板装配式节点。该节点由圆钢管、十字形钢板、角钢、矩形连接盖板、圆盖板和高强螺栓组成,其中圆钢管、盖板、十字形钢板在工厂焊接,现场将十字形板和角钢、矩形盖板用高强螺栓连接。该节点通过设置角钢、矩形连接盖板和十字形钢板螺栓连接,在节点受到弯曲荷载时,角钢和矩形连接盖板可以首先承受弯曲荷载,从而减少节点内侧的十字形钢板塑性损伤,并且提高节点的抗弯性能。利用有限元模拟方法,构建新型连接节点有限元模型,分析了十字形钢板和角钢厚度等变量如何影响节点在平面内外的抗弯性能。通过对各组成部分尺寸的参数化研究,得到了这些因素对所提出的连接节点平面内外抗弯性能的影响规律。研究结果表明,采用角钢与矩形盖板相连接形成的十字形节点,在抗弯刚度和承载力方面表现出了优异的性能。通过调节十字形板厚度、螺栓个数、角钢和盖板厚度可调控节点的初始抗弯刚度和抗弯承载力。基于刚性节点设计方法,对该半刚性节点进行尺寸理论设计,结果表明该方法可以保证节点弯矩设计值基本达到圆钢管的屈服弯矩,满足设计要求,提高节点安全。

基于泄漏率的垫片参数测试方法优化研究

垫片系数m和预紧比压y是法兰螺栓连接结构设计中的2个关键参数,ASMEⅧ.1卷和GB/T 150.3给出的都是基于结构强度的工程经验值,未与泄漏率关联。针对现有垫片参数测试方法不足之处进行优化调整,提出了一种更符合国内垫片标准体系和工程应用实际的垫片参数测试方法。通过与现有方法的试验比对,并对8类典型垫片产品进行验证测试,测试结果误差都在1%左右。使用多孔介质模型及Logistic模型对测试结果进行拟合,结果表明,该方法测试结果可靠,拟合情况良好,可供法兰螺栓连接结构设计参考使用。

开挖补偿法防控深部地下岩爆灾害——引汉济渭工程秦岭输水隧洞案例分析

Rockburst disasters occur frequently during deep underground excavation,yet traditional concepts and methods can hardly meet the requirements for support under high geo-stress conditions.Consequently,rockburst control remains challenging in the engineering field.In this study,the mechanism of excavation-induced rockburst was briefly described,and it was proposed to apply the excavation compensation method(ECM)to rockburst control.Moreover,a field test was carried out on the Qinling Water Conveyance Tunnel.The following beneficial findings were obtained:Excavation leads to changes in the engineering stress state of surrounding rock and results in the generation of excess energy DE,which is the fundamental cause of rockburst.The ECM,which aims to offset the deep excavation effect and lower the risk of rockburst,is an active support strategy based on high pre-stress compensation.The new negative Poisson’s ratio(NPR)bolt developed has the mechanical characteristics of high strength,high toughness,and impact resistance,serving as the material basis for the ECM.The field test results reveal that the ECM and the NPR bolt succeed in controlling rockburst disasters effectively.The research results are expected to provide guidance for rockburst support in deep underground projects such as Sichuan-Xizang Railway.

深埋圆形隧道衬砌-锚杆支护结构弹塑性解答

文章采用等效材料法,基于Drucker-Prager屈服准则推导了具有衬砌-锚杆支护深埋隧道在不同施工阶段下的弹塑性解答,并进行FLAC3D数值模拟验证。结果表明:塑性区位于衬砌内部,锚杆的锚固作用对其塑性区扩展响应不明显,塑性区扩展到锚固区,软岩中锚杆锚固作用对抑制塑性扩展的响应较好;塑性区扩展到锚固区时,塑性区半径与锚杆的弹性模量呈负相关趋势,塑性区半径与锚杆的支护角度呈正相关趋势,软岩中锚杆锚固作用对抑制塑性区扩展的效果更为明显。

筒体悬挂结构若干问题分析

以菏泽博物馆新馆项目为背景,从计算方法、构件受力和设计、整体屈服机制等八个方面对筒体悬挂结构体系做了较全面的研究。结果表明:1)计算筒体悬挂结构水平地震作用时无需调整层质量;2)规范底部轴力法、振型分解反应谱法并不适用筒体悬挂结构竖向地震作用计算,考虑最小限值调整后的吊柱设计仍可能偏不安全;3)采用长孔螺栓节点设计能让筒体悬挂结构吊柱在各工况下处于理想轴向拉压受力状态;4)中高烈度区吊柱在大震组合作用下可能受压,有必要复核其受压稳定和承载力;5)吊柱受力在小震阶段为恒、活载控制,大震阶段其恒、活载占比降低,地震逐渐起控制作用;6)合理的吊柱布置除满足建筑条件外,还需兼顾核心筒顶受力,减小筒顶不平衡弯矩;7)核心筒顶上包与否均能实现与屋面悬挂桁架的有效刚性连接;8)合理的筒体悬挂结构屈服机制就是落地核心筒的延性破坏过程,即始于连梁开裂破损,终于筒底墙肢钢筋拉屈、混凝土压溃。

水布垭电厂水轮机顶盖分瓣面螺栓加工标准变更的可行性分析

水布垭电厂机组扩修更换顶盖分瓣面螺栓,发黑处理过的新螺栓在设计拉伸压力出现无法达到规定拉伸值的情况。厂家通过现场对比试验,判断因顶盖分瓣面M80×6螺栓拉伸量过大致螺纹发生破坏,螺栓拉伸后剩余伸长量过小,导致螺母和法兰之间存在间隙,拉伸力撤走后这部分间隙造成了回弹量过大超标,是使圆螺母卡涩无法转动的具体原因。并分析将螺栓加工标准更改为DIN2510的可行性。

慈林山煤业沿空掘巷让压支护技术应用

为解决小煤柱沿空掘巷煤柱支承应力较大以及采空区顶板坚硬岩层断裂产生动载破坏围岩支护的问题,对慈林山煤矿15208工作面运输顺槽沿空掘巷支护存在的问题进行分析,开展单泡让压管和双泡让压管抗压试验,同时优化锚杆、锚索的施工。结果表明让压管能够提高锚索的延伸率,在压力显现时能够吸收围岩传递的能量,保证锚杆、锚索的有效性;在此基础上对帮锚索的优化能保证支护强度的同时还能提高生产效率并降低支护成本。

不同大葱品种耐寒性鉴定与越冬栽培效果

以章丘大葱为对照,测定了日本引进的春味、长宝2个大葱品种丙二醛含量、保护酶活性、叶绿素含量、光合速率及根系活力等抗性生理指标,并运算其隶属函数,鉴定了不同大葱品种的耐寒性及小拱棚越冬栽培效果.结果表明,大葱越冬栽培过程受低温环境的胁迫,使大葱叶片的丙二醛含量及电解质渗透率在1月15日达到最高值,叶绿素含量和光合速率则降至最低,此时春味、长宝及章丘大葱各生理指标的隶属函数值分别为0.452、0.364、0.226,表明春味大葱耐寒性较强,长宝大葱次之,章丘大葱耐寒性较差.收获时,春味、长宝和章丘大葱的抽薹率分别达0、35.2%和81.0%,因此,尽管长宝大葱的生物产量分别比春味及章丘大葱高25.67%和52.94%,但经济产量则以春味大葱最高,达5.49kg.m-2,比长宝大葱增产18.57%,章丘大葱经济产量最低,仅为0.86kg.m-2,表明春味大葱适宜小拱棚越冬栽培,而章丘大葱冬性较差,不适宜越冬栽培.

高应力软岩巷道可接长锚杆让压支护技术

高应力软岩巷道的塑性区范围和变形量均较大,其稳定型控制需要支护材料具备良好的延伸性能及深部锚固特性。基于'高阻让压'而研发的可接长锚杆长度大于4 m、延伸率为17%,破断载荷为195 kN,能够适应此类巷道的变形破坏特征。根据支护材料和围岩的变形破坏特征,分别建立了可接长锚杆和'锚杆+锚索'支护系统的本构模型,结果表明:为保证支护结构稳定,避免支护系统本构模型失稳后应变量剧增,支护系统本构模型的应变上限不能超过支护元件的最大应变量;可接长锚杆能够能提供远大于锚索的让压距离,保障软岩巷道支护系统的支护强度和稳定性。试验条件下,可接长锚杆的平均支护阻力约为170.2 kN,顶板0~4 m内围岩理论变形量为264 mm,与工程实际变形量比较接近,起到了对高应力软岩巷道顶板的让压支护的目标。

高强让压锚杆支护效果数值模拟研究

高强让压锚杆支护就是在高强锚杆托盘和螺母之间加一让压环,通过让压环在一定压力下的变形使围岩卸压,可有效地控制住复杂难支护巷道的大变形.采用大型三维岩土工程数值模拟软件FLAC3D,对高强让压锚杆支护前后围岩变形破坏规律进行了数值模拟,对高强让压锚杆支护前后围岩的应力、位移及锚杆轴力的变化情况等进行了系统分析.结果表明,高强让压锚杆支护显著改善了巷道支护效果,有效地控制了复杂困难巷道的损伤变形.

软岩隧道挤压型大变形非线性流变属性及其锚固整治技术研究

针对隧道高地应力软弱围岩洞室施工开挖变形与围岩失稳以及衬护结构设计问题,阐述开展岩土流变学研究的必要性以及对软岩挤压型大变形非线性流变问题的研究内容和方法,介绍隧道围岩挤压型大变形的定义、变形特征,及国际上隧道围岩挤压大变形的判定。介绍隧道围岩挤压型大变形非线性流变理论、相应的专用设计软件研制及其工程应用,主要介绍有关的研究内容及其创新性方面;以广义Komamura-Huang流变模型为基础,建立一种能较完整地反映围岩二维、三维大变形非线性流变全过程的Komamura-Huang"弹-线黏弹-非线性大变形黏塑性"流变模型,并在ABAQUS软件基础上进行专用软件的二次开发,将其应用于兰新铁路兰武客运专线乌鞘岭铁路隧道岭脊段围岩5~#断层带中,后又应用于甘南木寨岭高速公路隧道和云南滇中红层引水隧洞2处软岩围岩挤压大变形隧道,采用大尺度让压锚杆/预应力长让压锚索进行了整治研究,并分别进行了二维和三维非线性大变形黏弹塑性数值模拟分析。指出有待进一步深化研讨的若干问题。总结针对软岩挤压型大变形沿用现行刚性支护方案的不合理性和失效教训。提出管控/约束隧道围岩大变形持续发展的让压支护锚固技术措施——一种新型大尺度让压锚杆/预应力让压锚索,介绍让压锚具的受力机制及构造,强调其10个关键性设计施工参数。以兰州木寨岭高速公路隧道围岩挤压型大变形非线性流变分析与采用让压锚杆进行工程整治的试验段情况为例,对该隧道围岩挤压大变形进行二维数值模拟,并对施作让压锚杆进行工程整治的主要有关设计参数进行分析计算。"边支边让、大尺度让压锚杆"方法已先后在几处工程中得到了成功实施,取得了应有的经济效益,其工程技术收益应更受业界关注。

让压锚杆在大变形隧道支护应用中试验研究

锚杆在支护大变形隧道工程时常因变形过大而发生拉断破坏,为推广可延伸性锚杆在大变形隧道中的应用,提出了恒阻挤压滑移让压锚杆,通过挤压并拉伸锚杆杆体来消耗高地应力引起的围岩形变能量,实现让压功能;通过调整挤压套的位置、握裹力,可以依据具体大变形隧道工程的围岩特性,调节让压锚杆的让压荷载、最大让压量。通过室内试验,证明了恒阻挤压滑移让压锚杆让压装置可靠性,获得了恒阻挤压滑移让压锚杆力学特性。以兰渝线毛羽山隧道为应用工程,试验结果表明:让压锚杆在大变形隧道工程中可以保证可靠的让压效果;在软弱不良大变形隧道工程中,宜采用注浆等手段以保证让压锚杆的有效支护性能;让压锚杆可以有效控制围岩变形,保证大变形隧道中围岩的收敛效果。