Effect of pre-stretching on microstructure of aged 2524 aluminium alloy

The effects of pre-stretching following solution treatment on the hardness and microstructures of aged 2524 aluminium alloy at 170 ℃ were studied.Ageing hardness values under different pre-stretching conditions were measured,and the corresponding microstructures were characterized by transmission electron microscopy（TEM）.The results show that compared with unstretched samples,the peak hardness is increased and the time to reach the peak hardness is reduced with the increase of pre-strain;the number density of S（Al2CuMg） phases is increased and the length is shortened in pre-stretched alloy.Additionally,the number density of GPB zones is decreased with the increase of pre-strain in peak-aged samples.When the pre-strain is up to 5%,S phases play the predominant contribution to the peak hardness.Fine and uniformly distributed S phases lead to a higher hardness than GPB zones together with S phases existing in conventionally aged 2524 alloy.

Ageing behavior of an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy pre-stretched thick plate

The ageing behavior of a pre-stretched thick plate of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy was systemically studied including one-step ageing, two-step ageing, and retrogression and reageing treatment （RRA）. One-step ageing of the alloy resulted in peak ultimate tensile strengths of 595 and 575 MPa after 22 and 6 h at 120 and 135°C, respectively. The strengthening phase in peak aged （T6 temper） alloy contained GP zones and the η′ phase predominantly. After two-step ageing, the electrical conductivity was increased markedly, but the pre-stretched thick plate sacrificed a great loss of strength. RRA treatment provided a method for maintaining the strength close to that obtained by T6 temper and for obtaining the high electrical conductivity close to that obtained by T7 temper; the ultimate tensile strength and electrical conductivity were 583 MPa and 21.0 MS/m, respectively. TEM analysis of T7 and RRA specimens revealed two types of precipitates that contributed to age strengthening i.e. the η′ and η phases.

Influence of pre-stretching on quench sensitive effect of high-strength Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr alloy sheet

The influence of pre-stretching on quench sensitive effect of high strength Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr alloy AA 7085 sheet was investigated by tensile testing at room temperature,transmission electron microscopy(TEM)and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC).The water-cooled and aged alloy exhibits higher strength than the air-cooled and aged alloy;2.5%pre-stretching of tensile deformation exerts little effect on strength of water-cooled and aged alloy but increases that of air-cooled and aged one,and therefore the yield strength reduction rate due to slow quenching decreases from about 3.8%to about 1.0%,reducing quench sensitive effect.For the air-cooled alloy,pre-stretching increases the sizes ofη'strengthening precipitates but also increases their quantity and the ratio of diameter to thickness,resulting in enhanced strengthening and higher strength after aging.The reason has been discussed based on microstructure examination by TEM and DSC.

MODIFIED LAYER REMOVAL METHOD FOR MEASUREMENT OF RESIDUAL STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN THICK PRE-STRETCHED ALUMINUM PLATE

The integrated structure parts are widely used in aircraft. The distortion caused by residual stresses in thick pre-stretched aluminum plates during machining integrated parts is a common and serious problem. To predict and control the machining distortion, the residual stress distribution in the thick plate must be measured firstly. The modified removal method for measuring residual stress in thick pre-stretched aluminum plates is proposed and the stress-strain relation matrix is deduced by elasticity theory. The residual stress distribution in specimen of 7050T7451 plate is measured by using the method, and measurement results are analyzed and compared with data obtained by other methods. The method is effective to measure the residual stress.

Modifed Pre-stretching Assembly Method for Cable-Driven Systems

Soft cable-driven systems have been employed in many assembled mechanisms, such as industrial robots, parallel kinematic mechanism machines, medical devices, and humaniform hands. A pre-stretching process is necessary to guarantee the quality of cable-driven systems during the assembly process. However, the stress relaxation of cables becomes a critical concern during long-term operation. This study investigates the effects of non-uniform deformation and long-term stress relaxation of the driven cables owing to moving parts in the system. A simple closed-loop cable-driven system is built and an alternating load is applied to it to replicate the operation of transmission cables. Under different experimental conditions, the cable tension is recorded and the boundary data are selected to be curve-fitted. Based on the fitted results, a formula is presented to estimate the stress relaxation of cables to evaluate the assembly performance. Further experimental results show that the stress relaxation is mainly caused by cable creep and the assembly procedure. To remove the influence of the assembly procedure, a modified pre-stretching assembly method based on the stress relaxation theory is proposed and verification experiments are performed. Finally, the assembly performance is optimized using a cable-driven surgical robot as an example. This paper proposes a dual stretching method instead of the pre-stretching method to assemble the cable-driven system to improve its performance and prolong its service life.

Modified Layer-Removal Method for Measurement of Residual Stress in Pre-stretched Aluminium Alloy Plate

Residual stress is one of the factors affecting the machining deformation of monolithic structure parts in the aviation industry. Thus, the studies on machining deformation rules induced by residual stresses largely depend on correctly and efficiently measuring the residual stresses of workpieccs. A modified layer-removal method is proposed to measure residual stress by analysing the characteristics of a traditional, layer-removal method. The coefficients of strain release are then deduced according to the simulation results using the finite element method （FEM）. Moreover, the residual stress in a 7075T651 aluminium alloy plate is measured using the proposed method, and the results are then analyzed and compared with the data obtained by the traditional methods. The analysis indicates that the modified layer-removal method is effective and practical for measuring the residual stress distribution in pre-stretched aluminium alloy plates.

WAVES IN PRE-STRETCHED INCOMPRESSIBLE SOFT ELECTROACTIVE CYLINDERS:EXACT SOLUTION

This paper studies wave propagation in a soft electroactive cylinder with an under- lying finite deformation in the presence of an electric biasing field. Based on a recently proposed nonlinear framework for electroelastieity and the associated linear incremental theory, the basic equations governing the axisymmetric wave motion in the cylinder, which is subjected to homo- geneous pre-stretches and pre-existing axial electric displacement, are presented when the elec- troactive material is isotropic and incompressible. Exact wave solution is then derived in terms of （modified） Bessel functions. For a prototype model of nonlinear electroactive material, illus- trative numerical results are given. It is shown that the effect of pre-stretch and electric biasing field could be significant on the wave propagation characteristics.

螺纹精度对拉伸法紧固安装的预紧力影响

本文通过相关的试验测试确认6H精度螺母对拉伸法安装预紧力的质量是否有较大影响,同时详细介绍验证螺母精度对拉伸法安装残余预紧力是否有影响的测试方法和过程。采用张拉预紧力测量试验和保载试验,对比螺母精度不同的6H螺母和6G螺母试验后的预紧力结果,得到6H螺母对预紧力的影响,以验证螺母精度是否对安装质量有影响。试验方法可用于其他螺母精度对预紧力影响的验证参考。

预拉伸对2A14铝合金显微组织、力学性能和腐蚀性能的影响

研究预拉伸变形量对峰值时效态2A14铝合金显微组织、力学性能和腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明:由于预拉伸导致细小弥散的θ′相在基体中大量析出,合金的硬度和强度都明显提升;在峰值时效前引入预拉伸可以明显提高峰值时效硬度并加快到达峰值时效时间;当预拉伸变形量为7.5%时,θ′相的分布明显变得更不均匀,这导致极限抗拉强度的下降;随着预拉伸变形量增加,合金塑性、冲击韧性和剥落腐蚀抗力均逐渐下降,但晶间腐蚀抗力先提高后下降。

预变形对2195铝锂合金拉伸力学性能的影响

通过硬度测试、室温拉伸测试、电子背散射衍射分析(EBSD)、透射电子显微分析(TEM)以及数字图像相关(DIC)等手段,研究不同拉伸预变形量对2195铝锂合金在155℃时效后拉伸力学性能的影响。结果表明:拉伸预变形量为2%、4%、6%、8%的合金经过155℃时效后,其抗拉强度分别为560.4 MPa、570.8 MPa、573.6 MPa、575.9 MPa。随着预变形量的增大,合金强度不断提高,这是由于位错是强化相T1相的有利形核点位,拉伸预变形量的增大使得位错密度增加,从而使得T1相数量密度增加。但随着拉伸预变形量的增大,拉伸预变形对合金的强度提升幅度逐渐减小,这主要是位错堆积缠结,析出相形核点重叠导致的。随着拉伸预变形量从2%增大到8%,合金的伸长率从9.6%下降到6.4%。通过DIC观察,拉伸预变形量的增大会使得拉伸过程中的应变集中现象提前出现,颈缩稳定性有所降低。这是由于较大的拉伸预变形量会使得合金在预变形阶段的应变分布不均匀,合金内出现破碎的变形组织晶粒。这些变形组织晶粒与周围其他晶粒组织的晶粒取向不同,更有利于微裂纹的萌生和扩展。4%的拉伸预变形量可以使2195铝锂合金达到最佳的强塑性匹配,此时抗拉强度为570.8 MPa、屈服强度为543.4 MPa、伸长率为8.7%。

时效前预拉伸处理对TiB_(2)/7056复合材料组织与性能的影响

采取扫描电镜、透射电镜等显微组织表征方法并结合室温拉伸、室温摆锤冲击实验和应力腐蚀等测试手段,研究时效前预拉伸处理对TiB_(2)/7056复合材料组织与性能的影响。研究结果表明:随着时效前预拉伸量增加,TiB_(2)/7056复合材料的位错密度显著增加,经时效热处理后的晶内析出相直径增大,晶界析出相形貌由链状转变为粗大不连续状,无沉淀析出带宽化;TiB_(2)/7056复合材料的强度先增大后减小,冲击韧性能与延伸率降低;与无预拉伸相比,预拉伸的TiB_(2)/7056复合材料的应力腐蚀抗力显著提升(扩展速率降低1个量级),其主要原因是不连续粗大的晶界析出相阻断了应力腐蚀裂纹的扩展。

拉伸预变形对2219铝合金板材局部腐蚀性能的影响

采用浸泡实验、电化学测试、扫描开尔文测试(SKPFM)、电子背散射衍射分析(EBSD)以及透射电子显微镜(TEM)等手段,研究拉伸预变形量(0~10%)对2219铝合金板材局部腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明,随着预变形量增加,最大腐蚀深度和腐蚀电流密度减小,腐蚀形式从晶间腐蚀为主逐渐转变为点蚀为主,腐蚀性能提高;预变形量从0%增大到4%时,最大腐蚀深度快速减小,而后缓慢减小。通过对比预变形前后晶界微观组织特征以及晶内和晶界区域伏打电势的变化,分析和探讨了腐蚀形式变化及腐蚀性能提高的原因。

预拉伸和时效处理对挤压态Mg-Gd合金组织和力学性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、万能拉伸试验机等研究了不同预拉伸量(0%、5%、10%)及时效处理对挤压态Mg-4Gd合金组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:增加预拉伸量会增加时效过程中形成的具有不规则多面体结构及Gd含量相对较低的第二相的数量,其尺寸随时效时间的延长而增加。当预拉伸量从0%增加至5%和10%时,合金的强度不断增加,但增幅逐渐减小,伸长率先迅速下降后趋于稳定。预拉伸处理与时效处理相结合可提高合金的强度但降低了伸长率,其中预拉伸10%合金在峰时效工艺下的屈服强度提高至136.29 MPa、抗拉强度提高至241.48 MPa、伸长率则降低至12.49%。与预拉伸处理相比,时效处理后合金的硬化能力和加工硬化指数值降低。合金的加工硬化率主要受预拉伸工艺的影响,但可通过后续时效处理进行有效控制。

预拉伸调控铝合金板材性能研究进展

板材预拉伸工艺是可热处理强化铝合金研究中的重点,通过拉伸应变可以增加晶界的位错密度和晶粒的细化程度,从而提高材料的强度和硬度,减小残余应力使得材料受力后更加均匀避免应力集中,提高板材的抗拉强度和屈服强度。介绍了可热处理铝合金板材经预拉伸工艺后板材服役性能的变化,综述了近年来预拉伸工艺对铝合金力学性能的影响及残余应力的消减情况,总结了各类铝合金板材最为合适的拉伸量以及残余应力分布规律。最后提出了相关研究中存在的问题和需要重点聚焦的研究方向。

电活性聚合物薄膜作动器的粘弹性力电行为研究

以一款电活性聚合物薄膜作动器为研究对象,应用粘弹性Neo-Hookean模型开展数值模拟研究,建立其在力电作用下随时间演进的力学模型.分析了电活性聚合物薄膜的平衡态应变、非平衡态应变及电场强度随时间的变化规律.结果表明,在力电耦合作用下,薄膜的各项性能指标随时间逐渐稳定.此外,当系统达到稳态后,还探讨了外力变化、电压调整及薄膜预拉伸程度对薄膜应变和电场分布的影响.模拟结果显示,通过适当调节外部载荷和预拉伸参数,可以显著优化薄膜的应变响应和场强均匀性,从而提高材料的使用效率和作动器性能.这些发现对于粘弹性介电弹性体作动器的设计优化及其在实际应用中的性能提升提供了一定的参考价值.

Effect of thermo-mechanical treatment process on microstructure and mechanical properties of 2A97 Al-Li alloy

2A97 Al-Li alloy was processed by thermo-mechanical treatment at different pre-stretch deformations of 0, 3% and 6%. The microstrucatre observation results reveal that some δ＇ and T1 precipitates are found in a（Al） matrix of 2A97 alloy processed by the heat treatment with no pre-stretch deformation. When the pre-stretch deformation is 3% and 6%, respectively, amounts of tiny T1 and a few of S＇ precipitates precipitates are observed in the microstructures of 2A97 alloy. The tensile test results show that the tensile properties of 2A97 alloys are improved via thermo-mechanical treatment. When the pre-stretch deformation is from 0, 3% to 6%, the ultimate tensile strength values of the 2A97 alloys increase gradually from 447.7, 516.5 to 534.3 MPa, and the elongations decrease from 17.6%, 12.8% to 10.2%, respectively. Moreover, with increasing pre-stretch deformation amount from 0 to 6%, the in-plane anisotropy value of 2A97 alloys becomes more obvious.

锥形电活性聚合物薄膜作动器的力电响应研究

以一款锥形电活性聚合物薄膜作动器为研究对象,选用Ogden材料模型对作动器进行数值计算。控制外力变化,对薄膜在变形状态下的应变量、厚度及临界电场强度进行分析,研究了预拉伸对薄膜力电稳定性的影响。结果表明:外力增加会显著提高薄膜内各点的径向应变,减小膜厚,并使得临界电场强度的分布发生改变;薄膜预拉伸程度的增加,也会提高薄膜临界电场强度,使得薄膜的力电稳定性得到增强。

Compressive properties and energy absorption characteristics of open-cell nickel foams

Open-cell nickel foams with different relative densities and pre-stretching degrees were subjected to room temperature quasi-static compressive tests to explore their compressive properties. The compressive properties of the nickel foams including yield strength, elastic modulus, energy absorption density and energy absorption efficiency were calculated accurately. The results show that the compressive properties of yield strength, elastic modulus and energy absorption density increase with the increase of relative density of nickel foams. The compressive properties are sensitive to the pre-stretching degree, and the values of yield strength, elastic modulus and energy absorption density decrease with the increase of pre-stretching degree. However, the energy absorption efficiency at the densification strain state exhibits the independence of relative density and pre-stretching degree. The value of energy absorption efficiency reaches its peak when the strain is at the end of the collapse plateau region.

7075铝合金板预拉伸工艺研究

采用直接热力耦合的方法,引入7075铝合金高温下的流变应力特征曲线,对不同厚度的7075铝合金板材在实际淬火工艺下的淬火过程进行数值模拟,揭示铝合金板材淬火残余应力分布规律;考虑铝合金板材拉伸过程中的实际夹持方式,对不同厚度7075铝合金板材实际拉伸过程进行数值模拟,分析对比拉伸后残余应力分布规律,并对拉伸工艺进行优化,确定最佳拉伸率和锯切量,揭示厚度变化对淬火残余应力、拉伸后残余应力以及锯切量的影响规律。利用钻孔法对实际拉伸的7075铝合金板材进行拉伸后残余应力的试验测试,数值模拟结果与试验测试结果相吻合。研究结果表明,随着厚度的增加,淬火残余应力、最佳拉伸率以及锯切量都相应增大,锯切量中过渡区长度为板材厚度的60%～70%。

时效对7050铝合金预拉伸板抗腐蚀性能的影响

采用硬度、腐蚀速率、剥落腐蚀、慢应变速率拉伸测试及透射电镜和差示扫描量热法研究预拉伸后时效制度对7050铝合金板材显微组织、硬度和抗腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:峰时效合金硬度最大,抗腐蚀性能最差;过时效和回归再时效与峰时效相比,合金的硬度值减小,抗腐蚀性能变好;在高温+峰时效中的高温时效阶段,GP区发生回溶,有利于η′和η相的直接形核析出,晶内析出相长大、不均匀分布,合金硬度减小;晶界析出相粗化、断续分布,合金抗腐蚀性能提高。