There are both pedagogical and theoretical grounds for asking second language writers to plan before they start writing.The question then arises whether pre-task planning(PTP)improves written output.To address this qu...There are both pedagogical and theoretical grounds for asking second language writers to plan before they start writing.The question then arises whether pre-task planning(PTP)improves written output.To address this question,this article reviewed 32 studies by comparing the effect of PTP either with no planning or with unpressured online planning(OLP).These studies also investigated the moderating effect of variables relating to the writer participants,the nature of the planning,and the writing tasks.The main findings are:(1)There is no clear evidence that PTP leads to better overall writing quality when this is measured using rating rubrics,(2)PTP generally results in more fluent writing,(3)its impact on syntactical and lexical complexity is inconsistent and negligible,(4)OLP does sometimes result in increased linguistic accuracy,and(5)there is insufficient evidence to reach clear conclusions about the role that moderating variables have on the impact of PTP,but the results suggest that collaborative(as opposed to individual planning)can lead to increased accuracy and that PTP tends to lead to more complex language when the writing task is a complex one.The article concludes with a set of principles to ensure better quality research and three general proposals for the kind of future research needed.展开更多
This study aims at investigating the effects of the pre-task planning mode on listening comprehension of Chinese EFL （English as a foreign language） learners as well as students＇ opinions towards the pre-task plann...This study aims at investigating the effects of the pre-task planning mode on listening comprehension of Chinese EFL （English as a foreign language） learners as well as students＇ opinions towards the pre-task planning mode Three step~., namely, concept mapping, strategic planning, as well as rehearsal, are employed in the pre-task planning mode in the present study. There are altogether 40 second-year English majors participated in the present study, and they are randomly assigned into the experimental group and the control group. The instruments employed in the present study to achieve the research purposes include the listening comprehension test, the teacher＇s log, the students＇ opinion questionnaires, the students＇ open-ended questionnaires, and the semi-structured interviews. Research findings revealed that there were significant main effects on the listening comprehen,;ion of Chinese EFL learners after the training by the pre-task planning mode. Moreover, the students held positive attitudes towards the pre-task planning mode展开更多
This paper studies the effect of different lengths of pre-task planning time on the frequency and accuracy of self-repairs for Chinese intermediate and advanced English learners.The findings reveal that the increased ...This paper studies the effect of different lengths of pre-task planning time on the frequency and accuracy of self-repairs for Chinese intermediate and advanced English learners.The findings reveal that the increased pre-task planning time strongly improves fluency and accuracy of self-repairs for both lexical and syntactic errors in the advanced group,but enhanced fluency and accuracy are not witnessed in the intermediate group as planning time increases.The differences are mainly due to the fact that some intermediate learners are not well equipped with the appropriate way of preparation for oral presentation tasks since some write down their ideas in Chinese.Thus errors will increasingly emerge in the transfer.Besides,they usually give priority to accuracy while neglecting fluency.展开更多
产品设计过程冲突是不可避免的,冲突消解可以分为两个阶段,即冲突预消解和冲突检测消解。合理地进行设计任务分解与规划,将从根源上消除可能出现的过程冲突,实现冲突预消解。基于CCM_A(Cooperating Correlative Map Base on Activity)...产品设计过程冲突是不可避免的,冲突消解可以分为两个阶段,即冲突预消解和冲突检测消解。合理地进行设计任务分解与规划,将从根源上消除可能出现的过程冲突,实现冲突预消解。基于CCM_A(Cooperating Correlative Map Base on Activity)过程建模新方法,确定冲突预消解的图示表达;根据产品协同设计特点,建立相应的任务分解规划层次模型,确定了产品协同设计任务分解与规划约束规则,确定了协同设计任务的层次分解与规划方法与步骤;以设计信息协同为基础,提出设计任务间协同度的概念,并对其进行定义和量化表达;提出基于协同度的大粒度耦合任务集撕裂规划方法,并进行实例应用。展开更多
文摘There are both pedagogical and theoretical grounds for asking second language writers to plan before they start writing.The question then arises whether pre-task planning(PTP)improves written output.To address this question,this article reviewed 32 studies by comparing the effect of PTP either with no planning or with unpressured online planning(OLP).These studies also investigated the moderating effect of variables relating to the writer participants,the nature of the planning,and the writing tasks.The main findings are:(1)There is no clear evidence that PTP leads to better overall writing quality when this is measured using rating rubrics,(2)PTP generally results in more fluent writing,(3)its impact on syntactical and lexical complexity is inconsistent and negligible,(4)OLP does sometimes result in increased linguistic accuracy,and(5)there is insufficient evidence to reach clear conclusions about the role that moderating variables have on the impact of PTP,but the results suggest that collaborative(as opposed to individual planning)can lead to increased accuracy and that PTP tends to lead to more complex language when the writing task is a complex one.The article concludes with a set of principles to ensure better quality research and three general proposals for the kind of future research needed.
文摘This study aims at investigating the effects of the pre-task planning mode on listening comprehension of Chinese EFL （English as a foreign language） learners as well as students＇ opinions towards the pre-task planning mode Three step~., namely, concept mapping, strategic planning, as well as rehearsal, are employed in the pre-task planning mode in the present study. There are altogether 40 second-year English majors participated in the present study, and they are randomly assigned into the experimental group and the control group. The instruments employed in the present study to achieve the research purposes include the listening comprehension test, the teacher＇s log, the students＇ opinion questionnaires, the students＇ open-ended questionnaires, and the semi-structured interviews. Research findings revealed that there were significant main effects on the listening comprehen,;ion of Chinese EFL learners after the training by the pre-task planning mode. Moreover, the students held positive attitudes towards the pre-task planning mode
文摘This paper studies the effect of different lengths of pre-task planning time on the frequency and accuracy of self-repairs for Chinese intermediate and advanced English learners.The findings reveal that the increased pre-task planning time strongly improves fluency and accuracy of self-repairs for both lexical and syntactic errors in the advanced group,but enhanced fluency and accuracy are not witnessed in the intermediate group as planning time increases.The differences are mainly due to the fact that some intermediate learners are not well equipped with the appropriate way of preparation for oral presentation tasks since some write down their ideas in Chinese.Thus errors will increasingly emerge in the transfer.Besides,they usually give priority to accuracy while neglecting fluency.
文摘产品设计过程冲突是不可避免的,冲突消解可以分为两个阶段,即冲突预消解和冲突检测消解。合理地进行设计任务分解与规划,将从根源上消除可能出现的过程冲突,实现冲突预消解。基于CCM_A(Cooperating Correlative Map Base on Activity)过程建模新方法,确定冲突预消解的图示表达;根据产品协同设计特点,建立相应的任务分解规划层次模型,确定了产品协同设计任务分解与规划约束规则,确定了协同设计任务的层次分解与规划方法与步骤;以设计信息协同为基础,提出设计任务间协同度的概念,并对其进行定义和量化表达;提出基于协同度的大粒度耦合任务集撕裂规划方法,并进行实例应用。
