Enhancing lead-free photovoltaic performance:Minimizing buried surface voids in tin perovskite films through weakly polar solvent pre-treatment strategy

Buried interfacial voids have always been a notorious phenomenon observed in the fabrication of lead perovskite films. The existence of interfacial voids at the buried interface will capture the carrier, suppress carrier transport efficiencies, and affect the stability of photovoltaic devices. However, the impact of these buried interfacial voids on tin perovskites, a promising avenue for advancing lead-free photovoltaics, has been largely overlooked. Here, we utilize an innovative weakly polar solvent pretreatment strategy(WPSPS) to mitigate buried interfacial voids of tin perovskites. Our investigation reveals the presence of numerous voids in tin perovskites during annealing, attributed to trapped dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO) used in film formation. The WPSPS method facilitates accelerated DMSO evaporation, effectively reducing residual DMSO. Interestingly, the WPSPS shifts the energy level of PEDOT:PSS downward, making it more aligned with the perovskite. This alignment enhances the efficiency of charge carrier transport. As the result, tin perovskite film quality is significantly improved,achieving a maximum power conversion efficiency approaching 12% with only an 8.3% efficiency loss after 1700 h of stability tests, which compares well with the state-of-the-art stability of tin-based perovskite solar cells.

High corrosion resistance of electroless Ni-P with chromium-free conversion pre-treatments on AZ91D magnesium alloy

Phosphate-manganese, tannic acid and vanadium conversion coatings were proposed as an effective pre-treatment layer between electroless Ni-P coating and AZ91D magnesium alloy substrate to replace the traditional chromate plus HF pre-treatment. The electrochemical results show that the chrome-free coatings plus electroless Ni-P coating on the magnesium alloy has the lowest corrosion current density and most positive corrosion potential compared with chromate plus electroless Ni-P coating on the magnesium alloy. These proposed pre-treatment layers on the substrate reduce the corrosion of magnesium during plating process, and reduce the potential difference between the matrix and the second phase. Thus, an electroless Ni-P coating with fine crystalline and dense structure was obtained, with preferential phosphorus content, low porosity, good corrosion-resistance and strengthened adhesion than the chromate plus electroless Ni-P.

Comparison of pre-treatment and post-treatment use of selenium in retinal ischemia reperfusion injury

AIM: To investigate the effects of selenium in rat retinal ischemia reperfusion(IR) model and compare pretreatment and post-treatment use.METHODS: Selenium pre-treatment group(n =8) was treated with intraperitoneal(i.p.) selenium 0.5 mg/kg for7 d and terminated 24 h after the IR injury. Selenium posttreatment group( n = 8) was treated with i. p. selenium0.5 mg/kg for 7d after the IR injury with termination at the end of the 7d period. Sham group(n =8) received i.p.saline injections identical to the selenium volume for 7d with termination 24 h after the IR injury. Control group(n =8) received no intervention. Main outcome measures were retina superoxide dismutase(SOD), glutathione(GSH),total antioxidant status(TAS), malondialdehyde(MDA),DNA fragmentation levels, and immunohistological apoptosis evaluation.RESULTS: Compared to the Sham group, selenium pre-treatment had a statistical difference in all parameters except SOD. Post-treatment selenium also resulted in statistical differences in all parameters except the MDA levels. When comparing selenium groups, the pre-treatment selenium group had a statistically higher success in reduction of markers of cell damage such as MDA and DNA fragmentation. In contrast, the post-selenium treatment group had resulted in statisticallyhigher levels of GSH. Histologically both selenium groups succeeded to limit retinal thickening and apoptosis. Pre-treatment use was statistically more successful in decreasing apoptosis in ganglion cell layer compared to post-treatment use.CONCLUSION: Selenium was successful in retinal protection in IR injuries. Pre-treatment efficacy was superior in terms of prevention of tissue damage and apoptosis.

Effect of Cross-flow Velocity on the Critical Flux of Ceramic Membrane Filtration as a Pre-treatment for Seawater Desalination

Pre-treatment, which supplies a stable, high-quality feed for reverse osmosis （RO） membranes, is a criti- cal step for successful operation in a seawater reverse osmosis plant. In this study, ceramic membrane systems were employed as pre-treatment for seawater desalination. A laboratory experiment was performed to investigate the effect of the cross-flow velocity on the critical flux and consequently to optimize the permeate flux. Then a pilot test was performed to investigate the long-term performance. The result shows that there is no significant effect of the cross-flow velocity on the critical flux when the cross-flow velocity varies in laminar flow region only or in turbulent flow region only, but the effect is distinct when the cross-flow velocity varies in the transition region. The membrane fouling is slight at the permeate flux of 150 L·m^-2·h^-1 and the system is stable, producing a high-quality feed （the turbidity and silt density index are less than 0.1 NTU and 3.0, respectively） for RO to run for 2922.4 h without chemical cleaning. Thus the ceramic membranes are suitable to filtrate seawater as the pre-treatment for RO.

Effect of microwave pre-treatment on physical quality,bioactive compounds,safety risk factor,and storage stability of peanut butter

Microwave,as a new heat treatment technology,has the characteristics of uniform and fast heating speed.It is an energy-saving technology known for improving oilseed product quality.Its efficiency mainly depends on the roasting power and time.However,the production of high-quality peanut butter using short-time roasting con-ditions are limited.Herein,we determined an appropriate microwave roasting power and time for peanuts and evaluated its impacts on the quality of peanut butter.Different roasting powers(400 W,800 W and 1200 W)and times(4,4.5,5,and 5.5 min)were preliminarily tested.Among them,800 W at 5 min was the most suitable.The roasting efficiency was further evaluated using color,sensory,bioactive compounds,storage stability,and safety risk factors of peanut butter produced from four peanut cultivars(Silihong,Baisha-1016,Yuanza-9102,and Yuhua-9414).The pre-treated butter obtained from three cultivars(Silihong,Yuanza-9102,and Yuhua-9414)with moisture content between 5%and 7.2%had a similar sensory score(6-7)as the commercial on a 9-point hedonic scale compare to the other.The color of the pre-treated peanut butter varies statistically with the commercial but remained in the recommended range of Hunter L*values of 51-52,respectively,for high initial moisture peanut cultivars.The total polyphenol(35.20-31.59±0.59μmol GAE/g)and tocopherol(19.05±0.35 mg/100 g)content in the butter obtained from three cultivars(Yuahua-9102,Yuhua,and Baisha-1016)and Silihong respectively,were significantly(P<0.05)higher than those in the commercial butter.The induction times of all pre-treated butter(19.80±0.99-7.84±0.07 h)were significantly(P<0.05)longer during storage at accelerated temperature than commercial samples.In addition,no benzo[a]pyrene was found in the pre-treated samples.Collectively,the microwave pretreated peanut butter was superior to the commercial one.These findings provided data support and a reference basis to promote microwave use for peanut butter production.

Tree-ring δ^(15)N of Qinghai spruce in the central Qilian Mountains of China:Is pre-treatment of wood samples necessary?

A knowledge of the tree-ring stable nitrogen isotope ratio(δ^(15)N)can deepen our understanding of forest ecosystem dynamics by indicating the long-term availability,cycling and sources of nitrogen(N).However,the radial mobility of N blurs the interannual variations in the long-term N records.Previous studies of the chemical extraction of tree rings before analysis had produced inconsistent results and it is still unclear whether it is necessary to pre-treat wood samples from specific tree species to remove soluble N compounds before determining theδ^(15)N values.We compared the effects of pre-treatment with organic solvents and hot ultrapure water on the N concentration andδ^(15)N of tree rings from endemic Qinghai spruce(Picea crassifolia)growing in the interior of the central Qilian Mountains,China,during the last 60 a.We assessed the effects of different preparation protocols on the removal of the labile N compounds and investigated the need to pre-treat wood samples before determining theδ^(15)N values of tree rings.Increasing trends of the tree-ring N concentration were consistently observed in both the extracted and unextracted wood samples.The total N removed by extraction with organic solvents was about 17.60%,with a significantly higher amount in the sapwood section(P<0.01).Theδ^(15)N values of tree rings decreased consistently from 1960 to 2019 in both the extracted and unextracted wood samples.Extraction with organic solvents increased theδ^(15)N values markedly by about 5.2‰and reduced the variations in theδ^(15)N series.However,extraction with hot ultrapure water had little effect,with only a slight decrease in theδ^(15)N values of about 0.5‰.Our results showed that the radial pattern in the inter-ring movement of N in Qinghai spruce was not minimized by extraction with either organic solvents or hot ultrapure water.It is unnecessary to conduct hot ultrapure water extraction for the wood samples from Qinghai spruce because of its negligible effect on the removal of the labile N.Theδ^(15)N variation trend of tree rings in the unextracted wood samples was not influenced by the heartwood-sapwood transition zone.We suggest that theδ^(15)N values of the unextracted wood samples of the climate-sensitive Qinghai spruce could be used to explore the ecophysiological dynamics while focusing on the long-term variations.

Effects of thrombopoietin pre-treatment on peri-liver transplantation thrombocytopenia in a mouse model of cirrhosis with hypersplenism

BACKGROUND During cirrhosis,the liver is impaired and unable to synthesize and clear thrombopoietin properly.At the same time,the spleen assumes the function of hemofiltration and storage due to liver dysfunction,resulting in hypersplenism and excessive removal of platelets in the spleen,further reducing platelet count.When liver function is decompensated in cirrhotic patients,the decrease of thrombopoietin(TPO)synthesis is the main reason for the decrease of new platelet production.This change of TPO leads to thrombocytopenia and bleeding tendency in cirrhotic patients with hypersplenism.AIM To investigate the clinical efficacy of recombinant human TPO(rhTPO)in the treatment of perioperative thrombocytopenia during liver transplantation in cirrhotic mice with hypersplenism.METHODS C57BL/6J mice and TPO receptor-deficient mice were used to establish models of cirrhosis with hypersplenism.Subsequently,these mice underwent orthotopic liver transplantation(OLT).The mice in the experimental group were given rhTPO treatment for 3 consecutive days before surgery and 5 consecutive days after surgery,while the mice in the control group received the same dose of saline at the same frequency.Differences in liver function and platelet counts were determined between the experimental and control groups.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to assess the expression of TPO and TPO receptor(c-Mpl)in the blood.RESULTS Preoperative administration of rhTPO significantly improved peri-OLT thrombocytopenia in mice with cirrhosis and hypersplenism.Blocking the expression of TPO receptors exacerbated peri-OLT thrombocytopenia.The concentration of TPO decreased while the concentration of c-Mpl increased in compensation in the mouse model of cirrhosis with hypersplenism.TPO pre-treatment significantly increased the postoperative TPO concentration in mice,which in turn led to a decrease in the c-Mpl concentration.TPO pre-treatment also significantly enhanced the Janus kinase(Jak)/signal transducers and activators of transcription pathway protein expressions in bone marrow stem cells of the C57BL/6J mice.Moreover,the administration of TPO,both before and after surgery,regulated the levels of biochemical indicators,such as alanine aminotransferase,alkaline phosphatase,and aspartate aminotransferase in the C57BL/6J mice.CONCLUSION Pre-treatment with TPO not only exhibited therapeutic effects on perioperative thrombocytopenia in the mice with cirrhosis and hypersplenism,who underwent liver transplantation but also significantly enhanced the perioperative liver function.

Artificial neural network approach for rheological characteristics of coal-water slurry using microwave pre-treatment

Detailed experimental investigations were carried out for microwave pre-treatment of high ash Indian coal at high power level(900 W) in microwave oven. The microwave exposure times were fixed at60 s and 120 s. A rheology characteristic for microwave pre-treatment of coal-water slurry(CWS) was performed in an online Bohlin viscometer. The non-Newtonian character of the slurry follows the rheological model of Ostwald de Waele. The values of n and k vary from 0.31 to 0.64 and 0.19 to 0.81 Pa·sn,respectively. This paper presents an artificial neural network(ANN) model to predict the effects of operational parameters on apparent viscosity of CWS. A 4-2-1 topology with Levenberg-Marquardt training algorithm(trainlm) was selected as the controlled ANN. Mean squared error(MSE) of 0.002 and coefficient of multiple determinations(R^2) of 0.99 were obtained for the outperforming model. The promising values of correlation coefficient further confirm the robustness and satisfactory performance of the proposed ANN model.

Pre-treatment to Enhance Biogas Yield from Pulp and Paper Mill Sludge

The purpose of this work was to study the potential to enhance biogas production from pulp and paper mill sludge by the use of thermal pre-treatment in combination with chemical pre-treatment. Biogas from waste is a renewable fuel with very low emissions during combustion. To further reduce the use of fossil fuels, more biogas substrates are necessary. Pulp and paper mill sludge is a large untapped reservoir of potential biogas. Pulp and paper mill sludge was collected from a mill that produces both pulp and paper and has a modified waste activated sludge system as part of its wastewater treatment. Pre-treatments were chosen heat （70 ~C or 140℃） combined with either acid （pH 2 or pH 4） or base （pH 9 or pH 11, obtained with Ca（OH）2 or NaOH）. Biogas potential was tested by anaerobic digestion batch assays under mesophilic conditions. All pre-treatments were tested in six replicates. Biogas volume was measured with a gas-tight syringe and methane concentration was measured with a gas chromatograph. The methane yield from sludge subjected to thermal pre-treatment at 70℃ did not differ from the untreated sludge, but thermal pre-treatment at 140℃ had a positive effect. Within the 70℃ thermal pre-treatment group, the pH 2 acid was the most successful chemical pre-treatment, and Ca（OH）2 pH 9 had the least effect with no measurable improvement in methane yield. For the 140 ℃ thermal pre-treatment group, acid and NaOH impacted methane production negatively, while the Ca（OH）2-treated sludge did not differ from sludge with no chemical pre-treatment. In conclusion, thermal pre-treatment at 70℃ showed no effect, whereas, pre-treatment at 140℃ improved methane yield with 170%, and for this sludge additional, chemical pre-treatments are unnecessary.

数智化全自动标本转移系统在手术病理标本前处理流程中的应用

目的:探讨在数智化管理背景下,由手术室护士主导的数智化全自动标本转移系统在手术病理标本前处理流程中的应用效果,为提高手术病理标本质量提供参考。方法:构建数智化全自动标本转移系统,并将其应用于手术病理标本前处理流程中,比较系统应用前(2023年4月—7月)和系统应用后(2023年8月—11月)的病理标本送检效率、送检质量、手术室护士心理压力及医护人员满意度。结果:应用数智化全自动标本转移系统后,病理标本前处理流程时长较应用前平均减少3.66 min,一次性接收合格率由87.07%提高至96.42%,病理送检质量满意率较高,护士工作压力显著缓解,医务人员满意度明显提高,以上差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:数智化全自动标本转移系统应用于手术标本前处理流程中可有效提高手术标本前处理效率并缓解护士工作压力,保障病理标本送检质量,为医疗诊断提供可靠的依据,有效减少医务人员职业暴露,提升医护人员满意度。

预检-挂号一体化信息系统在改进急诊科就诊流程及提升患者就诊体验中的作用分析

目的探讨分析预检-挂号一体化信息系统在改进急诊科就诊流程及提升患者就诊体验中的作用。方法选取2022年1月至12月浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院收治的100例急诊患者,为对照组,实施传统就诊模式,即预检与挂号分开进行;选取2023年1月至12月医院收治的100例急诊患者,为观察组,实施预检-挂号一体化就诊模式。对比两组患者分诊时间、分诊准确率、候诊时间、医务人员满意度及患者满意度。结果观察组分诊时间短于对照组,分诊准确率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组总候诊时间较对照组短,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组医护人员各条目及总分满意度评分均高于对照组,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者各条目评分及满意度总分均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论预检-挂号一体化信息系统可改进急诊科就诊流程,缩短分诊及候诊时间,提高分诊准确率,并可有效提升医务人员及患者的就诊满意度。

Priming mesenchymal stem cells to develop “super stem cells”

The stem cell pre-treatment approaches at cellular and sub-cellular levels encompass physical manipulation of stem cells to growth factor treatment,genetic manipulation,and chemical and pharmacological treatment,each strategy having advantages and limitations.Most of these pre-treatment protocols are non-combinative.This editorial is a continuum of Li et al’s published article and Wan et al’s editorial focusing on the significance of pre-treatment strategies to enhance their stemness,immunoregulatory,and immunosuppressive properties.They have elaborated on the intricacies of the combinative pre-treatment protocol using pro-inflammatory cytokines and hypoxia.Applying a well-defined multi-pronged combinatorial strategy of mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs),pre-treatment based on the mechanistic understanding is expected to develop“Super MSCs”,which will create a transformative shift in MSC-based therapies in clinical settings,potentially revolutionizing the field.Once optimized,the standardized protocols may be used with slight modifications to pre-treat different stem cells to develop“super stem cells”with augmented stemness,functionality,and reparability for diverse clinical applications with better outcomes.

贮前延迟联合热水处理对黄瓜果实冷藏期间冷害和生理代谢的影响

为探究黄瓜果实经热水处理后延迟方式对其冷藏期间品质和生理代谢的影响,根据前期利用二次正交旋转组合试验设计优化得出的延迟条件,以新鲜黄瓜为对照(CK),分别研究了水浴延迟(T1)、空气延迟(T2)和未延迟处理(T3)对经热激处理的黄瓜果实在(4±1)℃,相对湿度(80±5)%的冷库贮藏期间冷害(chilling injury,CI)症状、品质及抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,低温贮藏3 d时,各组冷害指数最高仅为0.37,然而贮藏9 d时,CK和T3组果实冷害指数迅速升高至0.76和0.71,此时CK组冷害指数为T1和T2的1.25倍和1.21倍。而且T1和T2组能显著减缓果实失重率和电解质外渗率(electrolyte leakage,EL)的上升以及硬度的下降,同时能使果实保持较好色泽,维持较高的可溶性蛋白含量,有效减轻了丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、超氧阴离子(superoxide anion,O_(2)^(-)·)和过氧化氢(hydrogen peroxide,H_(2)O_(2))对果实的损伤;到贮藏末期,相比于CK,T1和T2组果实的H_(2)O_(2)含量分别降低了7.86%和11.64%。此外,T1和T2处理也能在一定程度上延缓过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)和还原型谷胱甘肽(reducedglutathione,GSH)含量的下降。综合分析,T1和T2处理组对于减轻黄瓜果实冷害,缓解品质劣变均有显著影响,可根据实际情况灵活选择适用性更高的处理方式。该研究对黄瓜贮藏保鲜技术的进一步完善有一定的理论和实践参考价值。

基于CiteSpace的急危重症患者救治新体系的可视化分析

目的 基于CiteSpace了解急危重症患者救治的研究现状、研究热点和未来发展趋势。方法 检索2020至2023年CNKI数据库中的相关文献,通过CiteSpace分析急危重症患者救治的研究现状、热点及趋势。结果 研究共获得文献199篇;研究合作不密切,关键词集中于院前急救、转运和阶梯型治疗,其中院前急救和患者转运是研究前沿。结论 近年来,随着急危重症患者数量的增加,相关救治研究也呈增长趋势。未来需加强研究合作,提升研究质量,并持续推动救治体系的建立与完善,以促进急危重症救治领域的发展。

社区联动下胸痛患者院前救治体系的实践与思考

对危重胸痛病人的救治,时间就是生命。上海交通大学附属胸科医院与长宁区、市急救中心紧密合作,从急救120、社区医生、胸痛中心、居民等维度,通过流程标准化、工作信息化、救治协同化、宣教社区化建设,建立了"社区—胸科"一体化的社区联动救治模式,缩短了从病人发生胸痛或前兆到首次医疗接触的时间,提升了救治效果。建议要进一步优化胸痛中心布局,减少基层转诊延误时间,优化信息化快速反应力,提升自我保健判断力。

Fluent与Patran的接口实现及其在船舶力学中的应用

结合当前Fluent和Patran软件的特点,并针对船舶力学计算、流固耦合分析等的需要,阐述了两者接口开发的重要性。还对Fluent和Patran接口的功能、开发过程做了详细的介绍,并给出了应用的算例说明,对接口在船舶力学中的应用做了有启发性的展望。

活性污泥中温厌氧消化热水解预处理工艺及系统

从污泥热水解的机理出发,总结了热水解对污泥的作用过程及其对污泥特性的影响。在阐述热水解对污泥厌氧消化的强化作用及其强化机理的基础上,详细介绍了由同济大学开发的热水解污泥预处理系统及其作用机理和处理效率。

高浓度香料香精废水处理工程设计

香料香精废水中含有苯、酚、醇、胺、醛类及脂类、油类等物质,硫酸盐含量高,水量、水质变化大。设计采用隔油—气浮—微电解—催化氧化预处理工艺,UASB—两级A/O生化工艺,混凝/沉淀—砂滤深度处理工艺。运行结果表明:当高浓度原水CODCr高达18 073 mg/L时,出水CODCr仍在100 mg/L以下,其他指标均达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978—1996)一级标准。

磁力机械式氧分析仪预处理系统的改进

在监测焦炉煤气氧含量的磁力机械式氧分析仪系统中,采样预处理系统是一个重要环节。在介绍磁力机械式氧分析仪的工作原理和采样预处理系统结构的基础上,结合现场实际,分析了采样预处理系统存在的问题,提出了相应的改进措施,经实施后收到了良好的效果,分析仪运行稳定、测量准确,过滤纸和分析仪测量室的寿命延长。

热力发电厂水汽氢电导率超标原因分析及处理

氢电导率超标,可能影响锅炉的水化学工况,导致锅炉受热面腐蚀甚至引发爆管事故。通过对某发电厂11、12号机组水汽系统氢电导率长期超标问题进行分析研究,找出了氢电导率超标的原因。对预处理系统进行改造,减少丙酮肟的加药量,大大提升了氢电导率的合格率。