A Comparison of Precipitation Distribution of Two Landfalling Tropical Cyclones during the Extratropical Transition

The precipitation distributions associated with two landfalling tropical cyclones（TCs） during extratropical transition（ET） were examined in this study.Their distinction is that the bulk of precipitation fell to the left of the TC track in one TC and to the right in the other.The analyses indicate that,for the TC Haima（2004） case,accompanied by the approach of a deep midlatitude trough throughout the depth of the troposphere,the warm and moist air advection by the southeasterly flow north of TC was favorable for warm advection and frontogenesis to the northwest of the TC.Due to the steepening of equivalent potential temperature（θ e）,the air-parcel uplift along the θ e surface,in collaboration with thermally direct circulation related to frontogenesis,led to enhanced precipitation northwest of the TC.In contrast,for TC Matsa（2005） embedded within a moister environment,a weak midlatitude trough was situated at the mid-upper level.The convection was triggered by the conditional instability at the lower level and then sustained by dynamic forcing at the mid-upper level so that the heavy precipitation occurred to the northeast of TC.For the two TC cases,the precipitation enhancement was also linked to the upper-level anomalous divergence associated with the jet-related forcing on the right side of the jet entrance.From the quasigeostrophic perspective,the advection of geostrophic absolute vorticity by the thermal wind most likely served as an indication reflecting the displacement of the vertical motion relative to the center of the TC.

Transition from Metastablity to Instability in Dynamics for the Precipitation of δ'(Al_3Li)

A computer simulation study on dynamics for the precipitation of δ'(Al_3Li) ordered particles from a disor- dered matrix (α) in binary Al-Li alloys is performed using the microscopic Langevin equation. A unique precipitation mechanism is found near the ordering spinodal line. Different from the classical nucleation mechanism in the me- tastable region and the congruent ordering followed by spinodal decomposition in the instable region, a nonstoichi- ometric single ordered phase with composition fluctuations is formed by non-classical nucleation, and this ordered phase decomposes spinodally. It can be concluded that the precipitation dynamics of δ' phase from metastability to instability is gradual, and no sharp transition occurs near the mean-field spinodal line as the mean-field theory pre- dicts.

Investigation on influence of alloying on phase transitions of duplex stainless steel based on thermochemical calculation

This paper investigated on influence of different alloying elements added into duplex stainless steel (DSS) on phase transitions using thermochemical methods in comparison with experiment.The results showed that the most possible species in the ferrite phase,austenite phase,σphase,Hcp phase,χphase,and carbide were Cr:Va-type,Fe:Va-type,Ni:Cr:Mo-type,Cr_(2)N-type,Fe_(24)Mo_(10)Cr_(24)-type,and Cr:Mo:C-type,respectively.Furthermore,the Ni,N,Cr,and Mo alloying had significant influences on the transition of each DSS phase.The Ni and N additions obviously raised the temperature at ferrite-1/austenite-1 balance while the Cr and Mo decreased the dual-phase balance temperature.In addition,the Ni addition can promote the precipitating ofσphase at relatively high temperature while the precipitating of Hcp phase at relatively low temperature.The Hcp phase andχphase can be obviously increased by the N addition.The introduction of Cr and Mo notably enhances the precipitation ofσphase.However,the promotion ofχphase precipitation is facilitated by the presence of Mo,while the Cr element acts as an inhibitor forχphase precipitation.Furthermore,the ferrite/austenite ratio tested by experiment was higher than that calculated by thermochemical methods,thus pre-designed solution temperature should be lower about 30-100℃than that calculated by thermochemical methods.

Synthesis of Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene by Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Precipitation Polymerization

Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene(UHMWPE)plays an important role in many important fields as engineering plastics.In this contribution,a precipitation polymerization strategy is developed by combination of highly active phosphino-phenolate nickel catalysts with polymer-insoluble solvent(heptane)to access UHMWPE(Mn up to 8.3×10^(6)g mol^(-1))with good product morphology,free-flowing characteristics,and great mechanical properties.Compared with the academically commonly used aromatic solvent(toluene),the utilization of heptane offers simultaneous enhancement in important parameters including activity,polymer molecular weight,and catalyst thermal stability.This system can also generate polar functionalized UHMWPE with molecular weight of up to 1.6×10^(6)g mol^(-1)in the copolymerization of ethylene with polar comonomers.More importantly,this precipitation polymerization strategy is generally applicable to several representative transition metal catalyst systems,leading to UHMWPE synthesis with good product morphology control.

Dose and dose rate effects on coherent-to-incoherent transition of precipitates upon irradiation

A typical precipitation hardened alloy, Cu-Co dilute alloy was selected to study the precipitation behavior and irradiation effect on precipitates. It is found that the principal effect of ion irradiation on the coherent precipitates is loss of coherency, and TEM cross-section observations show that the fraction of the incoherent precipitates is dependent on dose but not on dose rate during heavy ion irradiation.

Thermodynamic Modeling of Wax Precipitation in Crude Oils

Most of the crude oils contain waxes which precipitate when temperature drops, resulting in deposition in pipelines and production equipment. It is necessary to set up a model which can predict the wax appearance tem-perature and the amount of solid precipitated in the different conditions. A modified thermodynamic solid-liquid equilibrium model to calculate wax precipitation in crude oil systems has been developed recently. The assumption that precipitated waxes consist of several solid phases is adopted in this research, and the solid-solid transition is also considered in the modified model. The properties of the pseudo-components are determined by using empirical correlations. New correlations for properties of solid-solid and solid-liquid transitions are also established in this work on the basis of the data from the literature. The results predicted by the proposed model for three crude oil systems are compared with the experimental data and the calculated results from the literature, and good agreement is observed.

Interdecadal Variability of East Asian Summer Monsoon Precipitation over 220 Years (1777-1997)

In this study, long-term （1777–1997） precipitation data for Seoul, Korea, wetness indices from eastern China, and modern observations are used to identify the interdecadal variability in East Asian summer monsoon precipitation over the last 220 years. In the East Asian monsoon region, two long-term timescales of dry–wet transitions for the interdecadal variability and quasi-40-and quasi-60-year timescales are dominant in the 220-year precipitation data of Seoul, as well as in the wetness indices over China. The wet and dry spells between Seoul （southern China） and northern China are out-of-phase （out-of-phase） at the quasi-60-year timescale, and in-phase （out-of-phase by approximately 90 ？ before 1900 and in-phase after 1900） at the quasi-40-year timescale. In particular, during the last century, the dominant long-term timescales over East Asia tend to decrease from the quasi-60-year to the quasi-40-year with increasing time. The dominant quasi-40-year and quasi-60-year timescales of the Seoul precipitation in Korea are strongly correlated with these timescales of the northern Pacific Ocean.

THE USE OF SHEAR GRADIENT VORTICITY IN TROPICAL CYCLONE HEAVY PRECIPITATION PREDICTION:A HIGH-RESOLUTION NUMERICAL CASE STUDY

This study introduces a new dynamical quantity, shear gradient vorticity (SGV), which is defined as vertical wind shear multiplying the horizontal component of vorticity gradient, aiming to diagnose heavy precipitation induced by some strong convective weather systems. The vorticity gradient component can be used to study the collision or merging process between different vortexes or the deformation of a vortex with a sharp vorticity gradient. Vertical wind shear, another contributed component of SGV, always represents the environmental dynamical factor in meteorology. By the combined effect of the two components, overall, SGV can represent the interaction between the environmental wind shear and the evolution of vortexes with a large vorticity gradient. Other traditional vorticity-like dynamical quantities (such as helicity) have the limitation in the diagnosis of the convection, since they do not consider the vorticity gradient. From this perspective, SGV has the potential to diagnose some strong convective weather processes, such as Extratropical Transition (ET) of tropical cyclones and the evolution of multicell storms. The forecast performance of SGV for the numerical ET case of Typhoon Toraji (0108) has been evaluated. Compared with helicity, SGV has shown a greater advantage to forecast the distribution of heavy precipitation more accurately, especially in the frontal zone.

Modelling of the elastoplastic behaviour of the bio-cemented soils using an extended Modified Cam Clay model

An elastoplastic constitutive model based on the Modified Cam Clay(MCC)model is developed to describe the mechanical behaviour of soils cemented via microbially induced calcite precipitation(MICP).It considers the increase of the elastic stiffness,the change of the yield surface due to MICP cementation and the degradation of calcium carbonate bonds during shearing.Specifically,to capture the typical contraction-dilation transition in MICP soils,the original volumetric hardening rule in the MCC model is modified to a combined deviatoric and volumetric hardening rule.The model could reproduce a series of drained triaxial tests on MICP-treated soils with different calcium carbonate contents.Further,we carry out a parametric study and observe numerical instability in some cases.In combination with an analytical analysis,our numerical modelling has identified the benefits and limitations of using MCCbased models in the simulation of MICP-cemented soils,leading to suggestions for further model development.

Interdecadal variation of drought patterns and associated influencing factors in the north-south transitional zone of China

In the context of global warming,escalating water cycles have led to a surge in drought frequency and severity.Yet,multidecadal fluctuations in drought and their multifaceted influencing factors remain inadequately understood.This study examined the multidecadal changes in drought characteristics(frequency,duration,and severity)and their geographical focal points within China's north-south transitional zone,the Qinling-Daba Mountains(QDM),from 1960 to 2017 using the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index(SPEI).In addition,a suite of eight scenarios,correlation analysis,and wavelet coherence were used to identify the meteorological and circulation factors that influenced drought characteristics.The results indicate the following:(1)From 1960 to 2017,the QDM experienced significant interdecadal variations in drought frequency,duration,and severity,the climate was relatively humid before the 1990s,but drought intensified thereafter.Specifically,the 1990s marked the period of the longest drought duration and greatest severity,while the years spanning 2010 to 2017 experienced the highest frequency of drought events.(2)Spatially,the Qinling Mountains,particularly the western Qinling Mountain,exhibited higher drought frequency,duration,and severity than the Daba Mountains.This disparity can be attributed to higher rates of temperature increase and precipitation decrease in the western Qinling Mountain.(3)Interdecadal variations in droughts in the QDM were directly influenced by the synergistic effects of interdecadal fluctuations in air temperature and precipitation.Circulation factors modulate temperature and precipitation through phase transitions,thereby affecting drought dynamics in the QDM.The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation emerges as the primary circulation factors influencing temperature changes,with a mid-1990s shift to a positive phase favoring warming.The East Asian Summer Monsoon and El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation are the main circulation factors affecting precipitation changes,with positive phase transitions associated with reduced precipitation,and vice versa for increased precipitation.

钠离子电池正极材料NaNi_(0.4)Fe_(0.2)Mn_(0.4)O_(2)的制备与储钠性能

钠离子电池作为可替代锂离子电池的下一代电池,具有独特优势,然而要开发出低成本、良好可逆性和长循环寿命的电极材料仍然存在许多技术难题。本文通过简单的共沉淀法合成Ni_(0.4)^(Ⅱ)Fe_(0.2)^(Ⅱ)Mn_(0.4)^(Ⅱ)(OH)_(2)前驱体,再在空气气氛下加入碳酸钠进行煅烧,制备得到用于钠离子电池的NaNi_(0.4)Fe_(0.2)Mn_(0.4)O_(2)正极材料。利用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)表征材料的物相结构,结果表明制备的材料是典型的层状斜方六面体结构,部分材料呈现单晶特征。采用恒流充放电的测试方法表征材料的电化学性能。在0.1 C的电流密度下,该材料的初始充电容量可达141.9 mAh/g,放电容量为140.0 mAh/g,首次库仑效率高达98.7%。此外,在0.2 C、0.5 C、1 C、2 C和3 C的倍率下,该材料的放电比容量分别为129.5 mAh/g、112.6 mAh/g、97.8 mAh/g、82.9 mAh/g和72.8 mAh/g,且在0.5 C下循环100圈后的容量保持率约为70.0%,具有良好的倍率性和一定的循环稳定性。

CN7M铸造奥氏体不锈钢凝固与析出热力学模拟

利用Thermo-Calc热力学计算软件中的Phase Diagram模块、Scheil-Gulliver凝固模型以及专业的TCFE11铁基数据库,针对CN7M铸造奥氏体不锈钢的凝固与冷却过程的相变路径与主要合金元素对平衡体系垂直截面相图的影响分别展开计算分析,得出CN7M铸造奥氏体不锈钢平衡凝固及冷却过程的相变路径和非平衡凝固路径。理论计算结合生产实践表明:CN7M铸造奥氏体不锈钢合适的固溶温度范围为1140~1160℃,铸件的保温时间必须充足以完全消除铸造偏析与各种二次相。

The correlation between thermally induced precipitateto-coacervate transition and glass transition in a polyelectrolyte-bolaamphiphile complex

The precipitate and the coacervate are two aggregated states in the polyelectrolyte complexes(PECs).The precipitate-to-coacervate transition and glass transition in PECs have been widely reported in the past.In many cases,the two phenomena are studied independently,although both of them are apparently affected by water and small ions.Here,utilizing a PEC system consisting of poly(acrylic acid)(PAA)and a cationic bolaamphiphile(DBON),we explore the states of PECs as a function of salt,temperature,and the molecular weight of PAAs.By a combination of microscopic observation,time-resolved fluorescence measurements,and differential scanning calorimetry,we identify salt/temperature driven precipitate-to-coacervate transitions of the complexes.The thermally induced morphology transformation from the precipitate to coacervate occurs around the glass transition temperature,indicating a strong correlation between the two processes.As the molecular weight of the PAA increases,the thermal transition temperature becomes higher.This finding offers new insights on the mechanistic interactions that dictate the aggregated states of PECs.Based on the photothermal effect of DBON,we also develop a UV light-induced strategy to mediate the precipitate-to-coacervate transition,providing a fantastic platform to create functional PEC materials.

Quantitative effects of phase transition on solute partition coefficient,inclusion precipitation, and microsegregation for high-sulfur steel solidification

Segregation and inclusion precipitation are the common behaviours of steel solidification, which are resulted from the redistribution and diffusion of the solute elements at the solid-liquid interface. The effect of the phase transition of high-sulfur free-cutting steel is quantified in the present work for the solute partition coefficient(ki), inclusion precipitation, and microsegregation by establishing a coupling model of microsegregation and inclusion precipitation, wherein the quantified dependencies of ki in terms of temperature, phase and carbon(C) content were applied. Results showed that the solidification temperature range and phase transition of high-sulfur steel that under different solidification paths and C contents were quite different, leading to differences in ki and eventually in microsegregation. kC,kP, and kS were mainly affected by phase composition and kSi was primarily by temperature, while kMn depended on both phase composition and temperature during solidification. Increasing the C content within the interval 0.07-0.48 wt%, the ‘proportion of the δ phase maintained temperature region during solidification’(Pδ), kave Pand kave S(kiave, the average value of the ki across the whole stages of solidification)decreased monotonically, whereas kave Cincreased linearly. The peritectic reaction impacted on the phase composition and ki, leading to the change in microsegregation. Such effect of the peritectic reaction was more significant at the last stage of solidification. When the Pδ was between 75% and 100%(corresponding to 0.07-0.16 wt% C), the solidification path resulted in a greater effect on the microsegregation of solutes C, P, and S because of the peritectic reaction. The microsegregation of solutes Mn and S were comprehensively influenced by kMn, kS and Mn S precipitation as well. The studies would help reveal the solute redistribution at the solid-liquid interface, and improve the segregation of high-sulfur steel by controlling the solidification and precipitation in practice.

Investigation on Precipitation Transition in CGHAZ for TRIP Steels Containing Vanadium and Titanium

Two kinds of low-carbon low-silicon TRIP (Transformation Induced Plasticity) steels containing vanadium are designed using ThermoCalc software in the light of both thermodynamics and kinetics.TRIP heat treatment process of different steels is determined according to the calculation results respectively.Weld HAZ (Heat-Affected Zone) simulation tests indicate the weldability of TRIP steels is crucially sensitive to CE (carban equivelent) of the steel.However the impact toughness of CGHAZ (Coarse Grain Heat-Affected Zone) does not decrease drastically for TRIP steels microalloyed with Ti+V.The steel containing both of vanadium and titanium shows smaller grain size compared with that containing vanadium solely.This is because the precipitation of Ti/V carbonitride slows down the grain boundary motion speed and then retards the grain size coalescence in CGHAZ.

共沉淀法FCC再生烟气脱硝催化剂的制备

针对FCC装置再生烟气脱硝,采用共沉淀法将过渡金属掺杂于TiO_(2)载体上制备V_(2)O_(5)-WO_(3)/TiO_(2)脱销催化剂,考察过渡金属对V_(2)O_(5)-WO_(3)/TiO_(2)催化剂脱硝性能的影响。结果表明,载体掺杂Ce制备的催化剂催化活性最好,NO最高转化率达99%。

青海高原降水相态转换特征及预报指标分析

基于青海高原50个地面气象观测站点2006—2020年的观测资料,结合ERA-Interim再分析资料,利用线性倾向估计、概率密度分析等方法,揭示青海高原降水相态转换时空分布特征及相态预报指标,并对2021年的观测资料开展检验。结果表明:1)青海高原降水相态转换主要发生在春末夏初及秋季,空间上主要集中在祁连山区及青南地区,这与海拔高度密切相关;2)降水相态与低层温度密切相关,相对于地面的特征温度层(0℃、-5℃层等)高度、地面2 m温度和特征气压层(500 hPa、600 hPa、700 hPa)的温度可作为相态预报指标;3)雨转雪过程与雪转雨过程预报指标有明显差异,雪转雨时地面到0℃层温度垂直递减率大于雨转雪过程;4)检验结果表明,低层及地面2 m温度指标的可用性较好,中高层指标有一定偏差。

快速加热对低碳微合金钢相变和微观组织的影响

通过热模拟实验,在5~120℃/s加热速率下对低碳微合金钢进行奥氏体化处理。根据膨胀量-温度曲线、微观组织、母相奥氏体晶粒和第二相颗粒表征结果,研究了加热速率对低碳微合金钢相变和组织演变的影响规律。结果表明,随着加热速率的增加,钢的A_(c1)、A_(c3)温度显著升高,奥氏体相变区间收窄,铁素体+珠光体转变在更高温度下进行。高加热速率导致未回溶的第二相NbC颗粒体积分数和亚结构缺陷增多,从而提升了综合强化效果。此外,奥氏体化温度对冷却过程中相变的影响程度大于保温时间,故优先采用较低的奥氏体化温度有助于细化母相奥氏体晶粒。综上所述,快速加热技术可促进初始奥氏体组织的细化和晶粒均匀化,证实了其在制备微/纳米超细晶钢工艺上潜在的应用价值。

新建深基坑工程施工及降水过程对既有地铁结构的影响

为解决城市建设发展、城市化进程中,地面工程和地下工程交叉建设对周围建筑物产生的影响问题,针对某深基坑工程对周围地铁结构的安全影响性评价为例,采用Midas有限元分析软件,模拟该基坑不同施工阶段对既有地铁线路及附属结构的变形及内力影响进行分析,提出在地铁保护区内深基坑工程施工的安全保护措施。研究结果表明:降水会对深基坑开挖作业给既有轨道产生的形变进行叠加,使形变量变大。在降水过程中需注意降水深度,以免超深抽排影响周围地层的变形。研究结果可为类似项目设计和施工提供可借鉴的分析方法。

地理经纬双向过渡带和复杂地形下气候的过渡性和特异性--以宜昌市为例

宜昌处在我国地形第二、第三级阶梯的过渡地带,又位于我国南北过渡带秦巴山地南麓的中低纬度过渡带,长江中上游结合部,山地河谷平原并存,地形复杂,垂直高差大。气候资料分析和文献调研表明,宜昌天气气候因特殊地理环境具有过渡性和特异性:(1)年平均气温主要随地形高度递减,年总降水量主要随纬度升高减小。(2)年暴雨日数、连阴雨天数,在中西部随纬度升高而递减,等值线近似纬向排列;东部随地形升高而递增,等值线近似经向排列。(3)山地平原过渡带地形的阻挡滞留、辐合抬升等对极端短时强降水有明显加强作用,这种作用在秦岭与黄淮过渡带、太行山与华北平原过渡带有相似的天气气候效应。(4)宜昌位于江淮梅雨的西界、华西秋雨的东界,具有天气气候“分水岭”特征。(5)宜昌是暴雨雨团、西南涡移动的主要通道之一。