Genotype-based precision nutrition strategies for the prediction and clinical management of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Globally,type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)is one of the most common metabolic disorders.T2DM physiopathology is influenced by complex interrelationships between genetic,metabolic and lifestyle factors(including diet),which differ between populations and geographic regions.In fact,excessive consumptions of high fat/high sugar foods generally increase the risk of developing T2DM,whereas habitual intakes of plant-based healthy diets usually exert a protective effect.Moreover,genomic studies have allowed the characterization of sequence DNA variants across the human genome,some of which may affect gene expression and protein functions relevant for glucose homeostasis.This comprehensive literature review covers the impact of gene-diet interactions on T2DM susceptibility and disease progression,some of which have demonstrated a value as biomarkers of personal responses to certain nutritional interventions.Also,novel genotype-based dietary strategies have been developed for improving T2DM control in comparison to general lifestyle recommendations.Furthermore,progresses in other omics areas(epigenomics,metagenomics,proteomics,and metabolomics)are improving current understanding of genetic insights in T2DM clinical outcomes.Although more investigation is still needed,the analysis of the genetic make-up may help to decipher new paradigms in the pathophysiology of T2DM as well as offer further opportunities to personalize the screening,prevention,diagnosis,management,and prognosis of T2DM through precision nutrition.

开展陆生与水产养殖动物营养感知研究的展望

饲料在动物生长和健康中扮演着重要的角色,然而决定饲料表现的内在机一直是一个所谓的“黑箱”。直到近年来,研究证明营养素能够作为信号分子被细胞和机体感知,并在调控基因表达和代谢活动中起着至关重要的作用。多条分别感知不同营养素的信号通路被发现,营养感知信号调节也已在临床医学中被广泛用于药物开发与疾病控制。然而,在陆生和水产养殖动物中,对主要营养素(蛋白质、糖脂等)的营养感知和代谢调控的研究仍处于起步阶段。因此,我们针对未来在动物营养学中开展营养感知研究可能的研究主题和应用场景提出设想和建议。

Personalized nutrition for people with diabetes and at risk of diabetes has begun

Food and nutrition are essential parts for the management of blood glucose of patients with diabetes and other metabolic diseases.The results of recent human clinical studies have shown that the blood glucose levels change differently in different people in response to the same standardized meals.This phenomenon shows the challenges to find a one-size-fits-all approach to combat diabetes.With the development of technologies,personalized nutrition/precision nutrition has gradually become more practical in order to treat individual diabetes.The aim of this review article is to summarize personalized nutrition’s progress and potential in treating the diabetes epidemic.We have searched PubMed to identify relevant articles and found that personalized nutrition on multiple factors associated with an individual has started to draw attention to scientifi c communities.Two seminal studies have shown that healthy adults show differential responses of postprandial blood glucose levels to the same standardized meals.Human clinical trials have started to integrate sensor technologies such as continuous glucose monitoring and personal data such as genomic sequences and microbiome to provide personalized nutrition advice,and shown promises in intervention and management of type 2 diabetes.It appears that the interplays of diets and genomes,gut microbiome,gut transit time,insulin sensitivity,cultural,social,and economic factors should all be considered to create a personalized treatment for an individual’s chronic metabolic disease.This probably can be achieved through the integration of personalized nutrition and personalized food intervention with the development of technologies and advances in food and nutrition sciences.More research should be anticipated soon.