Photon counting detectors(PCDs) have attained w ide use in X-ray imaging for various preclinical and clinical applications in the past decade. This paper briefly review s the preclinical and clinical applications of P...Photon counting detectors(PCDs) have attained w ide use in X-ray imaging for various preclinical and clinical applications in the past decade. This paper briefly review s the preclinical and clinical applications of PCDs based X-ray imaging systems.Starting with an introduction of X-ray single photon detection mechanism,the brief review first describes tw o major advantages of utilizing PCDs: photon energy resolving capability and electronic noise elimination. Compared to energy integrating detectors(EIDs),the aforementioned advantages make PCDs more favorable in X-ray imaging with profound benefits such as enhanced tissue contrast,decreased image noise,increased signal to noise ratio,decreased radiation dose to the small animals and patients,and more accurate material decomposition. The utilizations of PCDs in X-ray projection radiography and computed tomography(CT)including micro-CT,dedicated breast CT,K-edge CT,and clinical CT are then review ed for the imaging applications ranging from phantoms to small animals and humans. In addition,optimization methods aiming to improve the imaging performance using PCDs are briefly review ed. PCDs are not flaw less though,and their limitations are also discussed in this review. Nevertheless,PCDs may continuously contribute to the advancement of X-ray imaging techniques in future preclinical and clinical applications.展开更多
Organoids,miniature and simplified in vitro model systems that mimic the structure and function of organs,have attracted considerable interest due to their promising applications in disease modeling,drug screening,per...Organoids,miniature and simplified in vitro model systems that mimic the structure and function of organs,have attracted considerable interest due to their promising applications in disease modeling,drug screening,personalized medicine,and tissue engineering.Despite the substantial success in cultivating physiologically relevant organoids,challenges remain concerning the complexities of their assembly and the difficulties associated with data analysis.The advent of AI-Enabled Organoids,which interfaces with artificial intelligence(AI),holds the potential to revolutionize the field by offering novel insights and methodologies that can expedite the development and clinical application of organoids.This review succinctly delineates the fundamental concepts and mechanisms underlying AI-Enabled Organoids,summarizing the prospective applications on rapid screening of construction strategies,cost-effective extraction of multiscale image features,streamlined analysis of multi-omics data,and precise preclinical evaluation and application.We also explore the challenges and limitations of interfacing organoids with AI,and discuss the future direction of the field.Taken together,the AI-Enabled Organoids hold significant promise for advancing our understanding of organ development and disease progression,ultimately laying the groundwork for clinical application.展开更多
基金supported in part by a grant from the University of Oklahoma Charles and Peggy Stephenson Cancer Center funded by the Oklahoma Tobacco Settlement Endowment Trust
文摘Photon counting detectors(PCDs) have attained w ide use in X-ray imaging for various preclinical and clinical applications in the past decade. This paper briefly review s the preclinical and clinical applications of PCDs based X-ray imaging systems.Starting with an introduction of X-ray single photon detection mechanism,the brief review first describes tw o major advantages of utilizing PCDs: photon energy resolving capability and electronic noise elimination. Compared to energy integrating detectors(EIDs),the aforementioned advantages make PCDs more favorable in X-ray imaging with profound benefits such as enhanced tissue contrast,decreased image noise,increased signal to noise ratio,decreased radiation dose to the small animals and patients,and more accurate material decomposition. The utilizations of PCDs in X-ray projection radiography and computed tomography(CT)including micro-CT,dedicated breast CT,K-edge CT,and clinical CT are then review ed for the imaging applications ranging from phantoms to small animals and humans. In addition,optimization methods aiming to improve the imaging performance using PCDs are briefly review ed. PCDs are not flaw less though,and their limitations are also discussed in this review. Nevertheless,PCDs may continuously contribute to the advancement of X-ray imaging techniques in future preclinical and clinical applications.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(82230071,82172098)Shanghai Committee of Science and Technology(23141900600,Laboratory Animal Research Project).
文摘Organoids,miniature and simplified in vitro model systems that mimic the structure and function of organs,have attracted considerable interest due to their promising applications in disease modeling,drug screening,personalized medicine,and tissue engineering.Despite the substantial success in cultivating physiologically relevant organoids,challenges remain concerning the complexities of their assembly and the difficulties associated with data analysis.The advent of AI-Enabled Organoids,which interfaces with artificial intelligence(AI),holds the potential to revolutionize the field by offering novel insights and methodologies that can expedite the development and clinical application of organoids.This review succinctly delineates the fundamental concepts and mechanisms underlying AI-Enabled Organoids,summarizing the prospective applications on rapid screening of construction strategies,cost-effective extraction of multiscale image features,streamlined analysis of multi-omics data,and precise preclinical evaluation and application.We also explore the challenges and limitations of interfacing organoids with AI,and discuss the future direction of the field.Taken together,the AI-Enabled Organoids hold significant promise for advancing our understanding of organ development and disease progression,ultimately laying the groundwork for clinical application.
