Assessment of Beef Quality Determinants in the Retailing Premises

This study explains how infrastructure and beef processing practices in beef retailing premises (BRPs) are useful for beef purchasing decision. In this respect, features and beef retailing practices were assessed against the questionability of beef that is retailed in least developing countries (LDCs). This assessment was carried out by testing the null hypothesis that hypothesizes that BRPs in Dar es Salaam and Mbeya cities do not comply with the FAO technical requirements. The retailed beef in many BRPs is compromised with the status of the infrastructural development, the situation that may result in the questionability of the consumed beef. The Likert based information regarding 22 beef quality impacting factors (BQIF) from BRPs in Dar es Salaam and Mbeya, respectively, was analyzed with respect to the gaps identified and beef retailing conceptual model. This study is important as it provides general picture in connection to the status of the assessed BQIF in BRPs for the cities in the least developing countries (LDCs). In this regard, the study has shown that the compliance of BRPs in the LDCs’ cities is too weak to meet the infrastructural technical requirements due to existence of more stringent provisions in the developed specifications. The study finally identified the local infrastructural beef quality determinants in LDCs’ BRPs as the gap to be bridged by other studies.

Order of Precedence Between Local Laws of Cities with Subordinate Districts and Regulations of Provincial Governments Clarifying Premises for Discussion Based on the Characteristics of Laws

The lack of descriptions regarding the order of precedence between the local laws of cities with subordinate districts and the regulations of provincial governments in Legislation Law of the People's Republic of China(Legislation Law) has led to two divergent views. One holds that "the local laws of cities with subordinate districts should take precedence over the regulations of provincial governments," while the other supports the exact opposite. This is a value judgment issue in legislation. To reach a solution, we need to clarify the premises based on the characteristics of the laws in question so that a basic common ground can be established for discussion. The first premise for traditional legislation is that a law should be based on experience as well as logic; the second is that the experience of authority subjects, plus the three aspects of logic should outweigh the experience of social subjects, plus the three aspects of logic. With respect to postmodern legislation, the first premise is that experience should override logic, and the second is that the experience of the authority subject should take precedence over that of social subject, with no requirements for logical consistency. Since Legislation Law fal s into the category of postmodern legislation, according to the premises, the argument that the local laws of cities with subordinate districts should take precedence enjoys wider acceptance, but the view is logically challenged in terms of conceptual consistency, system consistency and principle consistency. More studies must be conducted to facilitate the discussion.

Acoustic Characteristics Analysis of Industrial Premises with Process Equipment

Process equipment placing in industrial premises leads to essential change of room acoustic characteristics: mean length of sound rays’ free runs, reverberation time and mean absorption factor in a room. The changes influence distribution of the reflected sound energy in premise volume. Failure to take account of the given circumstance results in errors at definition of sound pressure levels and an estimation of efficiency of building-acoustic measures of noise abatement. In the paper the results of computer modeling of acoustic processes in premises with the process equipment are considered and influence of the equipment on a sound absorption indoors is analyzed. The computer simulation is carried out on the basis of the ray tracing method with taking into account rays’ energy distribution in a room. It is shown that such approach allows determining objectively the integral acoustic characteristics of industrial premises, takes into account influencing to them the room parameters, the presence and scattering characteristics of the equipment and makes more accurate the equations putting into engineering practice.

基于PREMIS的数字文献资源权益描述实践研究

对数字文献资源的权益信息开展规范化、精细化、结构化描述与揭示,是图书馆数字资源权益管理的客观需求和发展趋势。在现有研究的基础上,探索和深化一种更加结构化、更能体现信息关联性的权益描述方法。基于PREMIS模型和PREMIS保存元数据字典(Version3.0)中的实体对象及实体关系,采用实体分析法,归纳出数字文献资源建设和服务活动中与权益相关的5个实体:操作、限制、义务、主体、对象。通过梳理实体间关系,构建面向数字文献资源权益的描述模型,并通过实践案例验证模型的合理性与可行性,该描述模型为实现数字文献资源权益的细粒度描述、深层次揭示和规范化管理提供基础。

Narrative Medicine in China and Chinese Sources for Narrative Medicine

In 2001,internist and literary scholar Rita Charon at Columbia University famously announced a new discipline called narrative medicine.She based it on the premise that the basic humanistic skills of critical reading,slow looking,and reflective writing were as necessary for developing clinical skills as evidence-based medical knowledge.Already by 2011,the new discipline of narrative medicine had taken root in China through published articles and a meeting at the Institute for Medical Humanities(now School of Health Humanities)in Peking University.Just a decade later,narrative medicine programs have not only proliferated in medical schools and hospitals across China but they have also developed into novel programs of“narrative medicine with Chinese characteristics.”

What Is the Queer——An Introduction to Queer Theory

Queer theory,as a field of post-structuralist critical theory that emerged in the early 1990s out of the fields of queer studies and Women' s studies,is now receiving more and more academic attentions.This paper gives an introduction to its definition,theorists,basic premises as well as its literary applications,aiming to shed some light on this seemingly "queer" theory.

长期保存元数据在文物数字化 保护项目中的应用

保存元数据在数字资源长期保存过程中起着决定性作用。本文梳理分析PREMIS保存元数据的数据模型和数据字典,提出制定我国文物数字化保护保存元数据标准规范的思路,最后给出参考采用PREMIS 3.0并做本地化修改的文物保存元数据方案。

PREMIS保存元数据体系分析

回顾PREM IS项目的发起背景和工作进展,在对PREM IS的基础———OCLC/RLG提出的保存元数据框架的基本理念和内容进行分析后,提出PREM IS构建核心保存元数据体系的新理念,对PREM IS的数据模型进行深入分析,并对数据模型中各实体的保存元数据进行详细阐述,最后总结PREM IS保存元数据的特点。

保存元数据的发展趋势研究

数字资源长期保存中,保存元数据是支持数字资源长期可生存能力、可呈现能力、可理解能力、真实性及一致性的重要信息。为了全面了解保存元数据的最新发展,为国内从事长期保存的机构制定长期保存元数据的实施策略、建设方案提供参考,笔者综合分析了长期保存领域核心理论标准、重要会议和重要项目的研究进展,总结归纳了保存元数据在权利元数据、重要属性元数据、特殊类型数字资源及学科化特色的保存元数据、保存元数据的语义化、起源元数据等方面的重要发展趋势。

信息资源基础管理性元数据框架的数据模型

信息资源基础管理性元数据框架以信息资源生命周期为线索,信息资源的采集、加工、服务流程为基本切入点,为数字图书馆各个层面、各个运行阶段的管理机制构建了一个具有开放性的、可扩展的元数据框架。调查、分析用户需求,建立系统的数据模型,是设计元数据规范的有效方法。元数据框架的设计借鉴了<indecs>与PREMIS数据模型,采用设计信息系统的结构化需求分析方法,在信息采集、加工、服务三个模块的E-R模型的基础上,进一步抽象、归并,建立了基础管理性元数据框架的数据模型。

PREMIS保存元数据及其对我国的启示

简要介绍了PREMIS保存元数据项目,对PREMIS保存元数据的数据模型进行举例分析,并分析了PREMIS保存元数据在我国的研究现状和意义。

数字信息保存元数据研究进展及启示

保存元数据在确保数字信息被长期获取方面扮演着重要的角色。本文在介绍OAIS模型的基础上,对国内外保存元数据的研究方案进行了梳理,介绍了NEDLIB、PANDORA、NLNZ、PREMIS、CEDARS、MDLS等保存元数据实施概况,并总结分析了它们带给我们的启示。

Assessment of Beef Transportation Infrastructure from Slaughtering Facilities in Tanzanian Cities

This study presents the assessment of beef transportation infrastructure from slaughtering facilities in Tanzanian cities to the retail premises. The quality of beef consumed in many countries is questionable due to poor infrastructural development which may results into contamination and bacteriological infection. This study was carried out in Mbeya and Dar es Salaam where data was collected at the dispatch areas of 3 and 6 slaughtering facilities, respectively. At each slaughter facility, 10 vehicles selected randomly, were assessed. The assessment of beef distribution infrastructure was conducted based on 18 quality impacting factors established from the actual observation and literature review and conceptualized carcass distribution model. With exception to water tightness, painting and engine status during carcass loading, all the assessed beef quality impacting parameters were below 50%, indicating that beef distribution in the surveyed facilities were below the specification of food quality. Generally, the assessment of beef transporting facilities in connection to the first hypothesis of this study, indicted very weak compliance with the requirements, signifying that the vehicles are not acceptable for carcass transportation.

The Communist Manifesto,170 Years Later

No text written in the mid-nineteenth century has held the road until today as well as the Communist Manifesto of 1848.There is no any other text written in the middle of the 21th century which retained validity until this day as well as the Manifesto of the Communist Party.Even today entire paragraphs of the text correspond to the contemporary reality even better than in 1848.Starting from the premises which were hardly visible in the era,Marx and Engels drew the conclusions which the deployment of 170 years of history fully consolidated.In this article I will give further enlightening examples.

翻译偶得三则

一、参照对比,其意自明1.英语中多义词很多,如何确定某个关键词在句子中的确切含义,有时字典是帮不了很多忙。一个在实践中行之有效的方法是在句子中找到同它关系密切的词,与之参照对比,往往能够得出十分贴切的含义。例如:Automation has been,and still is,agreatly misused word,but its propermeaning,and therefore its implications,

Timberland Investing and Private Property Rights in the United States of America

Investments in rural land for agriculture, timber, and other natural resource purposes occur frequently and globally. Fundamental principles of liberty and property found in the United States of America’s (“US”) legal system, from its origins to recent US Supreme Court decisions, continue to positively benefit holders of real estate in the Southern US, through a deep-rooted public policy of supporting private property rights and rural economic development. This stable rule of law enhances the long-term adaptability and sustainability of timberland as an asset class. This article is a commentary. It combines legal research methodology with the observations and conclusions of the authors. Its purpose is to demonstrate that the existence of alienable, documentable ownership, and related property rights create inherent stability and security. These principles form the basis of a culture that is defined by the rule of law and is “open for business.” This business mindset is particularly prevalent in the Southern US.

On Clausius’, Post-Clausius’, and Negentropic Thermodynamics

The evidence here provided shows that the thermodynamics of the second law, as currently understood, originated in a correction of the flaws affecting Clausius original work on this matter. The body of knowledge emerging from this correction has been here called post-Clausius’ thermodynamics. The said corrections, carried on with the intended goal of preserving the validity of Clausius’ main result, namely the law of increasing entropy, made use of a number of counterintuitive or logically at fault notions. A joint revision of Clausius’ and post-Clausius’ work on the second law, carried on retaining some of Clausius original notions, and disregarding others introduced by post-Clausius thermodynamics, led this author to results in direct contradiction to the law of increasing entropy. Among the key results coming out of this work we find the one stating that the total-entropy change for spontaneous thermodynamic processes is the result of the summation of the opposite-sign contributions coming from the entropic (energy degrading) and negentropic (energy upgrading) changes subsumed by any such process. These results also show, via the total-entropy change for a non-reversible heat engine, that negentropic thermodynamics subsumes post-Clausius thermodynamics as a special case.

数字资源长期保存元数据:PREMIS以及和METS的结合使用

保存元数据在确保数字资源被长期获取方面扮演了重要的角色。本文介绍了保存元数据领域PREMIS和METS的相关背景、特点和结构,以及将PREMIS和METS相结合的保存元数据方案在数字资源长期保存方面的应用、存在问题以及解决方案的研究进展,并总结分析带给我们的启示。

Multi-scaled simulation of latticed frames considering bending collapse of pipes

To consider the bending collapse of the pipes in the latticed frames, based on the multi-scale simulation, the collapsed parts of the pipe are meshed by the shell elements as micro-scaled models, and the other parts are meshed by beam elements macro-models. The incremental displacement constraint equations for the nodes on the section between the two models are established based on the plane section premise of classical beam theory. The method to introduce the constraint equations is derived based on the Updated Largrangian method. The location of the micro-model is predicted by the stress field of the beam element, and the length of the collapsed part is adjusted by the plastic energy in the micro model. Several examples are included to illustrate the efficiency and accuracy of this method.

New delay-dependent robust stability and stabilization for uncertain T-S fuzzy time-delay systems under imperfect premise matching

To alleviate the conservativeness of the stability criterion for Takagi-Sugeno （T-S） fuzzy time-delay systems, a new delay-dependent stability criterion was proposed by introducing a new augmented Lyapunov function with an additional triple-integral term, which was firstly u3ed to derive the stability criterion for T-S fuzzy time-delay systems. By the same approach, the robust stability issue for fuzzy time-delay systems with uncertain parameters was also considered. On the other hand, in order to enhance the design flexibility, a new design approach for uncertain fuzzy time-delay systems under imperfect premise matching was also proposed, which allows the fuzzy controller to employ different membership functions from the fuzzy time-delay model. By the numerical examples, the proposed stability conditions are less conservative in the sense of getting larger allowable time-delay and obtaining smaller feedback control gains. For instance, when the allowable time-delay increases from 7.3 s to 12 s for an uncertain T-S fuzzy control system with time-delay, the norm of the feedback gains decreases from （34.299 2, 38.560 3） to （10.073 3, 11.349 0）, respectively. Meanwhile, the effectiveness of the proposed design method was illustrated by the last example with the robustly stable curves of system state under the initial condition of x（0） = [3 -1].