Tumor regression grades:Potential outcome predictor of locally advanced rectal adenocarcinoma after preoperative radiotherapy

AIM:To analyze tumor regression grade(TRG)for prognosis of locally advanced rectal adenocarcinoma(LARA)treated with preoperative radiotherapy.METHODS:One hundred and ninety patients with clinical stageⅡ/ⅢLARA were studied.All patients underwent radical surgery(between 2004 and 2010)after 30-Gy/10-fraction preoperative radiotherapy(preRT).All 190 patients received a short course of preRT and were reassessed for disease recurrence and survival;the slides of surgical specimens were reviewed and classified according to Mandard TRG.We compared patients with good response(Mandard TRG1 or TRG2)vs patients with bad/poor response(Mandard TRG3-5).Outcomes evaluated were 5-year overall survival(OS),5-year disease-free survival(DFS),and local,distant and mixed recurrence.Fisher’s exact test orχ2 test,logrank test and proportional hazards regression analysis were used to calculate the probability that Mandard TRG was associated with patient outcomes.RESULTS:One hundred and sixty-six of 190 patients(87.4%)were identified as Mandard bad responders(TRG3-5).High Mandard grade was correlated with tumor height(41.7%<6 cm vs 58.3%≥6 cm,P=0.050),yp T stage(75%yp T0-2 vs 25%yp T3-4,P=0.000),and yp N stage(75%yp N0 vs 25%yp N1,P=0.031).In univariate survival analysis,Mandard grade bad responders had significantly worse OS and DFSthan good responders(TRG1/2)(OS,83.1%vs 96.4%,P=0.000;DFS,72.3%vs 92.0%,P=0.002).In multivariate survival analysis,Mandard bad responders had significantly worse DFS than Mandard good responders(DFS 3.8 years(95%CI:1.2-12.2 years,P=0.026).CONCLUSION:Mandard grade good responders had a favorable prognosis.TRG may be a potential predictor for DFS in LARA after pre-RT.

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase CB association with preoperative radiotherapy response in rectal adenocarcinoma

AIM:To examine the correlation of phosphatidylinositol3-kinase(PIK3)CB expression with preoperative radiotherapy response in patients with stageⅡ/Ⅲrectal adenocarcinoma.METHODS:PIK3CB immunoexpression was retrospectively assessed in pretreatment biopsies from 208 patients with clinical stageⅡ/Ⅲrectal adenocarcinoma,who underwent radical surgery after 30-Gy/10-fractionpreoperative radiotherapy.The relation between PIK3CB expression and tumor regression grade,clinicopathological characteristics,and survival time was statistically analyzed.Western blotting and in vitro clonogenic formation assay were used to detect PIK3CB expression in four colorectal cancer cell lines(HCT116,HT29,Lo Vo,and LS174T)treated with 6-Gy ionizing radiation.Pharmacological assays were used to evaluate the therapeutic relevance of TGX-221(a PIK3CB-specific inhibitor)in the four colorectal cancer cell lines.RESULTS:Immunohistochemical staining indicated that PIK3CB was more abundant in rectal adenocarcinoma tissues with poor response to preoperative radiotherapy.High expression of PIK3CB was closely correlated with tumor height(P<0.05),yp T stage(P<0.05),and high-degree tumor regression grade(P<0.001).High expression of PIK3CB was a potential prognostic factor for local recurrence-free survival(P<0.05)and metastasis-free survival(P<0.05).High expression of PIK3CB was also associated with poor therapeutic response and adverse outcomes in rectal adenocarcinoma patients treated with 30-Gy/10-fraction preoperative radiotherapy.In vitro,PIK3CB expression was upregulated in all four colorectal cancer cell lines concurrently treated with 6-Gy ionizing radiation,and the PIK3CB-specific inhibitor TGX-221 effectively inhibited the clonogenic formation of these four colorectal cancer cell lines.CONCLUSION:PIK3CB is critically involved in response to preoperative radiotherapy and may serve as a novel target for therapeutic intervention.

Effect of Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocyte on Local Control of Rectal Cancer after Preoperative Radiotherapy

Objective： To study the effect of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes at cancer nest on local control of rectal cancer after preoperative radiotherapy. Methods： From Jan. 1999 to Oct. 2007, a total of 107 patients with rectal cancer were reviewed. They were treated by preoperative radiotherapy, 30 Gy/10 fractions/12 days. Two weeks later, the patient underwent a surgical operation. Their pathological samples were kept in our hospital before and after radiotherapy. Lymphocyte infiltration （LI） degree, pathologic degradation and fibrosis degree after radiotherapy in paraffin section were evaluated under microscope. Results： After followed-up of 21 months （2-86 months）, a total of 107 patients were reviewed. Univariate analysis showed that lymphocyte infiltration （LI）, fibrosis and pathologic changes after radiotherapy were significant factors on local control. Logistic regression analysis showed that LI after radiotherapy was a significant effect factor on local control. Conclusion： LI, fibrosis and pathologic degradation after radiotherapy are significant for local control of rectal cancer after preoperative radiotherapy. LI after radiotherapy was a significantly prognostic index for local control of rectal cancer after preoperative radiotherapy.

Abdominoperineal excision following preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer: Unfavorable prognosis even with negative circumferential resection margin

AIM: To evaluate whether an abdominoperineal excision(APE) is associated with increased local recurrence(LR) and shortened disease-free survival(DFS) in mid-low rectal cancer with a negative circumferential resection margin(CRM).METHODS: 283 consecutive cases of mid-low rectal cancer underwent preoperative 30 Gy/10 F radiotherapy and surgery in Peking University Cancer Hospital between August 2003 and August 2009. Patients with positive CRM and intraoperative distant metastasis were precluded according to exclusion criteria. Survival analyses were performed in patients with APE or non-APE procedures.RESULTS: 256 of the 283(90.5%) cases were enrolled in the analysis, including 78(30.5%) and 178(69.5%) cases who received APE and non-APE procedures. Fewer female patients(P = 0.016), lower level of tumor(P = 0.000) and higher body mass index(P = 0.006) were found in the APE group. On univariate analysis, the APE group had a higher LR rate(5.1% vs 1.1%, P = 0.036) and decreased DFS(73.1% vs 83.4%, P = 0.021). On multivariate analysis, APE procedure was also an independent risk factor for LR(HR = 5.960, 1.085-32.728, P = 0.040) and decreased DFS(HR = 2.304, 1.298-4.092, P = 0.004). In stratified analysis for lower rectal cancer, APE procedure was still an independent risk factor for higher LR rate(5.6% vs 0%, P = 0.024) and shortened DFS(91.5% vs 73.6%, P = 0.002).CONCLUSION: Following preoperative 30 Gy/10 F radiotherapy, APE procedure was still a predictor for LR and decreased DFS even with negative CRM. More intensive preoperative treatment should be planned for the candidates who are scheduled to receive APE with optimal imaging assessment.

Adjuvant Therapy on Cancer of the Lower Rectum. Evaluation of the Effects of Preoperative Radiotherapy on the Prognosis of Patients with Cancer of the Lower Rectum

Aims: The prognosis on treatment of the cancer of the rectum has not changed in the last fifty years. Survival rates of 50 to 55% seems immutable in several published series. The main cause for those results is the high incidence of recurrence, either local or widespread. Local recurrence is directly related to the number of undifferentiated cells and to the grade of wall invasion. Widespread recurrence depends specifically on the lymphatic and vascular spreading. So any kind of treatment that would diminish the number of undifferentiated cells and the size or the tumor wall penetration would certainly decrease the local recurrence rate, lengthening the interval free from cancer and, perhaps, modifying the long term survival rate. Between 1978 and 2009, a total of 538 patients with adenocarcinoma of the lower rectum (from the pectinate line to 10 cm above) were treated by preoperative radiotherapy. Methodology: The same protocol was used in all the patients – 400 cGy, 200 cGy/day, during 4 consecutive weeks (anterior and posterior pelvic fields) by means of a Linear Megavoltage Accelerator (25 MeV). Surgery was performed 2 months after completion of the radiotherapy. Results: Statistical analysis of the whole group showed that preoperative radiotherapy does decrease frequency of undifferentiated cells. Moreover, the incidence of local recurrence diminished after irradiation by 3.4%. Preoperative radiotherapy reduces tumor volume (ERUS) and wall invasion, as well as the mortality rate due to local recurrence (2.4%) and alters long-term survival rate (80.1%). Conclusion: Preoperative radiotherapy is really effective in reducing the number of undifferentiated cells and in diminishing the tumor volume and the carcinomatous infiltration of the rectal wall.

Preoperative therapy in locally advanced esophageal cancer

Esophageal cancer is an aggressive malignancy associated with dismal treatment outcomes. Presence of two distinct histopathological types distinguishes it from other gastrointestinal tract malignancies. Surgery is the cornerstone of treatment in locally advanced esophageal cancer(T2 or greater or node positive); however, a high rate of disease recurrence(systemic and loco-regional) and poor survival justifies a continued search for optimal therapy. Various combinations of multimodality treatment(preoperative/perioperative, or postoperative; radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or chemoradiotherapy) are being explored to lower disease recurrence and improve survival. Preoperative therapy followed by surgery is presently considered the standard of care in resectable locally advanced esophageal cancer as postoperative treatment may not be feasible for all the patients due to the morbidity of esophagectomy and prolonged recovery time limiting the tolerance of patient. There are wide variations in the preoperative therapy practiced across the centres depending upon the institutional practices, availability of facilities and personal experiences. There is paucity of literature to standardize the preoperative therapy. Broadly, chemoradiotherapy is the preferred neo-adjuvant modality in western countries whereas chemotherapy alone is considered optimal in the far East. The present review highlights the significant studies to assist in opting for the best evidence based preoperative therapy(radiotherapy, chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) for locally advanced esophageal cancer.

Research on Using IMRT Plan for Preoperative Rectal Cancer Patients

Aims: Research the possibility of using IMRT for rectal cancer patients in preoperative radiotherapy. Methods and Material: The research object is the preoperative radiotherapy plan for rectal cancer patients. The research group made two plans (IMRT, 3DCRT) for each image series of 34 rectal cancer patients who have received preoperative radiotherapy in Hanoi Oncology Hospital;and then compared the dose distribution on PTV, bladder, intestine, femoral bones, the average MU, and QA results of two types of plan. Results: The 95% isodose line and 50% isodose of IMRT plan are closer than those of 3DCRT plan. The average dose of PTV in IMRT plan and 3DCRT plan are 5006 ± 23 cGy and 5036 ± 42 cGy, respectively. The HTCI and HI values of IMRT and 3D plan are 0.97 ± 0.026 and 5.37 ± 1.32;1.00 ± 0.003 and 7.08 ± 0.88. About the dose of organ at risk: The maximum dose, average dose on the right, left femoral head in the IMRT plan are less than those values in the 3DCRT plan (6.2 Gy, 6 Gy, 7.4 Gy, 9 Gy, respectively). The maximum dose and average dose on the bladder of the IMRT plan are smaller than those values of the 3DCRT plan (5.3 Gy, 1.5 times, respectively). The maximum dose and average dose of intestine in the IMRT plan was less than those values in the 3DCRT plan (4.3 Gy, 1.54 times, respectively). The MU number of IMRT plan is 1.5 times bigger than that of 3DCRT plan. Gamma index of IMRT plan is better than that of 3DCRT plan (99% compared with 97%). Conclusions: Using IMRT plan in preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer patients can still ensure covered PTV as well as the 3D PLAN. Furthermore, the dose of PTV in the IMRT plan is more uniform than those in the 3D plan, and the dose effect on the OAR surrounding PTV is much lower than when using the 3D plan. When IMRT plan were used to treat the preoperative rectal cancer patients, the LINAC took more time than when using 3DCRT plan.

Second primary malignancy risk after radiotherapy in rectal cancer survivors

AIM To investigate second primary malignancy(SPM) risk after radiotherapy in rectal cancer survivors METHODS We used Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database to identify rectal cancer patients between 1996 and 2011. Surgery-alone, preoperative short course, preoperative long course, and post-operative radiotherapy groups were defined. The overall and sitespecific SPM incidence rates were compared among the radiotherapy groups by multivariate Cox regression, taking chemotherapy and comorbidities into account. Sensitivity tests were performed for attained-year adjustment and long-term survivors analysis. RESULTS A total of 28220 patients were analyzed. The 10-year cumulative SPM incidence was 7.8% [95% confidence interval(CI): 7.2%-8.2%] using a competing risk model. The most common sites of SPM were the lung, liver, and prostate. Radiotherapy was not associated with increased SPM risk in multi-variate Cox model(hazard ratio = 1.05, 95%CI: 0.91-1.21, P = 0.494). The SPM hazard remained unchanged in 10-yearsurvivors. In addition, no SPM risk difference was found between the preoperative radiotherapy and postoperative radiotherapy groups.CONCLUSION In this large population-based cohort study, we demonstrated that radiotherapy had no increase in SPM.

Dosimetric Comparison of Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT), 5F Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) and 3D Conformal Radiotherapy (3DCRT) in Rectal Carcinoma Receiving Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy

Objective: To investigate better dosimetric distribution of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) vs. 5F intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and 3D conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) when treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Methods: 3D-CRT, 5F-IMRT and VMAT plans for preoperative radiotherapy were 66011designed in 12 patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. The conformity index (CI) and homogeneity index (HI) in target volume, and the dose and volume of the organs at risk (OAR) irradiated including small bowel, bladder and bilatera1 femoral heads were compared among the three plans. Results: The CI for planning target volume (PTV) 2 and HI for PTV1 of VMRT and 5F-IMRT were superior to 3D-CRT. The CI of VMAT, 5F-IMRT and 3D-CRT plans were 0.71, 0.69 and 0.62 (p = 0.011 and p = 0.019, respectively). The HI of the VMAT and 5F-IMRT plans were both 1.04 and 3D-CRT planning was 1.06 (p = 0.022 and p = 0.006, respectively). The V35 - V45 of small bowel in VMAT were significantly less than in 5F-IMRT and 3D-CRT. V35 was 47.0, 56.4, and 72.8 cm3 for VMAT, 5F-IMRT, and 3D-CRT (p = 0.021 and p = 0.034, respectively), while V40 was 30.5, 35.5, 45.1 cm3 (p = 0.024 and p = 0.032, respectively) and V45 was 15.1, 18.1, 30.0 cm3 (p = 0.033 and p = 0.032, respectively). The D5, V30 and V50 of bladder in 3D-CRT were less than in VMAT and 5F-IMRT planning (p = 0.034, 0.004, 0.002 and p = 0.027, 0.003, 0.002, respectively). The Dmean of left femoral head in VMAT and 5F-IMRT were less than in 3D-CRT planning (p = 0.028 and p = 0.022, respectively) and the Dmean, V30 of right femoral head in VMAT and 5F-IMRT were better than in 3D-CRT planning (p = 0.044, 0.036 and p = 0.023, 0.028, respectively). Conclusions: Dosimetric analyses demonstrated that IMRT is superior to 3D-CRT in the conformity and homogeneity of dose distribution to the target volume, and provide a better protection to OARs sparing in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer for preoperative radiotherapy. With similar target coverage, VMRT is superior to 5F-IMRT in normal tissue sparing.

Usefulness of two independent hist classifications of tumor regression iUsefulness of two independent histopathological classifications of tumor regression in patients with rectal cancer submitted to hyperfractionated pre-operative radiotherapy

AIM: To assess the usefulness of two independent histopathological classifications of rectal cancer regression following neo-adjuvant therapy. METHODS: Forty patients at the initial stage cT3NxM0 submitted to preoperative radiotherapy (42 Gy during 18 d) and then to radical surgical treatment. The relationship between “T-downstaging” versus regressive changes expressed by tumor regression grade (TRG 1-5) and Nasierowska-Guttmejer classification (NG 1-3) was studied as well as the relationship between TRG and NG versus local tumor stage ypT and lymph nodes status, ypN. RESULTS: Complete regression (ypT0, TRG 1) was found in one patient. “T-downstaging” was observed in 11 (27.5%) patients. There was a weak statistical significance of the relationship between “T-downstaging” and TRG staging and NG stage. Patients with ypT1 were diagnosed as TRG 2-3 while those with ypT3 as TRG5. No lymph node metastases were found in patients with TRG 1-2. None of the patients without lymph node metastases were diagnosed as TRG 5. Patients in the ypT1 stage were NG 1-2. No lymph node metastases were found in NG 1. There was a significant correlation between TRG and NG. CONCLUSION: Histopathological classifications may be useful in the monitoring of the effects of hyperfractionated preoperative radiotherapy in patientswith rectal cancer at the stage of cT3NxM0. There is no unequivocal relationship between “T-downstaging” and TRG and NG. There is some concordance in the assessment of lymph node status with ypT, TRG and NG. TRG and NG are of limited value for the risk assessment of the lymph node involvement.

Insulin-like growth factor receptor-1 overexpression is associated with poor response of rectal cancers to radiotherapy

AIM:To explore the potential correlation between insulin-like growth factor receptor-1(IGF-1R)expression and rectal cancer radiosensitivity.METHODS:Eighty-seven rectal cancer patients(c TNMⅠ-Ⅲ)treated in our department between January 2011and December 2012 were enrolled.All subjects were treated with preoperative radiotherapy and radical resection of rectal carcinoma.Immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)were performed to detect IGF-1R expression in pre-treatment and postoperative colorectal cancer specimens.Radiosensitivity for rectal cancer specimens was evaluated by observing rectal carcinoma mass regression combined with fibrosis on HE staining,degree of necrosis and quantity of remaining tumor cells.The relative IGF-1R expression was evaluated for association with tumor radiosensitivity.RESULTS:Immunohistochemistry showed diffuse IGF-1R staining on rectal cancer cells with various degrees of signal density.IGF-1R expression was significantly correlated with c TNM staging(P=0.012)while no significant association was observed with age,sex,tumor size and degree of differentiation(P=0.424,0.969,0.604,0.642).According to the Rectal Cancer Regression Grades(RCRG),there were 31 cases of RCRG1(radiation sensitive),28 cases of RCRG2 and 28 cases of RCRG3(radiation resistance)in 87 rectal cancer subjects.IGF-1R protein hyper-expression was significantly correlated with a poor response to radiotherapy(P<0.001,r=0.401).RT-PCR results from pre-radiation biopsy specimens also showed that IGF-1R m RNA negative group exhibited a higher radiation sensitivity(P<0.001,r=0.497).Compared with the pre-radiation biopsy specimens,the paired post-operative specimens showed a significantly increased IGF-1R protein and m RNA expression in the residual cancer cells(P<0.001,respectively).CONCLUSION:IGF-1R expression level may serve as a predictive biomarker for radiosensitivity of rectal cancer before preoperative radiotherapy.

Neoadjuvant Radiotherapy in Stage I Cancer of the Lower Rectum

Introduction: The mortality rate in cancer of the lower rectum is related to the incidence of local recurrence, in the first 5 years. For stage I tumors, local excision has being increasingly used, but recent studies showed a higher incidence rate of local recurrence. Therefore, preoperative radiotherapy should be considered even for these tumors, as an attempt to prevent recurrence and provide cure. Objective: To show the effectiveness of neoadjuvant radiotherapy in stage I cancer of the lower rectum of a cohort population. Materials and Method: A cohort study in a prospective database was made with a total of 75 patients considered as stage I cancer of the lower rectum. Preoperative long course of 4500 cG radiotherapy was performed in this selected group of patients and followed up for a minimum period of five years. Results: Stage I/TI group had 27 patients. All of them presented complete response to the treatment and did not need to be submitted to surgery. Five years follow up with no recurrence. The stage I/TII group had 48 patients. After neoadjuvant radiotherapy, 8 patients had to be submitted to surgery for persistent tumor. All were submitted to full total local excision (FTLE), but anatomopathological examination showed no residual cancer. Conclusion: Preoperative long course of 4500 cG irradiation, not only reduced the local recurrence and mortality rate in lower rectal cancer, but also reduced indication for surgery in patients with stage I cancer of the lower rectum.

伊立替康、卡培他滨联合放疗对直肠癌的新辅助治疗

目的研究伊立替康及卡培他滨联合放疗在直肠癌新辅助治疗的疗效和不良反应情况。方法选择本院2017年10月-2018年10月局部中晚期中、低位直肠癌患者45例,其中治疗组22例,采用伊立替康联合卡培他滨新辅助化疗;观察组23例,采用卡培他滨单药新辅助化疗。2组均给予术前放疗。观察术后pCR率和放化疗期间不良反应情况。结果治疗组放化疗后pCR率为36.4%,对照组pCR为8.7%,差异具有统计学意义;与对照组比较治疗组的不良反应无统计学差异。结论术前伊立替康、卡培他滨联合放疗可提高局部进展期直肠癌的pCR率,不良反应。

33例接受术前放疗的局部高危软组织肉瘤患者近期疗效和安全性回顾性分析

背景与目的:对于局部高危软组织肉瘤,单纯手术治疗常常不能获得满意效果。本研究旨在评估术前放疗联合手术用于治疗局部高危软组织肉瘤患者的近期疗效和安全性。方法:回顾性分析2021年2月—2022年6月在复旦大学附属肿瘤医院接受术前放疗的连续性患者的临床资料,包括临床特征、放疗方案、影像学资料及病理学资料等。放疗的靶区勾画采用图像融合技术,将磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)图像融合至模拟定位计算机体层成像(computed tomography,CT)图像上,勾画靶区时逐层参考。所有患者均接受调强适形放疗(intensity-modulated radiotherapy,IMRT)技术制订的放疗计划。计数资料采用百分数表示。分析影像学应答(完全缓解、部分缓解、疾病稳定、疾病进展、客观缓解及疾病控制)比例、病理学应答[接近病理学完全缓解(near-pathologic complete response,near-pCR),定义为≥90%的无活性肿瘤细胞]比例及毒性反应(急性皮肤损伤和术后120 d内伤口并发症)比例。结果:共41例患者在术前接受了放疗,其中33例患者符合纳入标准:31例可进行影像学评估,28例可进行病理学评估。患者的中位年龄为53岁,30例(90.9%)患者的肿瘤组织学分级为3级。影像学分析提示,6例(19.4%)患者获得部分缓解,1例患者出现疾病进展,无人获得完全缓解,客观缓解率为19.4%,疾病控制率为96.8%。病理学分析提示,8例(28.6%)患者near-pCR;排除既往接受过化疗的患者,near-pCR率为34.8%(8/23)。33.3%(11/33)和3.0%(1/33)患者出现1和2级皮肤损伤,未发生3和4级皮肤损伤。1例(3.3%)患者出现术后120 d内的严重伤口并发症。结论:利用MRI图像融合技术和IMRT技术的术前放疗对于局部高危软组织肉瘤患者,近期疗效良好,急性毒性反应可接受。

奥沙利铂联合卡培他滨与卡培他滨单药在局部中晚期直肠癌术前放化疗中的疗效对比

目的探讨奥沙利铂联合卡培他滨与卡培他滨单药在局部中晚期直肠癌同步放化疗中的疗效。方法回顾性分析2008年4月—2017年2月本院收治的72例局部中晚期直肠癌患者的临床资料。所有患者均行术前放化疗,放疗靶区包及盆腔,DT45-50Gy,放疗期间行同步化疗,35例患者接受奥沙利铂联合卡培他滨药物的化疗方案,37例接受卡培他滨单药的化疗方案,对疗效进行对比。本研究的主要和次要终点分别是3年无复发生存率(PFS)和总生存率(OS)。结果中位随访36个月。无论采用何种同步化疗方案,没有患者出现任何3-4级治疗相关的不良事件。奥沙利铂联合卡培他滨组通过术前放化疗降期的患者比例明显增高(分别为42.8%和13.5%)。接受辅助化疗是PFS的重要预测因素,危险比为0.48(95%CI:0.27-0.86)。与卡培他滨单药组比较,加用奥沙利铂可明显改善患者的OS(30.50月对比25.69个月),PFS未见明显差异,但加奥沙利铂组PFS有改善趋势。结论奥沙利铂联合卡培他滨的术前同步放化疗方案,是一种可行的、有前途的治疗局部中晚期直肠癌的方法。

最小子野宽度对直肠癌短程容积旋转调强放射治疗计划质量的影响

目的:探究在局部进展期直肠癌术前新辅助短程放射治疗中最小子野宽度(MSW)设置对容积旋转调强放射治疗(VMAT)计划的剂量学和质量参数的影响。方法:采用随机数表法选取在医院完成直肠癌术前新辅助短程放射治疗的29例患者,采用Monaco治疗计划系统(TPS),依据调强放射治疗逆向计划优化中最小子野宽度参数设置,为每例患者设计MSW0.5、MSW1.0、MSW1.5和MSW2.0的4种VMAT计划,MSW分别设置为0.5 cm、1.0 cm、1.5 cm和2.0 cm,在相同优化函数限制条件下进行计算,并采用三维剂量验证系统进行计划验证,分析比较4种计划的靶区和危及器官(OAR)的剂量学2%、50%和98%靶区体积的受照剂量(D_(2)、D_(50)、D_(98))、最大剂量(D_(max))、最小剂量(D_(min))、平均剂量(D_(mean))、107%处方剂量覆盖的体积(V_(107%))、均匀性指数(HI)和适形度指数(CI)差异;通过机器跳数和γ通过率结果分析MSW对计划执行质量的影响。结果:计划靶区中4种计划之间D_(98)、D_(2)、D_(min)及V_(107%)具有统计学差异,而D_(50)、D_(max)和D_(mean)则无统计学差异;4种计划的靶区剂量HI、CI和机器跳数比较,差异有统计学意义(x^(2)=25.561,x^(2)=32.298,x^(2)=85.841;P<0.05)。在OAR中,MSW0.5和MSW1.0对股骨头、膀胱和小肠的保护能力优于MSW1.5和MSW2.0,4种VMAT计划之间机器跳数随MSW设置增加而依次减小,MSW2.0的机器跳数显著小于其余3种计划,其差异有统计学意义(x^(2)=85.841,P<0.05);γ通过率方面,在2mm/2%和1mm/1%标准下,MSW0.5的γ通过率低于其余3种计划;在3mm/3%标准下,MSW0.5与MSW1.0相当,且均低于其余2种计划,其差异有统计学意义(x_(3mm/3%)^(2)=64.959;P<0.05)。结论:在直肠癌术前新辅助短程VMAT计划中,MSW设置为0.5 cm和1.0 cm时,能够获得略好的靶区处方剂量覆盖和OAR保护,MSW设置为2.0 cm时能够满足临床要求的同时具有更小的机器跳数和更好的计划验证通过率。

Supraglottic carcinoma:does preoperative radiotherapy reduce the incidence of cervical metastasis?

Objective To compare surgery (S) alone with combined radiotherapy and surgery (R+S) in the management of patients with supraglottic laryngeal cancer.Methods Between 1981 and 1994, patients were stratified according to stage and randomised to either surgery (S) or 4000cGy of radiotherapy and surgery. There were 102 patients in the S group and 99 in the R+S group who completed at least 3year follow up.Results Using KaplanMeier survival method showed no significant difference between the two groups. When the patients were grouped according to tumour stage, a significant reduction in the regional recurrence was noted in the R+S group for stage ⅠⅢ disease (Cox multivariate analysis, P<0.02). They had an increased relative risk of 1.8 (95% confidence 1.12.9) for neck recurrence. There was no significant difference in neck recurrence rates in the two groups for stage Ⅳ disease. When Cox proportional hazard model was used, only TNM stage (P<0.02) and histological nodal status (positive lymph nodes, P<0.01) were found to be independent risk factors for regional control.Conclusion Preoperative radiotherapy can improve regional cervical control of stage ⅠⅢ supraglottic cancer as compared with surgery alone.

直肠癌术前卡培他滨联合两种周期放疗方案疗效研究

目的比较直肠癌术前两种放疗方案的效果。方法选取该院符合条件的直肠癌患者46例,随机分为短程组与长程组,每组23例。在卡培他滨化疗的基础上,分别予术前2周的三维适形放疗（30 Gy）方案及术前5周的三维适形放疗（CTV 44 Gy/22次＋GTV1 6 Gy/3次）方案。同样予手术及术后的辅助治疗。比较两种方案的局部复发率、保肛率、第1年、第3年生存率以及不良反应等指标。结果长程组保肛率86.96%（20/23）,短程组保肛率60.87%（14/23）,两组保肛率差异具有显著性（P〈0.05）,长程组高于短程组;两组局部及远处复发率差异无显著性（P〉0.05）,两组间1、3年生存率比较均差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。两组早、晚期主要不良反应多为Ⅰ~Ⅱ度反应,短、长程组总发生率分别为62.7%和56.4%,两组差异无显著性（P〉0.05）,未见Ⅲ、Ⅳ度反应。结论短程放疗患者的耐受性、局部控制情况及近期生存率与长程方案的相似,但费用较低,患者可尽快手术,值得临床推广。但由于疗程较短,肿瘤降期率低,对保肛作用较小,部分患者术后生活质量会受影响。

三维腔内放疗在宫颈癌ⅠB1期、ⅡA1期病灶直径3～4 cm患者术前治疗中的应用效果

目的分析三维腔内放疗用于宫颈癌ⅠB1期、ⅡA1期病灶直径3~4 cm患者的应用效果,探讨其临床意义。方法选取保定市第一中心医院放疗科2014年1月~2016年6月收治的早期宫颈癌(ⅠB1期和ⅡA1期)并行腹腔镜下宫颈癌根治术者为研究对象,按随机数字表法分为两组,各32例。观察组术前采用CT引导下三维腔内放疗,继行手术治疗,对照组直接采用宫颈癌根治术。记录两组一般情况和手术时间、出血量、术后病理、住院日、并发症以及辅助放化疗情况等治疗相关指标。结果两组平均年龄、体重指数、宫颈病灶最大直径、FIGO临床分期和病理类型构成比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组术中出血量[(197.0±85.4)mL]少于对照组[(253.8±112.1)mL],术后病理中宫颈病灶直径[(1.9±0.5)cm]小于对照组[(3.6±0.7)cm],术后辅助放化疗者(9例)少于对照组(17例),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组平均手术时间[(169.2±49.3)min比(195.7±70.1)min]、平均住院日[(16.4±3.9)d比(15.9±4.5)d]和并发症发生率[7例(21.9%)比11例(34.4%)]差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论三维腔内放疗能够有效缩小宫颈病灶体积,有效减少术中出血,有利于手术实施;同时能够减少手术病理中影响预后的高危因素,具有重要意义。

影响直肠腺癌术前放疗后肿瘤病理完全缓解的多因素分析

背景与目的:直肠癌患者接受术前放疗后肿瘤退缩效果个体差异大,病理完全缓解(pathological complate response,pCR)是最为理想的病理退缩结果。寻找与放疗后肿瘤pCR相关的临床病理因素,对于提高术前放疗效果、指导直肠癌个体化治疗有重要的临床意义。本研究旨在探讨影响直肠腺癌术前放疗后肿瘤pCR的临床病理因素。方法:回顾分析中山大学肿瘤防治中心2002年1月至2008年6月期间接受术前放疗的132例直肠腺癌患者资料,评价其放疗后的病理退缩程度,应用logistic回归分析法,对影响放疗后肿瘤pCR的临床病理因素进行单因素和多因素分析。结果:共有18例患者经术前放疗后达到pCR,pCR率为13.6%。单因素分析表明,治疗前T分期、血清CEA水平、CA199水平以及是否同期化疗与直肠腺癌术前放疗后肿瘤pCR相关。进一步多因素分析结果证实,治疗前血清CEA水平以及是否同期化疗是影响放疗后肿瘤pCR的独立因素。结论:治疗前血清CEA水平较低、接受同期放化疗的直肠腺癌患者获得pCR的机会更大。