Impact of parenting styles on preschoolers’behaviors

In this editorial,I comment on the article“Association of preschool children behavior and emotional problems with the parenting behavior of both parents”which was published in the latest issue of“World Journal of Clinical Cases”that demonstrates the prevalence of behavioral disorders in preschool children.Therefore I am focused on parenting which is the most effective factor shown to affect the development and continuity of these behaviors.The management of child behavior problems is crucial.Children in early ages,especially preschoolers who are in the first 5 years of life,are influenced by dramatic changes in various aspects of development,such as social,emotional,and physical.Also,children experience many changes linked to different developmental tasks,such as discovering themselves,getting new friendships,and adapting to a new environment.In this period,parents have a critical role in supporting child development.If parents do not manage and overcome their child’s misbehavior,it could be transformed into psychosocial problems in adulthood.Parenting is the most powerful predictor in the social development of preschool children.Several studies have shown that to reduce the child’s emotional and behavioral problems,a warm relationship between parents and children is needed.In addition,recent studies have demonstrated significant relationships between family regulation factors and parenting,as well as with child behaviors.

Mindfulness and mindful parenting:Strategies for preschoolers with behavioral issues

The behavior issues of preschoolers are closely related to their parents'parenting styles.This editorial discusses the value and strategies for solving behavior issues in preschoolers from the perspectives of mindfulness and mindful parenting.We expect that upcoming studies will place greater emphasis on the behavioral concerns of preschoolers and the parenting practices that shape them,particularly focusing on proactive interventions for preschoolers'behavioral issues.

Research on Preschoolers’Comprehension of Safety Signs and Its Influencing Factors

As an integral part of children’s safety education,safety signs hold significant importance for preschoolers’safety.This study aims to investigate the comprehension level of safety signs and its influencing factors among preschoolers and explore the role of background factors such as safety education in children’s learning of safety signs.Sixty-seven preschoolers participated in the questionnaire investigation on 11 safety signs.The results were encoded by a binary method and subjected to descriptive analysis and multiple correspondence analysis.The results indicated that preschoolers can understand symbols,but there is a certain degree of arbitrariness.The existing thematic education fails to improve their understanding of safety signs.This study provides a theoretical basis for improving and optimizing child safety education.

Fundamental motor skills,screen-time,and physical activity in preschoolers

Purpose: To examine the associations among preschoolers fundamental motor skills, screen-time, physical activity(PA), and sedentary behavior(SB).Methods: Children ages 3à4 years were enrolled in a prospective observational trial of PA. Trained assessors conducted the Test of Gross Motor Development-3 rd edition(TGMD-3), and the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 nd edition, and parent-reported child screen-time and sociodemographic information. Children wore an accelerometer for 7 days to examine SB and total PA(TPA). TPA was further characterized as moderateto-vigorous PA(MVPA) or vigorous PA(VPA). Mixed linear models were calculated, controlling for age(for TGMD-3), sex, household income, and accelerometer wear time(for accelerometry models), with childcare center as a random effect. The primary analysis reported on the cross-sectional baseline data of 126 children with complete fundamental motor skill and screen-time data; a subanalysis included 88 children with complete accelerometry data.Results: Children were 3.4 § 0.5 years of age(54% girls; 46% white, 42% African American, 12% other). A total of 48% lived in households at or below the federal poverty level. Children engaged in 5.1 § 3.6 h/day of screen-time. Children's screen-time was inversely related to the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 nd edition, manual dexterity skills percentile(b(SE) = ?1.7(0.8), p = 0.049). In the accelerometry subsample,children engaged in 5.9 § 0.9 h/day of TPA of which 1.7 § 0.6 h/day was MVPA. Boys engaged in more MVPA and VPA and less SB compared with girls(all p < 0.05). A higher TGMD-3, total score(b(SE) = 0.4(0.2), p = 0.017) and locomotor score(b(SE) = 0.7(0.3), p = 0.018) were associated with more VPA but not with TPA or MVPA. Screen-time and television in the bedroom were not related to SB, TPA, MVPA, or VPA.Conclusion: Children's motor skills were positively related to VPA but inversely related to screen-time. Further inquiry into the implications of high exposure to screen-time in young children is needed.

The effects of EMLA cream on pain responses of preschoolers

The aim of present study was to assess the effects of a eutectic mixture of topical anesthetics (EMLA cream) on pain responses of preschoolers during venipuncture. The pain responses were reported by children, nurses, and the children’s mothers. The pre- and post-test-designed study, which included a non-equivalent control group, was carried out in a pediatric unit at E University Hospital in South Korea. Pain responses during venipuncture were measured by the self-reporting of the children using the Face Pain Rating Scale (FPRS), the Procedure Behavior Checklist by nurses (PBCL), the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) by mothers, in addition to measurements of the children’s pulse rate and level of oxygen saturation. EMLA cream was effective in decreasing the pain responses of the children as assessed by FPRS, PBCL, and VAS scores. However, pulse rate and level of oxygen saturation of the children during venipuncture were not significantly different between the two groups. EMLA cream could be a useful option for reducing pain in preschool children during invasive procedures.

Traditional and Computer-Based Evaluation of Preschoolers＇ Oral Language in Greek A Review of the Literature

The purpose of this study is to examine and present the procedures and the tools that are described in the literature for observing preschool children＇s communication competence. Informal and formal standardised testing activities are included and a distinction is made on traditional and computer-based screening and diagnosis. The results of study illustrate the current trends of the literature and discuss the possibility of the computer-based screening and diagnosis to partially make up for the expert-personnel shortage

Habitual physical activity levels and sedentary time of children in different childcare arrangements from a nationally representative sample of Canadian preschoolers

Background:Children spend substantial time in childcare,and the reasons parents choose a particular childcare type may differ by family.However,little is known about how childcare type influences habitual(full day)activity levels among children.Therefore,exploring patterns between childcare type and habitual physical activity(PA)(i.e.,light,moderate-to-vigorous PA(MVPA),and total PA)and sedentary time(ST)in young Canadian children is needed.Methods:A nationally representative sample of preschoolers from Cycles 3 and 4 of the Canadian Health Measures Survey was used in this cross-sectional study.Childcare type(e.g.,center-based childcare,home-based childcare,home with parent,kindergarten)was reported by parents.Preschoolers wore an Actical accelerometer for 7 days.Device and population-spcific cut-points were applied to delineate PA intensities and ST.Population means and sample totals were calculated to examine average daily and hourly rates of activity.Results:Preschoolers’rates of MVPA and total PA from the 4 childcare arrangements ranged from 65.99 min/day to 74.62 min/day(5.48-6.18 min/h)and 274.20 min/day to 281.66 min/day (22.69-23.21 min/h),respectively,while ST ranged from 443.13 min/day to 460.57 min/day(36.80-37.31 min/h).No significant differences were observed in daily or hourly rates of activity.Conclusion:This study provides a snapshot of the levels of PA and ST among preschoolers in various childcare settings at a national level,with no differences observed in habitual activity levels based on childcare enrollment.Additional research is needed to clarify the relationship between young children’s PA and childcare type,with consideration given to the quality of the childcare settings.

Variability and Predictors of Mothers and Fathers’ Socialization Behaviors and Bidirectional Links with Their Preschoolers Socio-Emotional Competences

In their Parental Socialization of Emotions model, Eisenberg, Cumberland and Spinrad (1998) differentiated parents’ Emotion-Related Socialization Behaviours (ERSBs) that support their child’s socio-emotional development: their reactions to their child’s emotions, their discussions about emotions with the child and the expressions of their own emotions in the family. The cross- sectional study focused on the variability of parents’ ERSBs according to children’s and parents’ characteristics (Study 1) and included 167 mothers and 152 fathers of preschoolers. The short-term longitudinal study examined the interaction between parents’ ERSBs and children’s socio-emotional abilities (Theory of Mind, emotional regulation and social adjustment) (Study 2) in 53 two-parent families and their children, with a 6 months interval. In Study 1, parents’ ERSBs, their emotional competences and children’s personality were assessed by means of questionnaires. In Study 2, we combined direct and indirect measures to assess children’s socio-emotional competences. Results of Study 1 indicated that parental ERSBs were mainly predicted by children’s personality, such as emotional stability and parents’ emotional competences, such as communication about their own emotions. Moreover, we observed a differential sensitivity between mothers and fathers toward children’s personality. Results of Study 2 revealed that both mothers and fathers socialized their children’s socio-emotional competences, particularly by the way of emotion-related conversations with their children. Mothers’ emotion-related conversations predicted children’s Theory of mind abilities and social adjustment, while fathers’ emotion-related conversations predicted children’s emotional regulation. In addition, fathers’ reactions to their children’s emotions were predicted by children’s socio-emotional competences. These studies highlighted bidirectional effects between parents’ behaviours and children’s development. They emphasized also the importance to better identify predictors of parents’ ERSBs in order to know on which target the professionals should intervene.

Dietary Calcium and Overweight in Preschoolers: Is There an Association?

Background: Several observational and experimental studies in humans and animals have noted an inverse relationship between calcium intake, particularly dairy products, and body weight and adiposity. However, these effects have not been consistently observed. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between calcium intake and anthropometric measures and adiposity in preschoolers. Methods: Cross-sectional study nested in a cohort born of 232 preschoolers from Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The preschoolers underwent anthropometric (body mass index and waist circumference), adiposity (triceps and subscapular skinfold) and dietary (three 24-hour dietary recalls) evaluations. The association between calcium intake, adiposity and anthropometric measurements was performed using a logistic regression analysis. Results: The prevalence of overweight (overweight and obesity) among preschoolers was 17.24%. The average calcium intake was 480.51 mg/day. Only 7.7% of children reached their daily recommended intake value (800 mg/day), and calcium intake was equally low for both groups studied (p = 0.74). This study did not find a relationship between calcium intake and overweight or adiposity. Conclusions: Calcium intake was far below the recommendations for the age group studied, and no was identified association between low calcium intake and overweight or adiposity.

Pain-Relieving Effect of Music on Preschoolers during Immunization: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Immunization is a medical procedure many children frequently undergo. As it involves pain, it is important to develop effective pain relief methods that are applicable from infancy. Objective: To clarify the pain-relieving effect of music from speakers on preschoolers during immunization. Methods: A randomized controlled trial using sex-based stratified randomization was conducted at a Japanese pediatric clinic between October and December 2016, involving 48 preschoolers aged 5 - 6. Among these, 25 listened to music (“Twinkle Twinkle Little Star” played by a music box) from speakers before, during, and after influenza immunization (Music group), while the other 23 were not treated with musical intervention (Control group), with the following outcomes: primary: the Face Scale score;and secondary: the heart rate (HR) and oxygen saturation (SpO2) and salivary alpha amylase (sAA) levels. Results: The Face Scale score and HR of the Control group immediately after influenza immunization were significantly higher than their baseline values (P < 0.0001, P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the Music and Control groups in the Face Scale score, HR, or SpO2 level immediately after influenza immunization or in the sAA level 10 minutes after it. Conclusion: Influenza immunization was painful for preschoolers. When based on the Face Scale score, HR, SpO2 and sAA levels as indices to measure immunization-related pain, music did not show pain-relieving effects.

Preschoolers＇ Learning Disabilities Assessment： New Perspectives in Computerized Clinical Tools

This study looks into new perspectives in preschoolers＇ assessment of being at risk for learning disabilities. Precisely, two innovative assessment approaches are examined in order to reveal new research perspectives. The first tool, a traditional approach, is the ＂Early Dyslexia Identification Test＂ and the second tool, a computerized approach, is an lnternet based Speech Pathology Diagnostic Expert System named ＂APLo＂. Both evaluate the sectors of phonological awareness, memory, psychomotor development, pre-writing and pre-reading skills in Greek. The findings o f the current study formulate three directions： （1） the complementary of speech language and learning disorders as a systemic approach, （2） the diagnosis of suspicious factors and compatibilities of learning disabilities even at the preschool age, and （3） the application of alternative methods of assessment aiming for a multidimentional approach with the combined prospect and potential of web tools in the early diagnosis and intervention in learning disabilities.

Effect of Soccer Games on Gross Motor Development in Preschoolers

This study investigated the effects of playing soccer on the quality of gross motor skills in preschoolers. A 2-group, pretest-posttest design was adopted, comprising both an experimental and a control group. The participants were recruited from 2 public kindergartens located in New Taipei City, Taiwan. The approval of the legal representatives of the 101 preschoolers enrolled in these kindergartens and aged between 4 years and 6 years and 11 months was obtained, and purposive grouping was subsequently conducted. The experimental group comprised 44 participants from the first kindergarten, whereas the control group comprised 43 participants from the second kindergarten. After the recruitment, the experimental group received a soccer program intervention： a 10-week soccer program with two 40-minute sessions per week. Before and after the experiment, the gross motor quality of both groups was measured using the Preschooler Gross Motor Quality Scale, which covers tests for locomotion, object manipulation, and balance. The results of the 10-week intervention showed significantly higher scores for locomotion, object manipulation, balance, and overall gross motor quality in the experimental group than in the control group. This study confirmed that a 10-week soccer program is beneficial for gross motor development in preschoolers. The research results can serve as a reference for gross motor development in preschool education.

Epidemiological Study of the Development of Visual Acuity in Preschoolers Aged 3 to 6 in the Shenzhen Area

Purpose: To investigate the visual acuity of preschoolers aged 3 to 6 years in Shenzhen of China. Methods:Visual acuity was measured in preschoolers from eight kindergartens in Shenzhen. Results:A total of 1147 children completed the visual acuity test.There were 77 boys and 62 girls aged 3 years,259 and 216 aged 4,193 and 160 aged 5 and 94 and 86 aged 6. The mean visual acuities of children aged 3,4,5,and 6 years were 0.51±0.10, 0.54±0.13, 0.65±0.14, and 0.71±0.17, respectively. The visual acuity was significantly improved with increasing age (P=0.000). Conclusion:For preschoolers aged 3 to 6, the visual acuity continuously develops and improves. Therefore, age should be considered when diagnosing amblyopia in children.

Differential Impact of an Executive-Function and a Social Cognition Training on Preschoolers with Externalizing Behavior Problems

In preschoolers, externalizing behavior problems are a primary cause of consultation. It is known that externalizing behavior (EB) could result from individual and environmental risk factors. Individual risk factors included notably social cognition (SC) and executive functions (EF). A high level of EB has usually been related to dysfunction in SC and to poor skills in EF. The aim of the present experimental study is to compare the impact of two very targeted child-oriented trainings in the increasing of social competence and decreasing of EB in preschoolers. One training targeted SC abilities while the second one targeted EF capacities. These two trainings were compared on 48 preschoolers presenting clinically relevant levels of EB. The comparison of those results highlighted how each training could help preschoolers with EB in their behavior, emotion regulation and social adjustment. In comparison to a waiting-list control-group, the two trainings were effective in decreasing EB and differentiated impacts of the two trainings were obtained on different dimensions of profiles of social competence and emotion regulation. Results are discussed for their research and clinical implications.

权宜之计抑或权利扩张:学前教育立法中的托育服务

国家在2023年重拾学前教育立法工作,并公布了《学前教育法(草案)》,学前教育与托育服务被法条明文分离切割。实际上托育服务自20世纪末式微之后,并非无法可依,而是在一定程度上寄身于学前教育立法以获取发展空间与法律支持,尤其是在地方立法中呈现出类型多样的立法模式。尽管对于部分地方立法将托育服务纳入学前教育制度的立法技术,在特定历史阶段下应肯定其必要性与合理性,但作为填补立法空白的权宜之计,该立法技术也日渐暴露出了覆盖范围有限、“过度学习”风险、保障水平较低等诸多现实问题。有鉴于此,托育服务专项立法势在必行,其根本实现路径是从基本权利保护的视角出发,承认获得托育服务权是一项有别于受教育权的基本权利,明确权能内涵,具体化相对应的各类国家义务。

2013—2022年北京市海淀区学龄前儿童眼保健及视力低常状况分析

目的:了解北京市海淀区幼儿园4~6岁在园儿童眼保健状况及其变化趋势,为制定相应干预措施提供依据。方法:对2013—2022年北京市海淀区幼儿园4~6岁儿童眼保健年报数据进行分析。结果:2013—2022年海淀区幼儿园4~6岁儿童视力检查率为99.16%~99.89%,呈逐年上升趋势,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=238.628,P<0.01);视力低常患病率为5.97%~7.57%,整体呈上升趋势,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=17.355,P<0.01),2021年达到最高值,2022年降为最低;弱视发生率为0.41%~1.29%,呈逐年下降趋势,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=451.419,P<0.01);视力低常矫治率为75.74%~97.63%,呈逐年上升趋势,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=1 087.365,P<0.01)。本地儿童视力低常率和视力低常矫治率均高于外地户籍儿童。结论:北京市海淀区学龄前儿童眼保健覆盖状况良好,儿童视力低常率呈逐年上升趋势,本市户籍儿童是预防发生视力低常的重点人群,外地户籍儿童家长应加强对儿童视力低常矫治的重视,可以通过加强针对家长和教师的眼保健健康教育,注重培养儿童良好用眼习惯等综合干预措施降低儿童视力低常检出率。

省域学前教育师资培养的供需趋势与优化策略

高质量的学前教育师资队伍是促进学前教育现代化发展的保障。立足新时代发展需求,基于A省2016-2022年学前教育及学前教育师资的相关数据分析可得出如下结论:在需求层面,学前教育规模显著提高,师资队伍发展总体均衡,但城乡发展仍有差异,学历结构仍需改善,不能很好地适应新时代学前教育事业发展的新需求;在供给层面,初步形成和建立开放多元的学前教育师资培养体系和全面覆盖的学前教育师资培养层次结构,但总体培养层次和生源质量仍偏低,不能满足全省对高素质学前教育专业人才数量的需求。预计未来几年,A省学前教育本科层次师资将不能满足社会需求,而专科层次学前教育师资将会出现供过于求。因此,要以需求定供给,控制培养规模;加强省级统筹,调整培养结构;完善保障机制,加强扶持与引导;把好招生入口,提升生源质量;强化师资培训,促进存量升级,进而改善省域学前教育师资供需失衡状况,促进我国学前教育事业高质量发展。

农村幼儿园教师缘何缺乏地位认同?——基于10省22县(市)调查数据的实证分析

提升农村幼儿园教师地位认同是农村幼儿园教师“下得去、留得住、教得好”的关键路径。本研究基于课题组对10省22县(市)农村幼儿园教师的调查数据分析发现,我国农村幼儿园教师普遍缺乏主观社会地位认同,75.36%的教师认为自身社会地位处于中层及以下。描述统计表明,农村幼儿园教师地位认同在年龄段、婚姻状况、职称、编制身份、行政职务、有无教师资格证、是否为师范专业毕业等方面存在显著差异。本研究采用线性回归分析及夏普里值分解法探究农村幼儿园教师地位认同的影响因素及因素贡献率,发现经济收入、职业发展、尊师氛围和工作量四个维度的13个变量对农村幼儿园教师地位认同有显著影响作用,四个维度影响因素贡献率存在差异,其中经济收入是影响作用最大的维度。为提升农村幼儿园教师地位认同,应从提高经济收入、促进职业发展、营造尊师重教氛围、减轻过重工作负担方面综合发力。

我国学前教育可持续发展评价指标体系及其测算

可持续发展是我国学前教育事业发展的战略目标和未来向往,也是学前教育事业健康稳定发展的必有表征、必需保障和必然路径。学前教育可持续发展亟需构建科学、完善的指标体系加以指引。基于可持续发展系统论,从高度与水平、空间结构、时间进程三个维度出发,构建了由发展度、协调度和永续度组成的学前教育可持续发展评价指标体系,并测算了当前我国学前教育可持续发展综合水平和“三度”水平,发现我国学前教育可持续发展整体处于中等水平,全国四大区域之间差异明显,发展度、协调度和永续度三者之间均衡性不足,“三度”内在构成要素之间也存在明显差异。我国学前教育可持续发展的实现,应以经费投入为重点,多措并举提高学前教育发展水平;以公平均衡为导向,推动城乡、园际学前教育协调发展;以内外合力为保障,驱动学前教育健康永续发展。

家庭数码设备使用与幼儿社会情感能力关系的研究

数字化时代,数码设备已融入幼儿生活的方方面面。为探究幼儿家庭数码设备拥有及使用情况,分析其与幼儿社会情感能力之间的关系,采用《幼儿家庭数码设备使用经验调查问卷》《中国幼儿社会情绪能力量表(CICSEC)》,对随机抽样的5省份2591个家庭中的3-6岁幼儿家长进行调查。结果表明:幼儿首次使用数码设备的年龄、平均每天使用时间、父母监督类型、使用数码设备后的讨论情况等方面的差异对其社会情感能力总体发展以及认知控制、情感表达、情绪调节、共情和亲社会行为各维度均有显著性影响。教育建议:重构家庭数码生态,教育行政部门制定科普指南、加强幼儿数字化资源库建设,幼儿园实施家园共育,社区有效参与,构建“家-政-园-社”四级协同育人机制,满足幼儿个性化发展需求,助力幼儿健康成长。