Spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy with conservation of the splenic artery and vein

PreservaUon of the spleen at distal pancreatectomy has recently attracted considerable attention. Since our first successful trial, spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy with conservation of the splenic artery and vein for tumors of the pancreas and chronic pancreatitis has been performed more frequently. The technique for spleenpreserving distal pancreatectomy with conservation of the splenic artery and vein are outlined. The splenic vein is identified behind the pancreas and within the thin connective tissue membrane. The connective tissue membrane is cut longitudinally above the splenic vein. An important issue is to remove the splenic vein from the body of the pancreas toward the spleen, since a different approach may be very difficult. The pancreas is preferably removed from the splenic artery toward the head of the pancreas itself. This procedure is much easier than removing the pancreas from the vein side. One patient had undergone distal gastrectomy for duodenal ulcer, with reconstruction by Billroth Ⅱ tehcnique. If distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy had been performed for the lesion of the distal pancreas at the time, the residual stomach would also have to be resected. The potential damage done to the patient by reconstruction of the gastrointestinal tract in combination with distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy would have been much greater than with distal pancreatectomy only with preservation of the spleen and residual stomach. Benign lesions as well as low-grade malignancy of the body and tail of the pancreas may be a possible indication for this procedure.

Congenital absence of the splenic artery and splenic vein accompanied with a duodenal ulcer and deformity

Congenital absence of the splenic artery is a very rare condition.To the best of our knowledge, congenital absence of the splenic artery accompanied with absence of the splenic vein has not been reported.We report a case of the absence of the splenic artery and vein in a 61-year-old woman who presented with postprandial epigastric discomfort. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed a dilated, pulsatile vessel in the fundus and duodenal stenosis. An abdominal computed tomography(CT)scan revealed absence of the splenic vein with a tortuously engorged gastroepiploic vein.Three-dimensional CT demonstrated the tortuously dilated left gastric artery and the left gastroepiploic artery with non-visualization of the splenic artery.After administration of a proton pump inhibitor,abdominal symptoms resolved without any recurrence of symptoms during 6 mo of follow-up.

Simultaneous portal vein thrombosis and splenic vein thrombosis in a COVID-19 patient:A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND It is well-described that the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)infection is associated with an increased risk of thrombotic complications.While there have been many cases of pulmonary emboli and deep vein thrombosis in these patients,reports of COVID-19 associated portal vein thrombosis(PVT)have been uncommon.We present a unique case of concomitant PVT and splenic artery thrombosis in a COVID-19 patient.CASE SUMMARY A 77-year-old-male with no history of liver disease presented with three days of left-sided abdominal pain.One week earlier,the patient was diagnosed with mildly symptomatic COVID-19 and was treated with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir.Physical exam revealed mild right and left lower quadrant tenderness,but was otherwise unremarkable.Significant laboratory findings included white blood cell count 12.5 K/μL,total bilirubin 1.6 mg/dL,aminoaspartate transferase 40 U/L,and alanine aminotransferase 61 U/L.Computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis revealed acute PVT with thrombus extending from the distal portion of the main portal vein into the right and left branches.Also noted was a thrombus within the distal portion of the splenic artery with resulting splenic infarct.Hypercoagulable workup including prothrombin gene analysis,factor V Leiden,cardiolipin antibody,and JAK2 mutation were all negative.Anticoagulation with enoxaparin was initiated,and the patient’s pain improved.He was discharged on apixaban.CONCLUSION It is quite uncommon for PVT to present simultaneously with an arterial thrombotic occlusion,as in the case of our patient.Unusual thrombotic manifestations are classically linked to hypercoagulable states including malignancy and hereditary and autoimmune disorders.Viral infections such as Epstein-Barr virus,cytomegalovirus,viral hepatitis,and COVID-19 have all been found to increase the risk of splanchnic venous occlusions,including PVT.In our patient,prompt abdominal imaging led to early detection of thrombus,early treatment,and an excellent outcome.This case is unique in that it is the second known case within the literature of simultaneous PVT and splenic artery thrombosis in a COVID-19 patient.

Laparoscopic ligation of proximal splenic artery aneurysm with splenic function preservation

Splenic artery aneurysm is one of the most common visceral aneurysms,and patients with this type of aneurysm often present without symptoms.However,when rupture occurs,it can be a catastrophic event.Although most of these aneurysms can be treated with percutaneous embolization,some located in uncommon parts of the splenic artery may make this approach impossible.We present a patient with an aneurysm in the proximal splenic artery,close to the celiac trunk,which was treated by laparoscopic ligation only,without resection of the aneurysm,and with long-term preservation of splenic function.

Management of splenic artery aneurysm associated with extrahepatic portal vein obstruction

BACKGROUND: Splenic artery aneurysms although rare are clinically significant in view of their propensity for spontaneous rupture and life-threatening bleeding. While portal hypertension is an important etiological factor, the majority of reported cases are secondary to cirrhosis of the liver. We report three cases of splenic artery aneurysms associated with extrahepatic portal vein obstruction and discuss their management. METHODS: The records of three patients of splenic artery aneurysm associated with extrahepatic portal vein obstruction managed from 2003 to 2010 were reviewed retrospectively. The clinical presentation, surgical treatment and outcome were analyzed. RESULTS: The aneurysm was >3 cm in all patients. The clinical symptoms were secondary to extrahepatic portal vein obstruction (hematemesis in two, portal biliopathy in two) while the aneurysm was asymptomatic. Doppler ultrasound demonstrated aneurysms in all patients. A proximal splenorenal shunt was performed in two patients with excision of the aneurysm in one patient and ligation of the aneurysm in another one. The third patient had the splenic vein replaced by collaterals and hence underwent splenectomy with aneurysmectomy. All patients had an uneventful post-operative course. CONCLUSIONS: Splenic artery aneurysms are associated with extrahepatic portal vein obstruction. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment. Although technically difficult, it can be safely performed in an experienced center with minimal morbidity and good outcome.

Small for size syndrome following living donor and split liver transplantation

The field of liver transplantation is limited by the availability of donor organs. The use of living donor and split cadaveric grafts is one potential method of expanding the donor pool. However, primary graft dysfunction can result from the use of partial livers despite the absence of other causes such as vascular obstruction or sepsis. This increasingly recognised phenomenon is termed "Small-for-size syndrome" (SFSS). Studies in animal models and humans have suggested portal hyperperfusion of the graft combined with poor venous outflow and reduced arterial flow might cause sinusoidal congestion and endothelial dysfunction. Graft related factors such as graft to recipient body weight ratio < 0.8, impaired venous outflow, steatosis > 30% and pro- longed warm/cold ischemia time are positively predictive of SFSS. Donor related factors include deranged liver function tests and prolonged intensive care unit stay greater than five days. Child-Pugh grade C recipients are at relatively greater risk of developing SFSS. Surgi- cal approaches to prevent SFSS fall into two categories: those targeting portal hyperperfusion by reducing inflow to the graft, including splenic artery modulation and portacaval shunts; and those aiming to relieve paren-chymal congestion. This review aims to examine thecontroversial diagnosis of SFSS, including current strate-gies to predict and prevent its occurrence. We will also consider whether such interventions could jeopardize the graft by compromising regeneration.

Pathological morphology alteration of the splanchnic vascular wall in portal hypertensive patients

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pathological morphology alteration of the splanchnic vascular wall in portal hypertensive patients. METHODS: Splenic arteries, veins and gastric coronary veins from portal hypertensive patients (n = 50) were removed during esophagogastric devascularization with splenectomy and were observed under optic and electron microscopes. The expression of iNOS in the splenic artery wall was analysed with immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The internal elastic membrane and medial elastic fibers of the splenic artery wall were broken and degenerated. Atrophy, apoptosis and phenotypic changes were seen in smooth muscle cells of splenic arteries. Positive staining for iNOS was seen in the cytoplasm of smooth muscle cells and iNOS activity was elevated compared with the non-cirrhotic patients (P

肝脾动脉双栓塞的实验研究

为了明确碘化油肝动脉栓塞与脾动脉栓塞对门静脉压力的影响,我们以狗为对象进行实验研究。经麻醉后切开狗的腹腔,从肠系膜静脉插入导管至门静脉,测得正常值后,阻断脾动脉测压,然后插导管至肝动脉灌注碘化油,并观察门静脉压力。我们测得狗的正常门静脉压力为5.79±0.32mmHg,阻断脾动脉2分钟后门静脉压力明显下降(P<0.01)。经肝动脉灌注碘化油3ml 时门静脉压力上升,但差异无意义(P>0.05),灌注至5ml 时门静脉压力进一步上升,差异有显著性(P<0.01),6.5ml 时门静脉压力差异更加显著。实验证明阻断脾动脉能降低门静脉压力,肝动脉灌注碘化油能使门静脉压力上升,并与灌注碘化油数量呈正相关。

部分脾动脉栓塞治疗慢性胰腺炎相关脾静脉血栓致区域性门静脉高压1例报告

区域性门静脉高压为门静脉某一分支障碍，导致血流异常及侧枝循环开放的临床较少见的疾病，据报道有多达37种原因可导致该类疾病，其中脾静脉血栓是最常见原因之一［1］。而胰腺炎是导致脾静脉血栓的主要原因之一［2］。早在1920年报道了第1例胰腺炎相关脾静脉血栓形成导致的区域性门静脉高压患者，如不及时诊治，患者会出现难治性胃底静脉曲张及出血。本文将报告因反复胰腺疾病所致脾静脉血栓形成，导致脾静脉部分堵塞，引发难治性胃底静脉曲张经部分脾动脉栓塞治疗患者1例。

左肾旁前间隙入路在保留脾动静脉腹腔镜胰体尾切除术中的应用

目的探讨保留脾动静脉腹腔镜胰体尾切除术安全快捷的手术入路。方法回顾总结我院12例保留脾动静脉腹腔镜胰体尾切除术的手术过程及结果,分析左肾前间隙入路在保留脾动静脉腹腔镜胰体尾切除术中的应用。结果 12例手术顺利完成,平均手术时间(55±18)min,术中出血量(80±46)mL,术后平均住院时间7.6 d,术后未发生胰漏等并发症。结论左肾前间隙入路是脾动静脉腹腔镜胰体尾切除术中安全快捷的手术入路。

门静脉高压症介入治疗前后血流动力学变化分析

目的 探讨肝炎后门静脉高压症的多重介入治疗方法的可行性。方法 分析 2 2例部分脾动脉栓塞术和 12例行经颈内静脉肝内门体分流术并胃冠状静脉栓塞术患者的彩色多普勒检查资料。结果 经颈内静脉肝内门体分流术并胃冠状静脉栓塞术后脾静脉、门静脉管径缩小 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,门静脉、脾静脉流速流量明显增加 ,呈高动力状态。部分脾动脉栓塞术后脾静脉、门静脉平均血流速度降低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,血流量明显减少 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 经颈内静脉肝内门体分流术并胃冠状静脉栓塞术若与部分脾动脉栓塞术联合运用可缓解门脉系循环高动力状态。

脾动静脉同时结扎治疗重度外伤性脾破裂动物实验及临床应用

为尽量多地原位保留正常脾组织，采用脾动静脉同时结扎的方法，在动物实验成功的基础上并应用于临床治疗重度外伤性脾破裂。结果：保存下来的脾组织成活，且具有正常功能。本研究结果提示：对于４～５级脾损伤患者采用脾动静脉同时结扎的方法均可获得治愈，保存下来的脾组织均可成活，功能完好。

人脾血管吻合的研究

用ABS铸型的方法对50例胎儿和新生儿脾内,外血管吻合进行了观察,结果:(1)脾存在较为广泛的血管吻合,共发现27例48处脾静脉属支间的吻合,31例50例处脾动脉脾支间的吻合.(2)静脉间的吻合多位于上、下极附近,叶、段间的吻合少且细弱.动脉间的吻合多位于脾门和上极附近,近半数的吻合位于叶间或段间,故在脾叶、段切除时应慎重.(3)脾外吻合多为短交通支形,弓形吻合绝大部分位于脾内,汇集形动脉吻合多存在于叶间,分流形静脉吻合多位于下极.

肝硬化基础的腹部脏器疾病外科手术治疗时脾功能亢进的处理

目的探讨脾动脉阻断下脾脏微波消融联合腹腔病变脏器切除治疗脾肿大伴脾功能亢进合并其它疾病的临床安全性及近期疗效。方法回顾分析我院16例肝炎肝硬化后脾功能亢进合并其他疾病行脾动脉阻断下脾脏微波消融联合其它腹腔病变脏器切除患者的临床资料。结果 16例患者手术均成功,术后高热4例,左侧胸腔积液8例,脾脏包膜下血肿1例,腹腔渗血1例,皮肤组织淤血2例;未发生脾脓肿、脾脏破裂、顽固性胸腹水、门静脉血栓等,所有患者顺利出院;术后两周及术后一月白细胞、血小板较术前明显升高,且有统计学意义。结论脾动脉阻断下脾脏微波消融联合腹腔病变脏器切除治疗脾肿大伴脾功能亢进合并其它疾病安全,近期疗效显著;

超声检查诊断胎儿贫血的研究进展

产前预测胎儿宫内贫血,对指导临床干预、降低围生儿死亡率,提高围生医学质量具有重要意义。传统的产前诊断胎儿溶血性贫血的方法属于有创性检测,增加了妊娠妇女与胎儿的风险。近年来采用二维、三维及彩色多普勒超声产前诊断胎儿贫血取得了较大的进展,研究较多的指标包括胎盘厚度及体积;胎儿大脑中动脉血流峰速(MCA-PSV);胎儿心血管循环;脾动脉峰值流速;游离段脐动脉、脐静脉的内径,脐动脉搏动指数,以及肝内段脐静脉收缩期峰值血流速度;静脉导管峰值流速等。在众多超声指标中,MCA-PSV是敏感度及特异度最高的指标,联合多个指标将提高诊断的准确性。

肝癌合并脾亢行部分脾栓塞术后急性门脉血栓形成的危险因素分析

【目的】回顾性分析原发性肝细胞癌(HCC)合并脾功能亢进的患者行部分脾动脉栓塞(PSE)后发生急性门脉血栓形成的临床危险因素。【方法】采用病例-对照研究,回顾性分析107确诊为HCC合并脾功能亢进并行PSE治疗的患者的临床、实验室检查及影像学资料。将所有患者分为两组:病例组和对照组。PSE术后一个月内出现门脉血栓形成者为病例组;而未出现门脉血栓者则为对照组。应用Logistic回归模型,筛选HCC合并脾亢患者行PSE后发生急性门静脉血栓的危险因素。【结果】107例患者中PSE术后一月内出现急性门脉血栓形成者共13例,未发现急性门脉血栓者共94例。PSE术中栓塞面积、术后一周的血小板计数及术前CT增强灌注扫描指数中的肝动脉灌注指数为PSE后易发生急性门脉血栓的相关因素。而术中栓塞面积及肝动脉灌注指数则为PSE后发生急性门脉血栓的危险因素;术后一周的血小板计数对判断是否会出现急性门脉血栓有重要的提示意义。【结论】HCC合并脾功能亢进患者行PSE治疗前需了解肝脏血流动力学情况,术中须严格控制脾脏栓塞面积,术后需密切注意血小板计数的变化,以期减少急性门脉血栓形成的可能。

胰腺体尾Ca继发脾梗塞及脓肿的CT表现的研究

目的探讨胰腺体尾癌累及脾动、静脉导致的脾梗塞、脾脓肿等螺旋CT表现及临床意义。方法回顾性分析16例胰腺体尾癌继发脾梗塞及脓肿患者的螺旋CT表现。结果16例均累及脾动、静脉脉，表现为脾动脉、静脉被推压、包绕，管径变细或粗细不均、边缘毛糙、血管强化程度降低及胃脾间出现迂曲、增粗血管影等征象，8例直接浸润脾脏，表现为胰尾、脾脏脂肪间隙模糊、密度增高，14例出现脾梗塞，表现为脾脏外围楔形低密度无强化灶，4例出现脾脓肿，表现为类圆形或蜂窝状低密度无强化灶。结论胰腺体尾Ca累及脾脏的螺旋CT表现多种多样，加深对其的认识能提高胰腺体尾Ca诊断正确率、全面性，减少误诊，为临床采取适当的治疗提供依据。

双介入治疗肝硬化上消化道出血的临床观察

目的探讨应用胃冠状静脉、胃短静脉栓塞术联合部分脾动脉栓塞术治疗肝硬化门静脉高压症上消化道出血的疗效。方法 27例肝硬化门静脉高压症并脾功能亢进患者,先行胃冠状静脉、胃短静脉超选栓塞,再行部分脾动脉栓塞,随访食管胃底静脉曲张变化程度,再出血情况、脾脏缩小程度及并发症等。结果 27例患者手术成功,食管胃底静脉曲张程度明显好转。结论双介入栓塞术治疗门脉高压性食管胃底静脉曲张和脾功能亢进疗效确切,值得临床应用推广。

肝动脉介入联合栓塞在肝癌合并脾功能亢进患者中的应用

目的探究肝动脉介入联合脾动脉栓塞对肝癌合并脾功能亢进患者门静脉血流动力学及T淋巴细胞亚群的影响。方法选取巴中市中心医院2016年7月至2019年7月收治的104例肝癌合并脾功能亢进患者,按照随机数字表法分为两组,各52例。对照组给予肝动脉介入栓塞治疗,观察组给予肝动脉介入联合脾动脉栓塞治疗。比较两组术前、术后7 d外周血白细胞、血小板计数、肝功能指标[谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、总胆红素(TBIL)]、门静脉血流动力学(门静脉直径、门静脉对比剂达峰时间)、T淋巴细胞亚群(CD4^(+)、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+))、血清肿瘤标志物[高尔基体糖蛋白73(GP73)、甲胎蛋白异质体-L3(AFP-L3)、转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)]及并发症发生情况。结果术后7 d观察组外周血白细胞、血小板计数高于对照组,血清ALT、TBIL低于对照组,门静脉对比剂达峰时间、门静脉直径短于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组术后7 d CD4^(+)、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)高于对照组,血清AFP-L3、GP73、TGF-β1低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组腹水、胸腔积液、门静脉血栓发生率相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论肝动脉介入联合脾动脉栓塞治疗肝癌合并脾功能亢进能有效减轻患者脾功能亢进级肝功能损害,改善门静脉血流动力学及机体免疫功能,降低肿瘤标志物水平,且安全性高。

胃冠状静脉联合脾动脉栓塞治疗肝硬化上消化道出血效果分析

目的分析胃冠状静脉联合脾动脉栓塞治疗肝硬化上消化道出血的临床疗效。方法对牡丹江某医院收治的34例肝硬化门静脉高压合并胃底静脉重度曲张出血患者实施经皮肝穿刺胃冠状静脉栓塞以及脾红髓小动脉栓塞联合治疗,术后随访1年,对其术中造影表现、术后并发症及临床疗效进行分析。结果 34例患者术后经造影检查显示胃冠状静脉闭塞,术后无严重并发症发生,术后随访29例(85.3%)无上消化道出血症状,23例(67.6%)无胃底静脉曲张表现,4例(11.8%)复发胃底静脉曲张,2例(5.9%)复发胃底出血,全部患者的脾功能亢进情况得到显著改善。结论胃冠状静脉联合脾动脉栓塞治疗肝硬化上消化道出血,可有效控制消化道出血、改善脾功能亢进情况,且并发症少、复发率低,可推广应用。