Integrated Use of Alternative Methods for Evaluating the Skin Sensitization Potencies of Five Frequently Used Preservatives in Cosmetics

In vitro skin sensitization testing methods based on the adverse outcome pathway(AOP)were used to evaluate the skin sensitization potencies of 5 commonly used preservatives.According to the“2 out of 3”principle of the integrated approaches to testing and assessment(IATA)the direct peptide reactivity assay(DPRA)and the human cell line activation test(h-CLAT)were used to detect the preservatives commonly used in cosmetics,including phenoxyethanol.methyl paraben,propyl paraben,imidazolidinyl urea and DMDM hydantoin.The DPRA and the h-CLA were carried out according to the OEC442C and 442E guidelines,respectively.The results show that.phenoxyethanol and methyl paraben are both negative in DPRA and h-CLAT while imidazolidinyl urea and DMDM hydantoin are both positive in these two tests.Propyl paraben has negative result in DPRA but positive result in h-CLAT.Therefore,imidazolidiny urea and DMDM hydantoin are sensitizers,while phenoxyethanol and methylparaben are non-sensitizers.Taken animal and human data into consideration,it is predicted that propyl paraben should be a non-sensitizer.The combination of DPRA and h-CLAT can make up for the limitations of using a single method,and it is suitable for the preliminary screening of cosmetic raw materials according to skin sensitization.

Surface tensometry studies on formulations of surfactants with preservatives as a tool for antimicrobial drug protection characterization

The aim of the work was to quantify possible interactions between surfactants and preservatives, comparing surface properties, in model pharmaceutical formulations. Surface parameters of 2-component surfactant-preservative aquous mixtures were determined with a Wilhelmy plate technique, for the so-called principal surfactants (polysorbate 80, egg lecithin, phosphatidylcholine) and preservatives, which were methylparaben and benzalkonium chloride (BA-C). A generalized surface tension vs. surfactant concentration plot signatures, in the presence of preservative at a fixed amount, allowed: the critical micellar concentration (cmc) shift, additive molecules partition from the surface to the bulk, mixed micelles formation concentration, and additive surface removal concentration to be determined in reference to surface activity of the added substance. Methylparaben is a compound of lower (in comparison to BAC) surface activity, lower partitioning coefficient possessing lower energy and concentration of its removal from the surface, that makes it play effectively an antimicrobial protection role in the bulk of pharmaceutical products, as already shown by chemical tests.

Determination of Malaysian Herbs and Spices as Biopreservative Agents in Food Products

Preservatives are usually added to food products to ensure longer shelf life and prevent decomposition process and microbial growth. However, synthetic food preservatives can also give negative side effect to health and are harmful to human and animal physiology. Based on the potential of herbs and spices as antimicrobial agent, the purpose of this study is to identify antibacterial activity from extracts of some local herbs and spices: Phaeomeria speciosa (P. speciosa), Aquilaria subintegra (A. subintegra), Polygonum minus (P. minus), Syzygium aromaticum (S. aromaticum), Cinnamomum verum (C. verum) and Piper nigrum (P. nigrum) against food bacteria using disc diffusion method. Results revealed that dichloromethane extracts of C. verum, hexane extracts of S. aromaticum and P. minus showed the most active antibacterial against tested bacteria. The Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) ranged from 25 to 75 mg/ml for dichloromethane extract of C. verum, hexane extract of S. aromaticum and P. minus. Therefore further research should be pursued to identify the chemical structure of antibacterial agents from the active extracts as an alternative source of natural preservatives.

An Application of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Fast Automated Scan/SIM Type (FASST) in Determining the Preservative Levels in Foods

The preservatives used in food products are strictly monitored and regulated. The present study aims to imply a sensitive and reliable analytical method to quantify two classes of preservatives (i.e. carboxylic acid and phenolic compounds) in food by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), aimed at monitoring the products available within the local stores. Target analytes were derivatized via aqueous-phase isobutyl chloroformate-mediated reaction followed by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) method. The quantity and quality determination of the studied samples were assured by performing FASST approach in a single run GC-MS analysis. The combination of standard addition method with sample dilution compensated the effect of sample matrix on the quantitative determination of the tested preservatives in the examined samples. The concentrations of sorbic acid (SA) were 210 μg/mL and 1000 μg/mL in soft drink and sauces samples, respectively. On the other hand, sodium benzoate (226 μg/mL) was only found in soft drink, whereas, no parabens were detected in any samples collected from the local stores.

Assessment of Cytological Effects of Food Preservative Potassium Metabisulphite to <i>Allium cepa</i>

With the unprecedented development of the food industry, food preservatives have gained a leading role in food processing. In this study, investigations were carried out to assess the cytological effects of potassium metabisulphite (PMB) to onion (Allium cepa), one of the most used plants for determining the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of different chemicals. Meristematic roots of A. cepa were treated with PMB solutions in different concentrations, ranging from 10 mg/l to 35 mg/l for 6, 12 and 24 h alongside an untreated control. The quantified parameters for the different concentrations of the PMB were mitotic index (MI %), mitosis phases index (PI %) and total abnormalities index (TAI %) meaning chromosomal aberrations and nuclear abnormalities. The results indicated that PMB reduced MI in A. cepa with increasing the concentrations and time exposure as compared with the untreated control. Thus, at concentration of 10 - 35 mg/l PMB, these values were reduced from 8.34% to 4.81% (6 h);7.18% to 2.35% (12 h) and 4.12 to 1.43 (24 h). Also, the TAI value increased with increasing PMB concentrations and time: 0.51% to 9.98% (6 h), 7.11% to 19.84% (12 h) and 17.79 to 41.21 (24 h). The types of abnormalities induced by PMB in A. cepa meristematic cells were micronucleus, C-metaphase, star anaphase, stickiness, laggards, fragments, binucleated cells and pulverised nucleus. These alarming findings indicate the cytotoxic and genotoxic effect of PMB to A. cepa and suggest necessity to adopt more natural alternatives for food preservation in the future.

Effects of Different Preservative Treatments on Physiological Metabolism and Preservation of Sweet Cherry

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of different preservative treatments on physiological metabolism and preservation of sweet cherry. [Method] Sweet cherry （Prunus avium var. Summit） was soaked into benziothiazolinone （1 000 ppm）, lysozyme （500 ppm）, lysozyme （500 ppm） ＋ NPS polysaccharide （5 000 ppm） and water for 5 min, respectively. Non-treated sweet cherry was set as control. All the sweet cherries were then put into 3 mm thick PE bags and preserved at （-0.5±0.5） ℃. [Result] The results showed that the malate dehydrogenase （MDH） activity of benziothiazolinone treatment researched a significant peak on the 14 th d, while the MDH activity of Lysozyme （500 ppm）, Lysozyme （500 ppm） ＋ NPS polysaccharide （5 000 ppm） and water treatments began to increase on the 20 th d; the polyphenol oxidase （PPO） activity in various treatments showed a decreasing trend during the experiment, which researched a significant peak on the 14 th d, while that in water treatment was decreased consistently; on the 21 st d, the PPO activity in each treatment increased slowly; the titratable acid （TA） content in preservative treatments was higher than that in both water treatment and control; the soluble solid （SSC） content showed no significant difference between various treatments and between experimental treatment and control; on the 40 th d, the healthy fruit rate in preservative treatments was significantly higher than that in water treatment and control. [Conclusion] Benziothiazolinone, lysozyme and other preservatives show good effects on preservation of sweet cherry; lysozyme treatment can decrease the activity of malate dehydrogenase, maintain the relatively high content of organic acid and significantly improve the healthy fruit rate within a certain period of time.

玻璃化法保存异体动脉的实验研究

目的 探讨玻璃化法保存动脉的可行性和异体移植的有效性。 方法 家兔6 0只。其中2 4只切取双侧股动脉共计4 8条,平分为2组,分别采用玻璃化法和低温冷冻法保存14 d,作为移植材料。其余36只作为移植对象,平分为3组,每组12只2 4条动脉。A组行新鲜家兔动脉自体移植,B组行玻璃化保存家兔动脉异体移植,C组行低温冷冻保存家兔动脉异体移植。移植前对动脉进行大体和组织学观察。术后行动脉造影了解移植后动脉的通畅率,并分别于术后14、30、6 0和12 0 d取材,对动脉进行大体和组织学观察,测定内膜/中膜比值,并进行组间比较。 结果 移植前B组的动脉完整率为91.6 7% ,优于C组的5 4 .17% ,二者差异有统计学意义(P<0 .0 1)。移植后B组的累计通畅率达到87.5 0 % ,与A组差异无统计学意义,但优于C组的6 6 .6 7% ,二者差异有统计学意义(P<0 .0 5 )。B组的内膜/中膜比值与A、C组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0 .0 5 )。 结论 玻璃化法保存动脉在降温和复温过程中冰晶较少,对动脉整体结构和活性影响较小,能较好地保存动脉的组织结构;玻璃化法保存的动脉异体移植的效果优于低温冷冻法保存的动脉异体移植。

Relative efficacy of heartwood extracts and proprietory wood preservatives as wood protectants

The relative potentials of either heartwood extracts (air dry extracts in 60 percent methanol) of very durable woods (Afzelia africana J.E. Smith; Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill & Perr.) Brenam. Syn. E guinensis G.Don. or Milicia excelsa (Welw) C.C. Berg. Syn. Chlorophora excelsa (Welw) Benth.) or any of two proprietary wood preservatives (AWPA type 揅? Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA) or 5 percent solution of AWPA Standard Designation P ??type 揅? Pentanchlorophenol (Penta) in light oil solvent) to suppress attack on pressure treated Antiaris toxicaria Lesch Sapwood by either any of three species of decaying fungi (Coridopsis Polyzona Klotzch; Lenzites trabea; or Trametes cingulata Fr.) under soil block exposure conditions were investigated and threshold values determined. Extract/preservative dosages were either 8.009; 24.778; 48.056; 96.111 or 144.167 kg穖-3 (0.5; 1.5; 3.0; 6.0 or 9.0 1b/ft3). Exposure was for either 14 or 28 weeks and in accordance with ASTM D1413 72 Provisions. Conclusions reached were that at threshold values the ability of either any of the heartwood extracts or proprietary wood preservatives to suppress attack under conditions in this study was significant at 0.01. Relative efficacy of those biocides was dependent on fungal species. Neither any of the heartwood extracts nor any of the proprietary wood preservatives (except in the case of Trametes cingulata attack on CCA treated wood at highest retention level) was able to confer 搗ery durable?rating on treated wood. Possible reasons for the reduced relative durability of extracts visa vis native heartwood were advanced. At the highest retention level (144.167 kg穖-3) there was no significant difference (at 0.05 level) between efficacy of each of the heartwood extracts and any of the proprietary wood preservatives (CCA or Penta).

An Exploratory Analysis of the Market Perspective on Reclaiming Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA) from Decommissioned Preservative-Treated Wood Utility Poles

In the area of recycling of spent chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood, most studies to date have focused on methods of removing/extracting the residual preservative from the wood matrix. It is well recognized that exposure of CCA-treated wood to an acid solution can reverse the CCA fixation process thereby converting the CCA elements into their water-soluble form. The economic viability of the process is enhanced because it can be integrated with other technologies and products (e.g., “green” spray foam insulation, etc.). The market for the “green” CCA is the same as for traditional CCA-the wood treating industry, principally utility poles and pilings. A market research study was conducted to determine the suitability of spent CCA-treated wood as a source for recycled, “green” CCA for manufacturing “green” spray-foam insulation. Specifically, we wanted to discern the attitudes and overall perspectives of buyers/sellers (i.e., utilities and wood treating companies) of CCA preservatives and treated wood products, disposal methods and costs for decommissioned CCA-treated wood, and understand perceptions of and willingness-to-pay for “green” CCA preservatives extracted from the technologies used in this research. Results show that 60% of wood preservative treating respondents and 60% of electric utility company respondents are somewhat or greatly interested in using out-of-service utility poles as feedstock for “green insulation” as part of a new potential business venture.

Study of Weak Acid Preservatives and Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) on Mold Growth in Modal Agar System

Inhibition of spoilage mold of common contaminant of bakery goods in modal agar system by potassium sorbate and calcium propionate in wide range of concentration (0 - 2000 ppm) at different pH (5.5 - 7) was investigated. All Samples were examined daily for mold growth. Results showed that both potassium sorbate and calcium propionate can be used effectively to inhibit mold growth and the effectiveness of these preservatives is enhanced by increasing the concentration and decreasing the pH. The effect of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) comprised of 60% or 80% CO2 (balance N2) and oxygen absorbents on the growth of mold was also studied on the agar system. The results indicated that mold growth was prevented up to 42 days in packs flushed with 60% or 80% CO2 (balance N2). It was also evident that all samples did not show mold growth for >40 days when packaged in the presence of oxygen scavenger sachet.

Tannin Resins for Wood Preservatives:A Review

Tannins and wood preservatives,in this article,are briefly introduced at beginning.The research and application progress on tannin resins for wood preservatives at home and abroad are reviewed.The significance and development prospects of research on tannins for wood preservatives are prospected.

Chondrocyte viability depends on the preservative solution

Fresh osteochondral grafts find broad application in the treatment of extensive and focal damages of joint surfaces. The maintenance of chondrocyte viability of the collected grafts is of key importance. Aim: The evaluation of chondrocyte survivability in a stable temperature of 40C in different preservative solutions is the aim of this work. Method: Chondrocyte survivability has been evaluated in saline solution (group I), Ringer solution (group II), saline with an addition of hyaluronic acid (group III) and saline enriched with glucosamine sulphate (group IV). The amount of live chondrocytes was examined on the day of collection and subsequently after 1, 2, 3,6,12, and 21 days using the Promega MTT test. Results: The highest number of live chondrocytes as calculated for 1g of hyaline cartilage after 21 days was ascertained in group IV (saline with glucosamine sulphate). The lowest number of live chondral cells was observed in group II (saline with hyaluronic acid). Chondrocyte survivability in saline (group I) was higher than in the Ringer solution (group II). Conclusions: The enrichment of saline solution with glucosamine sulphate protracts the viability of chondrocytes in fresh osteochondral gra- fts prepared for chondral transplantation.

Terminalia arjuna:A novel natural preservative for improved lipid oxidative stability and storage quality of muscle foods

The study was conducted to explore the possibility of utilization of Terminalia arjuna as a novel natural preservative in meat products by using chevon sausages as a model system.Chevon sausages were prepared by incorporating different levels of T.arjuna viz.T1(0.25%),T2(0.50%)and T3(0.75%)and were assessed for various lipid oxidative stability and storage quality parameters under refrigerated(4±1◦C)conditions.T.arjuna showed a significant(p<0.05)effect on the lipid oxidative stability as the treated products exhibited significantly(p<0.05)lower TBARS(mg malonaldehyde/kg)values in comparison to control.A significant(p<0.05)effect was also observed on the microbial stability as T.arjuna incorporated products showed significantly(p<0.05)lower values for total plate count(log cfu/g),psychrophilic count(log cfu/g),yeast and mould count(log cfu/g)and FFA(%oleic acid)values.Significantly(p<0.05)higher scores were observed for various sensory parameters of the products incorporated with T.arjuna during refrigerated storage.T.arjuna successfully improved the lipid oxidative stability and storage quality of the model meat product and may be commercially exploited as a novel preservative in muscle foods.

Research on the Vase Preservative of Anthurium seherzerianum Cut Flowers

[Objective] The research aimed to study the vase preservative of Anthurium seherzerianum cut flowers and provide reference for the planting and preservative method selection of A.seherzerianum.[Method] Using Tropical＇s spathe,one kind of common cut blossoms of A.seherzerianum as experimental materials,three different formula of vase solutions were used.And it was compared with common preservative formula of A.seherzerianum to study the vase preserved liquid of A.seherzerianum.[Result] Formula 3 was the optimum vase preservative,which was composed of 4% sucrose,0.08% NaCl,0.01% Ca（H2PO4）2·H2O,0.01% Chinese medicine antiseptic （ethonal extract from coptis）,0.1 mol/L NaOH,0.1 mol/L citric acid and 10 mg/L 6-BA.The preserved period reached 23 days,13 days longer than CK.The appreciative period reached 31 days,18 days longer than CK,with significant effects.In formula 3,water loss in A.seherzerianum spathe was decreased obviously,which was favorable for maintaining water content in tissues.The cell membrane permeability was reduced and the peroxidation of membrane ester was inhibited.The accumulation of MDA was decreased and SOD activity was increased.The protective enzyme activity of cells was enhanced and the content of proline and soluble sugar were increased and the respiration rate was reduced.[Conclusion] The formula（4% sucrose ＋ 0.08% NaCl＋ 0.01% Ca（H2PO4）2＋0.01% Chinese medicine antiseptic（ethonal extract from coptis）＋ 0.1 mol/L NaOH＋0.1 mol/L citric acid and 10 mg/L 6-BA）achieved the purpose of prolonging the preservative period of A.seherzerianum spathe and prolonging the preservative period of A.seherzerianum effectively.

芳香精油在食品保藏中的应用性研究进展

芳香精油是重要的植物次生代谢物,药食应用历史悠久,因其多方面的生物活性,已引起人们对其在食品保藏领域替代化学防腐剂的极大兴趣。文中概述了芳香精油及其成分在采后果蔬、预切果蔬片、肉制品、乳制品和水产品等食品保鲜和贮藏领域中应用性和安全性研究的最新研究进展。许多研究表明,牛至、丁香、罗勒、胡荽、肉桂、百里香、薄荷、迷迭香、芥茉、芫荽、红根草等芳香精油以及丁子香酚、香芹酚、肉桂酸、己醛、草蒿脑、麝香草酚、香芹酮、肉桂醛、柠檬醛、香叶醇等单体成分具有优良的抗食源性腐败菌和致病菌活性。通过与食品生产前处理工艺、气调包装、配方优化等手段的结合,一些芳香精油及其成分显示出天然食品保藏剂良好的商用价值。

Application of Hyperspectral Imaging Technology in Rapid Detection of Preservative in Milk

To ensure the quality and safety of pure milk,detection method of typical preservative-potassium sorbate in milk was researched in this paper.Hyperspectral imaging technology was applied to realize rapid detection.Influence factors for hyperspectral data collection for milk samples were firstly researched,including height of sample,bottom color and sample filled up container or not.Pretreatment methods and variable selection algorithms were applied into original spectral data.Rapid detection models were built based on support vector machine method(SVM).Finally,standard normalized variable(SNV)-competitive adaptive reweighted sampling(CARS)and SVM model was chosen in this paper.The accuracies of calibration set and testing set were 0.97 and 0.97,respectively.Kappa coefficient of the model was 0.93.It could be seen that hyperspectral imaging technology could be used to detect for potassium sorbate in milk.Meanwhile,it also provided methodological supports for the rapid detection of other preservatives in milk.

Wood Preservative Solutions for Creative and Sustainable Bridge Design and Construction

Timber bridges can provide an economical alternative to concrete and steel structures, particularly in rural areas where vehicle traffic is light to moderate. The wooden components of bridges have historically been preserved with either an oil type or waterborne preservative system to protect the wood from decay in order to maintain required performance standards for an extended period of time. The focus of this paper is to describe some of the key preservatives, research and case studies that support use of preserved wood, and some important steps to follow for the appropriate and safe use of preserved wood when the planned application will be in or over aquatic and wetland environments. A wealth of scientific information has been collected and analyzed that clearly suggests the use of preserved wood does not present a significant adverse effect on aquatic and wetland environments. This conclusion is based on two decades of empirical research and case study evaluating the environmental fate and effects of preserved wood, level of migration of contaminates into aquatic and marine environments, and the preserved wood environment. This is particularly true when risks are properly assessed on a project site, the appropriate preservative is selected and the wood is preserved to the Western Wood Preservers Institute＇s BMPs （best management practices）, along with properly installing and maintaining the preserved material. To assist with the assessment process, peer-reviewed risk assessment models for 11 commonly used preservatives have been developed that provide for streamlined data entry by users and allow for evaluation of a structure above and below water. A companion preliminary screening level assessment tool is also available. When these measures are properly utilized engineers, biologists and other responsible officials can be confident that the service life of the preserved wood components will more than likely meet the required performance standards in an environmentally safe manner for up to 50 or more years on a majority of timber bridge projects.

Recent standardization of treatment strategy for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors

Recent advances in localization techniques,such as the selective arterial secretagogue injection test(SASI test) and somatostatin receptor scintigraphy have promoted curative resection surgery for patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors(PNET).For patients with sporadic functioning PNET,curative resection surgery has been established by localization with the SASI test using secretin or calcium.For curative resection of functioning PNET associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1(MEN 1) which are usually multiple and sometimes numerous,resection surgery of the pancreas and/or the duodenum has to be performed based on localization by the SASI test.As resection surgery of PNET has increased,several important pathological features of PNET have been revealed.For example,in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome(ZES),duodenal gastrinoma has been detected more frequently than pancreatic gastrinoma,and in patients with MEN 1 and ZES,gastrinomas have been located mostly in the duodenum,and pancreatic gastrinoma has been found to co-exist in 13% of patients.Nonfunctioning PNET in patients with MEN 1 becomes metastatic to the liver when it is more than 1 cm in diameter and should be resected after careful observation.The most important prognos-tic factor in patients with PNET is the development of hepatic metastases.The treatment strategy for hepatic metastases of PNET has not been established and aggressive resection with chemotherapy and trans-arterial chemoembolization have been performed with significant benefit.The usefulness of octreotide treatment and other molecular targeting agents are currently being assessed.

Effects of Preservatives on the Quality of Ranunculus Cut Flowers

The preservation effects of 9 kinds of preservatives were discussed in this paper. And their effects on ornamental quality of cut Ranunculus asiaticus were in-vestigated. The results showed arranging cut Ranunculus asiaticus in a vase fil ed with 200 mg/L 8-HQC＋1% sucrose＋75 mg/L AgNO3 would effectively slow down the weight loss, promote the rise of flower diameter, prolong life and maintain the chlorophyl and anthocyanin content of cut flower. The preservative had a good fresh-keeping effect and was suitable for promotion in actual production.

Study on the Adsorption of Preservatives by Eyeliner Pen Packaging Materials

In order to study adsorption of preservatives by eyeliner pen package,the chemical compositions of the commercially available Eyeliner package were analyzed by infrared spectrometer.It was found that these package components were PP,PET,modified PP,modified PET,ABS,nylon,PU and so on.The adsorption effects of these components on three preservatives,i.e.phenoxyethanol,Methyl paraben and Propyl paraben have been further studied by high performance liquid chromatography.The results demonstrated that the four chemical materials PET,PP,modified PP and ABS had no adsorption on the above three preservatives.However,the component named of water diversion core which was composed of modified PET,and nylon-made cotton head have been observed of slight adsorption in this study.And components as the function of preventing liquid leakage,which was made of PU,have presented the most serious adsorption on these three preservatives,with the adsorption order as Propyl Paraben>Methyl Paraben>phenoxyethanol.