Intraocular pressure and gonioscopic findings in primary angle-closure disease in India—a big data study

AIM:To describe the gonioscopic profile and intraocular pressure(IOP)in primary angle-closure(PAC)disease in patients presenting to a tertiary eye care network in India.METHODS:A cross-sectional hospital-based study that included 31484 new patients presenting between 2011 and 2021.Patients with a clinical diagnosis of PAC/suspect/glaucoma were included.The data was collected from an electronic medical record system.RESULTS:PAC glaucoma(PACG)(47.55%)was the most common diagnosis followed by PAC(39.49%)and PAC suspect(PACS;12.96%).Female preponderance(54.6%)was noted with higher mean age at presentation among males(P<0.0001).PACS and PAC showed the highest prevalence in 6th decade but PACG was higher at 7th decade.The probability of angle opening was 95.93%,90.32%and 63.36%in PACS,PAC and PACG eyes respectively post peripheral iridotomy(PI).Plateau iris syndrome(PIS)was noted in 252 eyes and all showed post dilated rise of IOP.A post dilated IOP rise was also noted with 8.86%,33.95%and 57.19%eyes with PACS,PAC and PACG respectively with IOP rise between 6-8 mm Hg across the disease spectrum.CONCLUSION:The superior quadrant is the narrowest angle and difficult to open with indentation and post PI.The probability of angle opening is less in PIS especially the complete variety along with post dilated IOP rise.The post dilated IOP rise in angle closure eyes warrants a careful dilatation,especially with PIS.

Effect of Sweptback Angle of a Delta Wing on Surface Pressure Distribution at Supersonic Mach Numbers

The purpose of this work is to shed light on the effect of the pivot position on the surface pressure distribution over a 3D wing in different flight conditions.The study is intended to support the design and development of aerospace vehicles where stability analysis,performance optimization,and aircraft design are of primary importance.The following parameters are considered:Mach numbers(M)of 1.3,1.8,2.3,2.8,3.3,and 3.8,angle of incidence(θ)in the range from 5°to 25°,pivot position from h=0.2 to 1.The results of the CFD numerical simulations match available analytical data,thereby providing evidence for the reliability of the used approach.The findings provide valuable insights into the relationship between the surface pressure distribution,the Mach number and the angle of incidence.

Impact of Impeller Stagger Angles on Pressure Fluctuation for a Double-Suction Centrifugal Pump

Pressure fluctuation may cause high amplitude of vibration of double-suction centrifugal pumps, but the impact of impeller stagger angles is still not well understood. In this paper, pressure fluctuation experiments are carried out for five impeller configurations with different stagger angles by using the same test rig system. Results show that the stagger angles exert negligible effects on the characteristics of head and efficiency. The distributions of pressure fluctuations are relatively uniform along the suction chamber wall, and the maximum pressure fluctuation amplitude is reached near the suction inlet tongue region. The pressure fluctuation characteristics are affected largely by impeller rotation, whose dominant frequencies include impeller rotation frequency and its harmonic frequencies, and half blade passage frequency. The stagger angle exerts a small effect on the pressure fluctuations in the suction chamber while a great effect on the pressure fluctuation in volute casing, especially on the aspect of decreasing the amplitude on blade passage frequency. Among the tested cases, the distribution of pressure fluctuations in the volute becomes more uniform than the other impeller configurations and the level of pressure fluctuation may be reduced by up to 50% when the impeller stagger angle is close to 24° or 360°.The impeller structure pattern needs to be taken into consideration during the design period, and the halfway staggered impeller is strongly recommended.

Pressure Angle Effect of Concave Cylinder Surface on Motion Characteristics of Fiber Placement Machine

There are amounts of issues to be resolved in the process of designing the fiber placement trajectory of the cylindrical component,such as the interference between the machine and the component and the over-travel of the axis of rotation on the fiber placement head.When the pressure on the cylinder surface inclines in a certain direction or at an angle within the normal plane,the motion characteristics of the rotation axis will be different.This paper analyzes the pressure angle effect of the concave cylinder surface on the motion features of a fiber placement machine.The placement area is enlarged by tilting pressure with the same lifting stroke,which is significant in preventing interference and selecting post-processing algorithm.

Pressure Angle in Parallel Mechanisms: From Planar to Spatial

This paper presents the evolution process of pressure angles from planar parallel mechanisms to spatial parallel mechanisms. Manipulability and condition number, which are frequently used in the optimum design of parallel mechanisms, are introduced from serial robots at first. Then, both theoretical analysis and practical experiences demonstrate that these concepts seem imperfect when they are used in parallel mechanisms. For this reason, this paper introduces the pressure angles in planar 4-bar mechanisms to spatial parallel mechanisms, which include redundant parallel mechanisms. Two kinds of pressure angles extracted from the determinant of direct and indirect Jacobian matrices are investigated. Moreover, two comprehensive and visible global performance indices are defined, showing the advantages in evaluating the workspace, singularity and motion/force transmission capabilities. With a 2-DOF planar and a 3-DOF spatial parallel mechanism as examples, the application of the performance indices is investigated and compared with the condition number at last. The proposed concept can be extended to other spatial parallel mechanisms.

Intraocular pressure-lowering effects of commonly used fixed combination drugs with timolol in the management of primary open angle glaucoma

AIM:To evaluate intraocular pressure(IOP)-lowering effect and ocular tolerability of brimonidine/timolol,dorzolamide/timolol and latanoprost/timolol fixed combination therapies in the management of primary open angle glaucoma.· METHODS:Each drug was administered for two months, after which a circadian tonometric curve was recorded using a Goldmann applanation tonometer.Ocular discomfort(conjunctival hyperemia, burning or stinging, foreign body sensation, itching, ocular pain) of each eye was assessed by the subject on a standardized ocular discomfort scale.RESULTS:Among the three study groups, there were no significant differences in the mean baseline IOP measurements, mean 2ndmo IOP measurements, and mean(%) change of IOPs from baseline. Among the three study groups, there were no significant differences in the mean IOP measurements obtained at circadian tonometric curves at baseline and at two months controls. In sum brimonidine/timolol, dorzolamide/timolol and latanoprost/timolol fixed combination therapies showed similar effects on IOP levels.· CONCLUSION:Brimonidine/timolol, dorzolamide/timolol and latanoprost/timolol fixed combination therapies showed similar lowering efficaties on IOP levels whereas there was no any difference between each other.

Research on reasonable winding angle of ribbons of Flat Steel Ribbon Wound Pressure Vessel

Flat Steel Ribbon Wound Pressure Vessels (FSRWPVs) are used in many important industry areas. There is no such kind of pressure vessel exploding on operation for its reasonable structure design. Many explosion experiments on Flat Steel Ribbon Wound Pressure Vessel showed that their limited load pressure is related to the winding angle of the steel ribbons. FSRWPVs with reasonable winding angle have better security and lower cost. Reasonable angels given at the end of this paper facilitate engineering design.

Effect of phacoemulsification on intraocular pressure in patients with primary open angle glaucoma and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma

AIM：To compare the effect of phacoemulsification on intraocular pressure（IOP）in patients with primary open angle glaucoma（POAG）and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma（PXG）.METHODS：A retrospective comparative case series conducted at the Glaucoma Department at the Association to Prevent Blindness in Mexico.The study enrolled consecutive patients having phacoemulsification with intraocular lens（IOL）implantation and a diagnosis of POAG or PXG.Data about IOP values and number of glaucoma medications used was collected at baseline,1,3,6 and12mo postoperatively.RESULTS：The study enrolled 88 patients（88 eyes）.After phacoemulsification,there was a statistically significant reduction in IOP values and glaucoma medications use compared to baseline in both POAG and PXG patients（P〈0.001）.In the POAG group,a 20%decrease in IOP values was evidenced,and a 56.5%reduction in the number of medications used at the one-year follow-up.The PXG group showed a 20.39%,and a 34.46%decrease in IOP and number of medications used,respectively.A significant difference in the meanΔIOP（postoperative changes in IOP）was evidenced between groups（P=0.005）.The reduction of the postsurgical IOP mean values in both groups,the POAG group showed a greater reduction in IOP values compared to the PXG group.CONCLUSION：In both types of glaucoma,phacoemulsification cataract surgery can result in a significant IOP reduction（20%）over a 12mo follow-up period.The number of medications used is also significantly reduced up to 12mo after surgery,especially in the PXG group.

Damage patterns of retinal nerve fiber layer in acute and chronic intraocular pressure elevation in primary angle closure glaucoma

AIMTo observe the differences of damage patterns of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) between acute and chronic intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation in primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) using optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Contact pressure distribution and support angle optimization of kiln tyre

According to the shearing force character and the deformation coordination condition of shell at the station of supports, the mathematical models to calculate contact angle and contact pressure distribution between tyre and shell were set up, the formulae of bending moment and bending stress of tyre were obtained. Taking the maximum of tyre fatigue life as the optimal objective, the optimization model of tyre support angle was built. The computational results show that when tyre support angle is 30°, tyre life is far less than that when tyre support angle is optimal, which is 35.6°, and it is unsuitable to stipulate tyre support angle to be 30° in traditional design. The larger the load, the less the nominal stress amplitude increment of tyre, the more favorable the tyre fatigue life when tyre support angle is optimal.

Association of peripheral anterior synechia,intraocular pressure,and glaucomatous optic neuropathy in primary angle-closure diseases

AIM:To investigate the association of peripheral anterior synechiae(PAS)with intraocular pressure(IOP)and glaucomatous optic neuropathy(GON)in primary angle closure(PAC)and primary angle-closure glaucoma(PACG).METHODS:Totally 355 eyes(238 PAC and 117 PACG)of 181 patients were included in this retrospective analysis of baseline data from a randomized clinical trial.All patients had undergone a comprehensive ophthalmic examination.The extent of PAS in clock hours as determined on gonioscopy was documented.The independent effect of the extent of PAS on IOP and the prevalence of GON were determined using multivariable generalized estimating equation(GEE)models.RESULTS:The frequency of GON increased with the extent of PAS and a higher IOP.PAS were more extensive(8 vs 1 clock hour,P<0.001)and IOP higher(28.01 vs 18.00 mm Hg,P<0.001)in PACG compared to PAC.The prevalence of GON among the PAS quartiles were 10.2%(PAS<0.5 clock hours),16.9%(PAS≥0.5 and PAS<3 clock hours),29.6%(PAS≥3 and PAS<7 clock hours),and 74.4%(PAS≥7 clock hours),respectively.After adjusting for IOP,age,gender,spherical equivalent,average Shaffer score and number of medications,the odds ratio(OR)for GON was 4.4(95%CI:1.5-13.0;P=0.007)with PAS≥3 clock hours and 13.8(95%CI:4.3-43.6;P<0.001)with PAS≥7 clock hours as compared to eyes with PAS<0.5 clock hours.The frequency of GON increased linearly with the extent of PAS.Extent of PAS was also associated with higher IOP.Eyes with both PAS≥6 clock hours and IOP≥21 mm Hg had the highest risk of GON compared to eyes with both PAS<6 clock hours and IOP<21 mm Hg(OR=18.0,95%CI:7.5-43.4;P<0.001).CONCLUSION:The extent of PAS in PAC and PACG is an important predictor of higher IOP and is linearly associated with GON independent of IOP,suggesting other factors related to PAS formation may be involved in the development of GON in PACG.

Head trauma can cause transient elevation of intraocular pressure in patients with open angle glaucoma

AIM: To describe a newly-recognized entity, illustrated by five cases of glaucoma in whom trauma to the head, but not the eye, resulted in marked, transient elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP). METHODS: Retrospective case series. Chart review. RESULTS: All five cases had a diagnosis of primary open-angle glaucoma prior to the experience of trauma to the head. All cases had an unusual elevation of IOP (around 70 percent) for days to weeks following the trauma, after which the IOP fell to pre-accident levels. No cause other than the trauma could be determined. CONCLUSION: The relationship between head trauma and elevation of IOP appears real.

Effect of tapered angles in an artery on distribution of blood flow pressure with gravity considered

The tapered angles of an artery significantly influence the local hemodynamics. However, as gravity is considered, little is known about the effect of tapered angles on the hemodynamics. In this study, we explored whether the effect of tapered angles on the distribution of blood flow pressure (DBFP) differed with gravity considered or not. Numerical simulations of the DBFP in a single vessel were performed based on such tapered angles as 0°, 0.5° and 1°. In the model used for simulation, gravity was introduced as a body force. We obtained the following simulations: i) The larger the tapered angles were, the better distributed the blood flow pressure;ii) The tapered effect was an important factor leading to nonlinearity in blood flow pressure;iii) Gravity affected DBFP coupling with the tapered angles, yet independently influenced the dimension of the DBFP. At the same time, the effective intensity of gravity decreased with the increase of tapered angles.

Morphological changes in the iridocorneal angle and their relationship with intraocular pressure after infantile cataract surgery

·AIM:To evaluate morphological changes in the iridocorneal angle after pediatric cataract surgery.·METHODS:Children who underwent primary infantile cataract surgery were included and 64 eyes from 41 children,including 18 with unilateral cataracts(18 eyes)and 23 with bilateral cataracts(46 eyes)were examined.All patients underwent two gonioscopic examinations to evaluate the iridocorneal angle,before the primary lens removal and before the secondary intraocular lens implantation.The anatomical changes in the iridocorneal angle and the relationship between intraocular pressure(IOP)and iridocorneal angle changes were also analyzed.·RESULTS:The iridocorneal angle was wide in 64 eyes before and after surgery.The trabecular meshwork pigmentation,number of iris processes in every quadrant of the iridocorneal angle,and the width of the ciliary body band in the superior and inferior quadrants at the second gonioscopic examination were significantly increased compared to those at the first examination(P<0.001,P<0.05,P<0.05.and P<0.05,respectively).IOP gradually increased at 1 mo after operation,and returned to the preoperative level at 3 mo.However,IOP still increased significantly at 6 and 12 mo.·CONCLUSION:The main changes after pediatric cataract surgery include an increase in trabecular meshwork pigmentation and number of iris processes,IOP gradually increase and has positive correlation with trabecular meshwork pigmentation and anterior insertion of iris process.

The Damage Patterns of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer in Acute and Chronic Intraocular Pressure Elevation in Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma

Purpose:To observe the differences of damage patterns of retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL) between acute and chronic intraocular pressure(IOP) elevation in primary angle closure glaucoma.(PACG).using optical coherence tomography(OCT).Methods:Twenty four patients(48 eyes) with unilateral acute PACG(APACG) attack in the 6 months after remission and 36 patients(64 eyes) with chronic PACG(CPACG) were included in this prospective study.For all cases,IOP has been controlled less than 21 mmHg after treatment.Using stratus OCT,the RNFL thickness was assessed in eyes with PACG within 3 days,2 weeks,1,3 and 6 months after IOP controlled.Repeated measures ANOVA was used to examine the time course of changes after IOP controlled in RNFL thickness in both acute attack and unaffected fellow eyes of APACG and eyes with CPACG.Results:The mean RNFL thickness(μm) for the APACG-attacked eyes increased significantly within 3 days.(121.49±23.84).after acute strike and then became thinner along with time.(107.22±24.72 at 2 week,93.58±18.37 at 1 month,84.10±19.89 at 3 months and 78.98±19.17 at 6 months).In APACG-attacked eyes,there were significant differences of average RNFL thickness among 5 different times after IOP was controlled(P<0.001).In the APACG unaffected fellow eyes and CPACG eyes,there were no significant differences in mean RNFL thickness among 5 different times(F=0.450,P=0.104 in APACG unaffected fellow eyes and F=1.558,P=0.200 in CPACG eyes).There was significant difference for interaction between time periods and groups(F=1.912,P= 0.003).Conclusion:RNFL damage patterns are different under different IOP elevated courses.In APACG,RNFL was found to be swollen and thickening right after acute attack and then becomes thinning and atrophy along with the time,while RNFL was found to be diffused thinness in CPACG.

Research of the Pressure Angle for Whole Cycloidal Gears

The working profile of whole cycloidal gear is made up of epicycloid and hypocycloid entirely, according to the theory of meshing of gears and the properties of the cycloid, deals with the derivation of the pressure angle formula for the whole cycloidal gear in theory, and reveals changes of the pressure angle of whole cycloidal gear through examples, finds the application relationships between the pressure angle and other design parameters of the whole cycloidal gear, proves the possibility that the whole cycloidal gear can be used in internal parallel move gear mechanism, also provides theoretic fundament for designing internal parallel move whole cycloidal gear correctly.

ZmbZIP27 regulates nitrogen-mediated leaf angle by modulating lignin deposition in maize

In grain crops such as maize(Zea mays),leaf angle(LA)is a key agronomic trait affecting light interception and thus planting density and yield.Nitrogen(N)affects LA in plants,but we lack a good understanding of how N regulates LA.Here,we report that N deficiency enhanced lignin deposition in the ligular region of maize seedlings.In situ hybridization showed that the bZIP transcription factor gene ZmbZIP27 is mainly expressed in the phloem of maize vascular bundles.Under N-sufficient conditions,transgenic maize overexpressing ZmbZIP27 showed significantly smaller LA compared with wild type(WT).By contrast,zmbzip27_(ems)mutant showed larger LA under both N-deficient and N-sufficient conditions compared with WT.Overexpression of ZmbZIP27 enhanced lignin deposition in the ligular region of maize in the field.We further demonstrated that ZmbZIP27 could directly bind the promoters of the microRNA genes ZmMIR528a and ZmMIR528b and negatively regulate the expression levels of ZmmiR528.ZmmiR528 knockdown transgenic maize displayed erect architecture in the field by increasing lignin content in the ligular region of maize.Taken together,these results indicate that ZmbZIP27 regulates N-mediated LA size by regulating the expression of ZmmiR528 and modulating lignin deposition in maize.

A personalized electronic textile for ultrasensitive pressure sensing enabled by biocompatible MXene/ PEDOT:PSS composite

Flexible,breathable,and highly sensitive pressure sensors have increasingly become a focal point of interest due to their pivotal role in healthcare monitoring,advanced electronic skin applications,and disease diagnosis.However,traditional methods,involving elastomer film-based substrates or encapsulation techniques,often fall short due to mechanical mismatches,discomfort,lack of breathability,and limitations in sensing abilities.Consequently,there is a pressing need,yet it remains a significant challenge to create pressure sensors that are not only highly breathable,flexible,and comfortable but also sensitive,durable,and biocompatible.Herein,we present a biocompatible and breathable fabric-based pressure sensor,using nonwoven fabrics as both the sensing electrode(coated with MXene/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate[PEDOT:PSS])and the interdigitated electrode(printed with MXene pattern)via a scalable spray-coating and screen-coating technique.The resultant device exhibits commendable air permeability,biocompatibility,and pressure sensing performance,including a remarkable sensitivity(754.5 kPa^(−1)),rapid response/recovery time(180/110 ms),and robust cycling stability.Furthermore,the integration of PEDOT:PSS plays a crucial role in protecting the MXene nanosheets from oxidation,significantly enhancing the device's long-term durability.These outstanding features make this sensor highly suitable for applications in fullrange human activities detection and disease diagnosis.Our study underscores the promising future of flexible pressure sensors in the realm of intelligent wearable electronics,setting a new benchmark for the industry.

Mechanical Performance of Bio-inspired Bidirectional Corrugated Sandwich Pressure Shell Under External Hydrostatic Pressure

This paper aims to enhance the compression capacity of underwater cylindrical shells by adopting the corrugated sandwich structure of cuttlebone.The cuttlebone suffers uniaxial external compression,while underwater cylindrical shells are in a biaxial compressive stress state.To suit the biaxial compressive stress state,a novel bidirectional corrugated sandwich structure is proposed to improve the bearing capacity of cylindrical shells.The static and buckling analysis for the sandwich shell and the unstiffened cylindrical shell with the same volume-weight ratio are studied by numerical simulation.It is indicated that the proposed sandwich shell can effectively reduce the ratio between circumferential and axial stress from 2 to 1.25 and improve the critical buckling load by about 1.63 times.Numerical simulation shows that optimizing and adjusting the structural parameters could significantly improve the advantage of the sandwich shell.Then,the hydrostatic pressure tests for shell models fabricated by 3D printing are carried out.According to the experimental results,the overall failure position of the sandwich shell is at the center part of the sandwich shell.It has been found the average critical load of the proposed sandwich shell models exceeds two times that of the unstiffened shell models.Hence,the proposed bio-inspired bidirectional corrugated sandwich structure can significantly enhance the pressure resistance capability of cylindrical shells.

How Does Stacking Pressure Affect the Performance of Solid Electrolytes and All-Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries?

All-solid-state lithium metal batteries(ASSLMBs)with solid electrolytes(SEs)have emerged as a promising alternative to liquid electrolyte-based Li-ion batteries due to their higher energy density and safety.However,since ASSLMBs lack the wetting properties of liquid electrolytes,they require stacking pressure to prevent contact loss between electrodes and SEs.Though previous studies showed that stacking pressure could impact certain performance aspects,a comprehensive investigation into the effects of stacking pressure has not been conducted.To address this gap,we utilized the Li_(6)PS_(5)Cl solid electrolyte as a reference and investigated the effects of stacking pressures on the performance of SEs and ASSLMBs.We also developed models to explain the underlying origin of these effects and predict battery performance,such as ionic conductivity and critical current density.Our results demonstrated that an appropriate stacking pressure is necessary to achieve optimal performance,and each step of applying pressure requires a specific pressure value.These findings can help explain discrepancies in the literature and provide guidance to establish standardized testing conditions and reporting benchmarks for ASSLMBs.Overall,this study contributes to the understanding of the impact of stacking pressure on the performance of ASSLMBs and highlights the importance of careful pressure optimization for optimal battery performance.