Profile improvement during CO_2 flooding in ultra-low permeability reservoirs

Gas flooding such as CO2 flooding may be effectively applied to ultra-low permeability reservoirs, but gas channeling is inevitable due to low viscosity and high mobility of gas and formation heterogeneity. In order to mitigate or prevent gas channeling, ethylenediamine is chosen for permeability profile control. The reaction mechanism of ethylenediamine with CO2, injection performance, swept volume, and enhanced oil recovery were systematically evaluated. The reaction product of ethylenediamine and CO2 was a white solid or a light yellow viscous liquid, which would mitigate or prevent gas channeling. Also, ethylenediamine could be easily injected into ultra-low permeability cores at high temperature with protective ethanol slugs. The core was swept by injection of 0.3 PV ethylenediamine. Oil displacement tests performed on heterogeneous models with closed fractures, oil recovery was significantly enhanced with injection of ethylenediamine. Experimental results showed that using ethylenediamine to plug high permeability layers would provide a new research idea for the gas injection in fractured, heterogeneous and ultra-low permeability reservoirs. This technology has the potential to be widely applied in oilfields.

Research progress on permeability improvement mechanisms and technologies of coalbed deep-hole cumulative blasting

Coalbed gas extraction is an important means of exploiting and utilizing gas resources,as well as a means of preventing coal mine disasters.In view of the low gas extraction rate from coalbeds with high gas content and low permeability,a method of improving permeability through deep-hole cumulative blasting is applied to develop initial directional fractures using a jet flow.Under the action of the blasting stress wave and detonation gas wedge,the fractures extend over a large range within the coal,thereby improving coalbed permeability.This study focuses on the criteria of cumulative blasting-induced coalbed fracturing based on a literature review of the penetration effect of cumulative blasting.On this basis,we summarize the coal fracturing zone,crack extension process,and the key technologies of charging and hole sealing for cumulative blasting.In addition,the latest research progress in the optimization of field test drilling and blasting parameters for cumulative blasting is introduced.Research findings indicate that the permeability improvement mechanism of cumulative blasting could be further enhanced,and the technology and technical equipment are in urgent need of improvement.Finally,development trends in the cumulative blasting permeability improvement technique are identified.

Coal Seam Permeability Improvement and CBM Production Enhancement by Enlarged Borehole: Mechanism and Application

The permeability is a key factor to determine the efficiency of coalbed methane(CBM)production.The borehole enlargement technology using hydraulic and mechanical measures to cut coal is an effective method to increase the coal seam permeability and improve the efficiency of gas drainage.Reasonable design of the layout of boreholes is the prerequisite for efficient and economical gas drainage.In this paper,based on the strain-softening model,the stress and permeability model of the coal seam around the enlarged borehole was built,and based on the dual-medium model,the gas migration model in the coal seam was established.Then the borehole enlargement gas drainage engineering of E9/10 coal seam in Pingdingshan No.8 coal mine was simulated by using COMSOL Multiphysics software.The distribution of stress and permeability in the coal seam around a borehole was analyzed,and the reasonable borehole radius of 0.25 m and reasonable borehole spacing of 6 m were determined.Finally,in Pingdingshan No.8 coal mine,field application was carried out in E9/10 coal seam-21070 working face from the high-level gas drainage roadway.The results show that the actual average coal slag discharge rate is 77.82%,which achieved borehole enlargement.The natural gas flow rate from an enlarged borehole is 2.3–7.3 times that of a normal borehole,and the influence range of enlarged boreholes is more than 6 m.The average gas drainage concentration of a group of enlarged boreholes is about 42%,and the average gas drainage amount is about 0.53 m3/min.After two months of gas extraction,the outburst risk in this area was eliminated,which provides a guarantee for safe coal mining.

Z89区块全缝长压裂模拟及储层改造研究

随着中国陆相油田进入开发中后期,开发难度逐渐攀升,如含水率过高、采收率下降等问题愈发严重。进一步对剩余油进行开发是油藏提高产能的关键问题,解决问题的关键措施包括开发单元的精细化剖分、分层注采及酸化、封堵、压裂等储层改造措施。基于井间力学参数模型,对压裂人工裂缝的三维全缝长进行数值模拟,并对裂缝与井网匹配、人工裂缝三维空间形态进行优化研究,建立更加有效的驱动体系,最大限度地扩大有效波及体积。在数值模拟基础上,将井网、砂体、人工裂缝、油水井关系统一考虑,不同类型储层采取不同规模的改造方式达到开发效果最优的储层改造技术,实现低渗透储层的有效开发。

低渗砂岩油田CO_(2)驱化学机理及提高采收率研究

针对低渗砂岩油藏进行了CO_(2)驱开发技术研究,分析了CO_(2)驱油化学机理及主要影响因素。基于目标油藏流体特征进行了PVT拟合,确定其CO_(2)驱最小混相压力,明确了不同压力及注入时机对CO_(2)驱采收率、气油比、含水率及驱动压差等的影响规律,探究了CO_(2)泡沫驱在提高采收率方面的效用。结果表明:24.5 MPa为目标区域CO_(2)驱的最小混相压力,采收率会随着压力的升高而增加,28 MPa时CO_(2)驱提高采收率可达30.57%。气体突破时间、总采收率与CO_(2)注入时机密切相关,CO_(2)注入越早,越有利于采收率的提高,出口含水率为60%时注入可提高采收率39.13%。CO_(2)泡沫驱可以在一定程度上起到提高采收率的效用。

机械扩孔煤体增透应力变化规律研究

机械扩孔作为一种新型煤层卸压增透强化措施,可广泛适用于低透气性瓦斯煤层。为了探究机械扩孔应力演化规律,通过理论分析,揭示机械扩孔应力分布特征,以车集煤矿2616煤层为研究背景,借助ABAQUS数值模拟软件分析扩孔过程中煤层应力演化规律。结果表明:机械扩孔后孔洞周围煤体应力场存在动态演化过程,由内向外呈圆环状分布,依次为破碎区、塑性区、弹性区和原始应力区;机械扩孔过程中造穴阶段应力扰动范围和应力集中情况都显著大于钻进阶段。

基于ALE算法的连续水射流破煤特征数值模拟研究

为了探究环境介质对水射流破煤特征的影响规律,采用ALE算法和LS-Dyna软件开展了连续水射流冲击破煤数值模拟研究,分析了淹没/非淹没环境下水射流传播特征、破煤特征,及两者破煤深度关系的时变特征。结果表明:由于水射流损耗较大,淹没环境下射流传播速度远小于非淹没状态下;淹没射流在环境介质的阻碍下发散导致破煤面积增大及深度降低,但损伤单元变化不大;淹没环境下开展破煤造穴时需要合理延长冲击时间或者缩小钻孔间距。

白浆土改良对农业生产的可持续性影响

白浆土是我国黑龙江省和吉林省常见的一种低产土壤,其特点包括养分含量低、质地硬、透水效果差等。三江平原作为国家重要商品粮基地,面临着土壤肥力不足、水资源紧缺等挑战。针对白浆土的这些缺点,该文探讨了白浆土改良对农业生产可持续性的影响。通过采用有机肥配施无机肥、覆盖种植等方法,可以有效提高白浆土的肥力和水分保持能力,改善土壤质地,促进作物生长和增产,同时有助于提升农业生产的可持续性,保护土壤生态环境,实现农业生产与环境保护的良性循环。

纳米淀粉流体提高原油采收率

为了进一步促进纳米驱油技术在低渗透油藏中的高效应用,亟需开发新型的纳米驱油产品。纳米淀粉颗粒作为一种环境友好型的材料,分布广、价格相对低廉、性能优异,具备大幅度提高采收率的潜力。通过室内静态实验、岩心驱替实验、微观可视化实验、CT扫描实验等手段,从纳米淀粉流体的基本物性、提高驱油效果、扩大波及体积等方面研究了其提高采收率的过程和机理。研究结果表明,质量浓度为5000 mg/L的纳米淀粉流体因其亲水性和较小的粒径(30 nm)可改变水分子的赋存状态,使水相变温度从102℃升高至110℃,使得岩石表面的润湿接触角从78°降至34.2°,使油水界面张力从20 mN/m降至0.56 mN/m,注入压力下降39.6%。在微观可视化模型中,纳米淀粉流体可以明显降低多孔介质中的含油饱和度,特别是多孔介质固体表面的油膜量明显减少,提高驱油效果明显。在低渗透岩心中,纳米淀粉溶液的驱替前沿更加均匀,与水驱相比具有更大的波及体积。由于较大的波及体积、较高的驱油效率以及良好的润湿性等,注入0.4 PV质量浓度为5000 mg/L的纳米淀粉流体后,低渗透岩心的采收率增幅达21百分点。研究结果可为低渗透油藏的提高采收率提供一种新的技术参考。

松软低渗突出煤层水力冲孔卸压增透研究

针对松软低渗突出煤层瓦斯治理难题,提出水力冲孔物理改性强化增渗瓦斯治理技术。采用理论计算、FLAC^(3D)数值模拟方法对不同钻孔间距条件下孔洞周围煤体的塑性破坏特征进行了分析,对应力演化特征进行了量化表征。研究表明:水力冲孔后孔洞间煤体x向应力明显降低,距离孔洞越近,降低幅度越大;y向应力影响范围与塑性破坏区域范围相当;z向应力峰值应力出现了明显的升高,随着钻孔间距的减小,垂直应力曲线由双峰曲线演化为单峰曲线;孔洞空间为煤体卸压提供了自由面,能够卸除围压,集中应力向孔洞间煤体转移。其后,基于瓦斯煤体渗透率与三向应力和瓦斯压力之间的关系,对不同钻孔间距条件下渗透率演化特征进行了量化表征,孔洞周围煤体渗透率与原始煤体相比大幅提高,促进瓦斯解吸和流动,并确定了合理的钻孔布置间距。现场试验表明:水力冲孔增大了松软煤体暴露面积、为煤体提供卸压增透空间,高负压抽采支管瓦斯流量和浓度明显提升,考察评价单元瓦斯抽采纯量在6.20~9.8 m^(3)/min范围内波动,瓦斯抽采体积分数在34%以上。

基于钻冲压协调作业的煤层卸压增透技术

为了解决鹤壁矿区瓦斯抽采钻孔影响范围小、衰减速度快,瓦斯灾害治理难度大,治理周期长等问题,提出了冲压协调作业的工艺流程,形成了以自动钻机群打钻-临时封孔预抽-预抽后冲压联合作业的钻冲压协调作业技术模式,并在鹤煤六矿进行工业性试验。现场应用结果表明:该技术模式充分发挥了自动钻机连续打钻、快速作业、减员提效的优势,实现了瓦斯抽采钻孔施工作业、水力化冲压协调增透作业的专业化、连续化、规模化,使底板岩巷内施工穿层钻孔治理瓦斯的施工工效在同等地质条件下提高48%;同时,利用自动钻机施工抽采钻孔完成后,对其进行临时封孔抽采,使钻孔内的游离态瓦斯经过抽采后大幅减少,大大降低了水力化措施施工期间巷道瓦斯超限事故发生的频率,有效保障了施工的安全;试验钻孔平均瓦斯体积分数是常规水力冲压措施的1.31倍,试验单元钻孔平均日抽采纯量是常规水力冲压措施的1.79倍。

抗盐聚合物污水配聚体系驱油可行性实验研究

通过不同水质抗盐聚合物污水配聚体系回注1000mD岩心的流动性实验,以渗透率损失率评价配聚体系对岩心的伤害程度,确定了其注入界限并通过驱油实验评价了驱油效果,研究结果对抗盐聚合物污水配聚回注的油层保护和提高采收率具有积极作用。

Effects of coal damage on permeability and gas drainage performance

Coal permeability is a measure of the ability for fluids to flow through coal structures. It is one of the most important parameters affecting the gas drainage performance in underground coal mines. Despite the extensive research conducted on coal permeability, few studies have considered the effect of coal damage on permeability. This has resulted in unreliable permeability evaluation and prediction. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of coal damage on permeability and gas drainage performance. The Cui-Bustin permeability model was improved by taking into account the impact of coal damage on permeability. The key damage coefficient of the improved permeability model is determined based on the published permeability data. A finite-element numerical simulation was then developed based on the improved permeability model to investigate the damage areas and the permeability distribution around roadway. Results showed that the tensile failure occurs mainly on the upper and lower sides of the roadway while the shear failure symmetrically occurs on the left and right sides. With the increase in the friction angle value, the damage area becomes small. A good agreement was obtained between the results of the improved permeability model(c = 3) and the published permeability data. This indicated a more accurate permeability prediction by the improved permeability model. It is expected that the findings of this study could provide guidance for in-seam gas drainage borehole design and sealing, in order to enhance the gas drainage performance and reduce gas emissions into underground roadways.

Meshless Method for Analysis of Permeable Breakwaters in the Proximity of A Vertical Wall

In the present work, the improved version of the meshless singular boundary method(ISBM) is developed for analyzing the performance of bottom standing submerged permeable breakwaters in regular normally incident waves and in the proximity of a vertical wall. Both single and dual prismatic breakwaters of rectangular and trapezoidal forms are examined. The physical problem is cast in terms of the Laplace equation governing an irrotational flow and incompressible fluid motion with appropriate mixed type boundary conditions, and solved numerically using the ISBM. To model the permeability of the breakwaters fully absorbing boundary conditions are assumed. Numerical results are presented in terms of hydrodynamic quantities of the reflection coefficients. These are firstly validated against the results of a multi-domain boundary element method(BEM) developed independently for a previous study. The agreement between the results of the two methods is excellent. The coefficients of reflection are then computed and discussed for a variety of structural conditions including the breakwaters height, width, spacing, and absorbing permeability. Effects of the proximity of the vertical plane wall are also investigated. The breakwater's width is found to have only marginal effects compared with its height. Permeability tends to decrease the minimum reflections. These coefficients show periodic variations with the spacing relative to the wavelength. Trapezoidal breakwaters are found to be more cost-effective than the rectangular breakwaters. Dual breakwater systems are confirmed to perform much better than single structures.

Pulsating hydraulic fracturing technology in low permeability coal seams

Based on the difficult situation of gas drainage in a single coal bed of high gas content and low permeability, we investigate the technology of pulsating hydraulic pressure relief, the process of crank plunger movement and the mechanism of pulsating pressure formation using theoretical research, mathematical modeling and field testing. We analyze the effect of pulsating pressure on the formation and growth of fractures in coal by using the pulsating hydraulic theory in hydraulics. The research results show that the amplitude of fluctuating pressure tends to increase in the case where the exit is blocked, caused by pulsating pressure reflection and frictional resistance superposition, and it contributes to the growth of fractures in coal. The crack initiation pressure of pulsating hydraulic fracturing is 8 MPa, which is half than that of normal hydraulic fracturing; the pulsating hydraulic fracturing influence radius reaches 8 m.The total amount of gas extraction is increased by 3.6 times, and reaches 50 L/min at the highest point.The extraction flow increases greatly, and is 4 times larger than that of drilling without fracturing and 1.2times larger than that of normal hydraulic fracturing. The technology provides a technical measure for gas drainage of high gas content and low permeability in the single coal bed.

基于空气脉冲循环作用的抽采钻孔增透技术研究

为了提高抽采钻孔抽采率,延长钻孔寿命,分析了空气脉冲循环对煤体的破坏和钻孔及周围裂隙的疏通作用,在此基础上研发了空气脉冲循环增透装置,并在现场进行了效果考察。研究结果表明:空气脉冲循环可通过反复增压-卸压使煤层产生拉伸和收缩,从而产生损伤破坏;气体快速卸出过程可以疏通钻孔及周围裂隙,从而提高煤层渗透率,改善抽采效果。研制的空气脉冲循环增透装置现场应用效果良好,增透钻孔60 d平均瓦斯浓度超5%的占总数的80%。

高温灰岩储层新型微乳盐酸体系的构筑及性能评价

为了提高微乳酸在高温储层中的稳定性,以0#柴油为油相、20%盐酸为水相,固定水油比为7∶3、微乳化剂SMT-3及助乳化剂SRA-5总加量为15.5%,通过考察微乳化剂与助乳化剂质量比对所形成微乳酸耐温耐盐性能的影响,优化构筑了可在100℃稳定10 h的耐高温微乳酸体系,研究了该体系的静态特性及在储层中的流动特性。研究表明,该微乳酸体系(SMT-3、SRA-5质量比为0.5∶1)分散相液滴平均粒径为30 nm,在100℃下保持10h澄清透明,抗Ca^(2+)能力达到20%;在170 s^(-1)下剪切2 h依然稳定,具备较高的抗剪切性。由于该微乳酸的酸液被油相紧密包裹,故对N80钢片的腐蚀性和对石灰岩的溶蚀性都显著低于同浓度盐酸与稠化酸;该微乳酸体系在100℃下酸岩反应速率仅为盐酸的1/30,具备优良的深部穿透性。岩心流动实验表明该微乳酸体系可使岩心渗透率提升至酸化前的500%,且对储层伤害性低,是一种较理想的高温石灰岩储层深部酸化工作液。

胜利油田低渗透油藏压驱开发技术实践与认识

胜利油田低渗透油藏资源量丰富,已动用地质储量9.4×10^(8)t,采出程度为13.3%,未动用储量2.1×10^(8)t,提高采收率及效益动用面临注不进、驱不动、波及差等诸多难题。为了提高低渗透油藏开发效果,胜利油田攻关创新压驱技术。综合运用地质学、渗流力学和油藏工程等理论和方法,采用物理模拟和数值模拟相结合的技术手段,形成了压驱油藏适应性评价标准、室内实验技术体系、油藏工程方案优化设计方法等技术系列,配套了分层压驱、组合缝网体积压裂、调驱等工艺技术。矿场试验表明,压驱能够快速补充地层能量,大幅度提高油井产能及采收率,2020年3月以来,低渗透油藏累积实施450个井组,累积注水量为1384×10^(4)m^(3),累积增油量为55.7×10^(4)t,压驱开发技术正逐步成为低渗透油藏主导开发新技术。

考虑负荷重要程度含DG中压配电网电压调控策略

针对传统电压调控策略难以应对高渗透率光伏接入中压母线后电压的双向越限且波动剧烈,欠考虑负荷重要程度影响电压调控策略的问题,提出了一种考虑负荷重要程度和高渗透率光伏的配电网电压调控策略。首先,从新能源效益、电压质量、用电负荷效益三个方面构建用户负荷重要程度指标体系;然后基于改进层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process,AHP)和改进CRITIC的组合变权法确定指标综合权重,进而确定负荷的重要程度系数;其次,依据电压正负偏差和电压波动在调控后的改善水平,并结合负荷重要系数构造电压调控效益函数以衡量调控策略的优劣,以调控效益最大为优化目标,采用改进遗传算法求解配电网在多时段和多场景下的电压调控策略。最后,以改进IEEE 33节点系统为算例,结果表明所提策略可有效应对高渗透率光伏接入配电网的电压调控需求,同时兼顾了用户需求对电压调控策略的指导。

气井产能快速评价新方法研究及应用

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