An agent-based simulation with NetLogo platform to evaluate forward osmosis process(PRO Mode)

Forward osmosis(FO), as an emerging technology, is influenced by different factors such as operating conditions,module characteristics, and membrane properties. The general aim of this study was to develop a suitable(flexible,comprehensive, and convenient to use) computational tool which is able to simulate osmosis through an asymmetric membrane oriented in pressure retarded osmosis(PRO) mode in a wide variety of scenarios. For this purpose, an agent-based model was created in NetLogo platform, which is an easy-to-use application environment with graphical visualization abilities and well suited for modeling a complex system evolving over time. The simulation results were validated with empirical data obtained from literature and a great agreement was observed. The effect of various parameters on process performance was investigated in terms of temperature,cross-flow velocity, length of the module, pure water permeability coefficient, and structural parameter of the membrane. Results demonstrated that the increase in all parameters, except structural parameter of the membrane and the length of module led to the increase of average water flux. Moreover, nine different draw solutes were selected in order to assess the influence of net bulk osmotic pressure difference between the draw solution(DS) and feed solution(FS)(known as the driving force of FO process) on water flux. Based on the findings of this paper, the performance of FO process(PRO mode) can be efficiently evaluated using the NetL ogo platform.

正渗透膜分离技术处理生活污水的实验研究

以正渗透膜分离系统为实验装置对某校园生活污水进行处理,考察了正渗透膜在膜朝向不同时对水通量和氮的截留效率的影响以及膜污染的状况。结果表明,正渗透过程活性层朝向原料液侧的FO模式下水通量下降趋势较小,水通量较稳定,且对污水中的氮污染物的截留效果好于压力阻尼渗透过程活性层朝向驱动液侧的PRO模式。FO模式运行下的膜污染比PRO模式相对较轻,污染物质在膜的活性层表面形成了胶状层,采用去离子水浸泡+设备运行冲洗的物理方法对污染的膜进行清洗后,膜活性层表面的大部分污染物被清除,膜表面的初始形态可基本恢复。

正渗透过程中汲取质反向渗透研究进展

正渗透(FO)作为一种浓度驱动的膜技术,因其膜污染轻、能耗低和回收率高等优点而逐渐成为膜技术领域的研究热点之一。汲取质的反向渗透是正渗透过程中不可忽视的现象,但其研究相对比较滞后。本文主要介绍了汲取质反渗模型的研究进展,分析了渗透压差、膜表面流速、膜结构与膜材料、温度、汲取质种类、膜取向、离子水力半径等因素对汲取质反向渗透的影响情况,并发现汲取质的反向渗透通量可由其浓度或汲取液渗透压的一元多项式表达。总体而言,FO模式的汲取质反渗模型经过不断发展已相对比较完善,而压力阻尼渗透(PRO)模式的反渗模型则缺陷较大,有待进一步研究;此外,关于汲取质反渗过程影响因素及其影响机制的研究对于汲取质、膜材料的选择与开发,以及正渗透过程的优化均具有重要的指导作用,因此会引起越来越多的关注。

正渗透膜污染影响因素的研究与分析

以海藻酸钠(ALG)为典型有机污染物,采用TFC FO膜,以水通量下降率和污染阻力作为膜污染的评价指标,探究了正渗透(FO)过程中的膜摆向(FO模式和PRO模式)、原料液(FS)和驱动液(DS)的浓度、原料液中Ca^(2+)浓度和pH对FO膜污染的影响规律,并提出适宜的膜清洗方案。结果表明,在PRO模式下,膜污染阻力为3.38×1011m^(–1),而在FO模式下仅为3.88×1010m^(–1),表明FO模式污染轻;FS或者DS浓度的增大均会导致污染阻力增大,使得污染更加严重;当FS中不含Ca^(2+)和含Ca^(2+)浓度分别为1mmol/L和2mmol/L时,相较于初始通量,其通量降低率分别15.40%、18.49%和24.93%,当Ca^(2+)浓度从1mmol/L增大到2mmol/L过程中,膜污染阻力增大1.6倍;当FS的pH为4.2、7.0和10.7时,水通量降低率依次增加,分别为14.56%、14.82%和18.78%。分别采用去离子水、pH为3.0的HCl溶液、pH为11.8的Na OH溶液以及十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS,pH=11.0)溶液对膜进行清洗,得到SDS溶液清洗效果较好,通量恢复率可达90.70%。

Salinity Gradient Energy: Current State and New Trends

In this article we give an overview of the state of the art of salinity gradient technologies. We first introduce the concept of salinity gradient energy, before describing the current state of development of the most advanced of these technologies. We conclude with the new trends in the young field of salinity gradient technologies.

菌菇速溶茶加工关键技术研究与开发

以红茶和香菇为原料,通过微波程序化升温混料直提、二级切向流微滤-反渗透膜组合浓缩和喷雾干燥制备菌菇速溶茶产品,并对加工过程中的相关各工艺参数进行了研究。所制得的菌菇速溶茶产品呈粉末状,无结块,色泽红棕色,有较显著的菌香;冲泡后,汤色橙红,滋味醇厚伴有浓浓的菌菇味;产品中多糖含量高于15%,多酚含量高于16%,兼具菌菇和红茶的功效和风味,市场前景广阔。

Development and Practical Applications of Blue Light-Emitting Diodes

The practical application of semiconductor-based high-efficiency white-light sources, also known as light-emitting diodes, or LEDs, is a recent development of Japanese engineering. This development could be a game-changer for lighting worldwide, given that current power consumption for lighting accounts for 16% of the total electricity consumption in Japan.

压力延迟渗透过程水通量的模型与验证

近年来,盐差能作为一种来源广泛、储量可观的绿色可再生能源受到广泛关注。其中,压力延迟渗透(pressure retarded osmosis,PRO)是一种基于渗透过程的极具前景的盐差能利用技术。压力延迟渗透过程中的水通量与最终的能量产出密切相关,因此建立水通量模型对该过程的机理研究、系统设计都具有重要意义。初步建立了在考虑浓差极化和反向盐渗透影响时,压力延迟渗透过程的水通量模型,并使用不同浓度Na Cl汲取液(0.5、1和2 mol·L^(-1))进行了实验实证。模型在低渗透压汲取液条件下拟合良好。此外,为了进一步提高拟合精度,从模型推导和实验测定2个方面分别讨论了可能的提高途径。