Martian Dunes Eroded by a Shift in Prevailing Winds after the Planet’s Last Ice Age

Detailed analysis of data obtained by the Zhurong rover of dunes located on the southern Utopian Plain of Mars suggests the planet underwent a major shift in climate that accompanied changes in prevailing winds.This shift likely occurred about 400,000 years ago,which coincides with the end of the last glacial period on Mars.

Impact of Prevailing Wages on the Cost among the Various Construction Trades

In 1997, the Ohio Senate passed Senate Bill 102 which established the Ohio School Facilities Commission as a separate agency to oversee the rebuilding projects of the public schools in Ohio. The bill also exempted the construction contractors from paying prevailing wages on these projects on the hypothesis that this exemption would lower the construction cost. The purpose of this study is to investigate this hypothesis through the statistical analysis of 8,093 bids received from the years 2000 through 2007 for the schools＇ construction. Union contractors who paid their workers union wages and non-union contractors who did not pay prevailing wages bid these projects. The hypothesis, that prevailing wage laws increased the construction cost, was tested by comparing the bids/SF （square foot） from both groups （union and nonunion） for the different construction trades. The study indicated that there was statistical significant difference between the bids/square foot for union contractors and the bids/square foot for non-union contractors for only the following trades： earthwork, existing conditions, plumbing, electrical and HVAC （heating, ventilation and air conditioning）. The averages of bids/SF from the union contractors were higher than those from the non-union contractors for earthwork, existing conditions and plumbing works, and the opposite for electrical and HVAC works. There was no statistical significant difference in the bids from the communications, concrete, conveying equipment, electronic safety and security, equipment, finishes, fire suppression, furnishings, masonry, openings, structural steel, thermal and moisture protection, plastics and composites and wood works.

Earth’s Atmosphere Prevailing Surface Winds Based on Effectiveness of Mbane Biouele Formula Derived in 2009

Any system designed to simulate the earth's atmosphere general circulation, must necessarily be based on the spatial-or temporal average conditions. Irregularities in the profiles of air motions that we observe on daily weather maps often make lose any real meaning to the general circulation. As complicated and inconsistent that is the daily traffic of air particles, it is interesting to define a general circulation characteristic of the average air transportation around the globe. Indeed, this transport responds to a need to transfer heat from the equator (heat source) to the poles (cold sources). Mbane Biouele formula (2009), derived from Clausius-Clapeyron relation (1832), now allows faithful and unique representation of the tricellular general circulation: Hence, the possibility of access to the earth’s atmosphere prevailing surface winds in summer as well as winter.

Analysis of prevailing pertussis strains from different regions in China after the application of acellular vaccines

To the Editor:With the extensive uptake of pertussis vaccine,morbidity and mortality related to pertussis have decreased significantly.The application of acellular vaccines(ACVs)occurred later in China than in developed countries;correspondingly,the pertussis resurgence in China also began later.The latest global genotype dynamic prediction model cannot explain the B.pertussis genotype change trend in China.[1]Chinese B.pertussis strains gradually formed their own unique developmental branches.[2]Here,a phylogenetic tree of prevailing B.pertussis strains from three different regions of China was visualized by EvolView(http://www.evolgenius.info/evolview.html).A total of 199 isolated B.pertussis strains were used for the phylogenetic analysis.The B.para-pertussis strain isolated from Tianjin was used as the out-group,and Chinese strain(CS),which is widely used as a vaccine strain for ACV production in China,was used as the reference strain.In particular,we analyzed the multilocus sequence typing(MLST)and macrolide-resistance-conferring gene mutations.

Characteristics of land surface thermal-hydrologic processes for different regions over North China during prevailing summer monsoon period

The observation stations of Northern China are divided into three regions:the arid Northwest China,the Loess Plateau,and the cool Northeast China.The consistencies,differences,and associated mechanisms of land surface thermal-hydrologic processes among the three regions were studied based on the normalization of major variables of land surface thermal-hydrologic processes,using data collected during prevailing summer monsoon period(July and August,2008).It is shown that differences of surface thermal-hydrologic processes are remarkable among the three regions because of different impacts of summer monsoon.Especially their soil wet layers occur at different depths,and the average albedo and its diurnal variations are distinctly different.Surface net short-wave radiation in the Loess Plateau is close to that in the cool Northeast China,but its surface net long-wave radiation is close to that in the arid Northwest China.And the ratio of net radiation to global solar radiation in the cool Northeast China is higher than the other two regions,though its temperature is lower.There are obvious regional differences in the ratios of surface sensible and latent heat fluxes to net radiation for the three regions because of distinct contribution of sensible and latent heat fluxesto land surface energy balance.The three regions are markedly different in the ratio of water vapor flux to pan evaporation,but they are consistent in the ratio of water vapor flux to precipitation.These results not only indicate different influences of climate and environmental factors on land surface thermal-hydrologic processes in the three regions,but also show that summer monsoon is important in the formation and variation of the pattern of land surface thermal-hydrologic processes.

Reconstruction of the Global Economic Governance System and China’s Role under the Profound Changes

The world today is undergoing profound changes unseen in a century.In particular,under the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Ukraine crisis,the global political and economic landscape has undergone unprecedentedly profound changes,and the current global economic governance system is facing multiple crises,such as the lack of legitimacy,effectiveness,and common values.Hence,promoting the reform of the global governance system is becoming the prevailing trend.

GLOBAL SECURITY INITIATIVE:A BOON IN THE HUMAN RIGHTS GOVERNANCE

While the world remains committed to upholding the principle of human rights protection,this universal sacrosanct value of humanity has been endlessly put to severe tests in the prevailing global governance.The incoherent global response to the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020 was merely the proverbial last straw that broke the camel’s back.

Championing a New Multilateral World

In the ever-evolving and fluid geopolitical landscape,the rise of emerging markets and developing countries over the past three decades has been a transformative force in reshaping the dynamics of the evolving international order.This rise of the Global South can be traced back to the economic and political changes that took place in the 1990s.In the aftermath of the Cold War,market-oriented reforms became the prevailing trend across the world.The consequences of these changes were that they unlocked the Global South’s immense growth potential and positioned it as a significant geopolitical and economic force globally.

颈椎前路植入PEEK PREVAIL系统手术方式治疗单节段颈椎病

目的本研究旨在探讨颈椎前路植入PEEK PREVAIL系统手术方式与传统前路减压植骨融合术治疗单节段颈椎病的疗效差异。方法对本院2011年3月至2015年3月收治的67例单节段颈椎病患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,根据手术方式分为PEEK PREVAIL系统组35例(前路植入PEEK PREVAIL系统治疗)、传统组32例(前路减压植骨融合术治疗),对两组患者的手术情况及术后随访资料进行统计分析。结果 PEEK PREVAIL系统组的手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间均显著低于传统组患者(P<0.05)。PEEK PREVAIL系统组与传统组患者的手术前后日本骨科协会(Japanese orthopaedic association,JOA)、颈椎残障功能指数(neck disability index,NDI)、视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)评分组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),术后6个月两组患者的JOA、NDI、VAS评分较术前均显著降低(P<0.05)。PEEK PREVAIL系统组患者的Odom优良率为91.43%,低于传统组患者的93.75%,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。PEEK PREVAIL系统组术后6个月融合率达到100%,而传统组融合率为96.9%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。PEEK PREVAIL系统组患者的并发症发生率为11.43%,低于传统组患者的46.88%且差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论颈椎前路植入PEEK PREVAIL系统手术较传统前路减压植骨融合术治疗单节段颈椎病具有手术时间短、出血量少、住院时间短、术后并发症低的优点,且手术效果基本相当。

Dynamic regulation of plasmodesmatal permeability and its application to horticultural research

Effective cell-to-cell communication allows plants to fine-tune their developmental processes in accordance with the prevailing environmental stimuli.Plasmodesmata(PD)are intercellular channels that span the plant cell wall and serve as cytoplasmic bridges to facilitate efficient exchange of signaling molecules between neighboring cells.The identification of PD-associated proteins and the subsequent elucidation of the regulation of PD structure have provided vital insights into the role of PD architecture in enforcing crucial cellular processes,including callose deposition,ER–Golgi-based secretion,cytoskeleton dynamics,membrane lipid raft organization,chloroplast metabolism,and cell wall formation.In this review,we summarize the emerging discoveries from recent studies that elucidated the regulatory mechanisms involved in PD biogenesis and the dynamics of PD opening-closure.Retrospectively,PDmediated cell-to-cell communication has been implicated in diverse cellular and physiological processes that are fundamental for the development of horticultural plants.The potential application of PD biotechnological engineering represents a powerful approach for improving agronomic traits in horticultural crops in the future.

Using light to improve commercial value

The plasticity of plant morphology has evolved to maximize reproductive fitness in response to prevailing environmental conditions.Leaf architecture elaborates to maximize light harvesting,while the transition to flowering can either be accelerated or delayed to improve an individual’s fitness.One of the most important environmental signals is light,with plants using light for both photosynthesis and as an environmental signal.Plants perceive different wavelengths of light using distinct photoreceptors.Recent advances in LED technology now enable light quality to be manipulated at a commercial scale,and as such opportunities now exist to take advantage of plants’developmental plasticity to enhance crop yield and quality through precise manipulation of a crops’lighting regime.This review will discuss how plants perceive and respond to light,and consider how these specific signaling pathways can be manipulated to improve crop yield and quality.

Decoding altitude-activated regulatory mechanisms occurring during apple peel ripening

Apple(Malus domestica Borkh)is an important fruit crop cultivated in a broad range of environmental conditions.Apple fruit ripening is a physiological process,whose molecular regulatory network response to different environments is still not sufficiently investigated and this is particularly true of the peel tissue.In this study,the influence of environmental conditions associated with low(20 m)and high(750 m)altitude on peel tissue ripening was assessed by physiological measurements combined with metabolomic and proteomic analyses during apple fruit development and ripening.Although apple fruit ripening was itself not affected by the different environmental conditions,several key color parameters,such as redness and color index,were notably induced by high altitude.Consistent with this observation,increased levels of anthocyanin and other phenolic compounds,including cyanidin-3-O-galactoside,quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside,quercetin-3-O-rutinoside,and chlorogenic acid were identified in the peel of apple grown at high altitude.Moreover,the high-altitude environment was characterized by elevated abundance of various carbohydrates(e.g.,arabinose,xylose,and sucrose)but decreased levels of glutamic acid and several related proteins,such as glycine hydroxymethyltransferase and glutamate–glyoxylate aminotransferase.Other processes affected by high altitude were the TCA cycle,the synthesis of oxidative/defense enzymes,and the accumulation of photosynthetic proteins.From the obtained data we were able to construct a metabolite-protein network depicting the impact of altitude on peel ripening.The combined analyses presented here provide new insights into physiological processes linking apple peel ripening with the prevailing environmental conditions.

PREVAIL——下一代电子束投影曝光技术

PREVAIL作为下一代电子束投影曝光技术 ,采用可变轴浸没透镜 ,对以硅为支架的碳化硅薄膜进行投影微缩曝光。在 1mm2 子场的情况下 ,运用步进扫描曝光方式 ,在 1 0 0nm临界尺寸下具有较高的产量 ,与EUVL技术一起成为下一代曝光技术的有力竞争者。

Relationships between Earth’s Rotation or Revolution and Geographical Extent of the Global Surface Monsoons

Monsoon seasons, occasionally also known as wet seasons or trade-wind littoral seasons, are found in the regions where there is a complete seasonal reversal of the prevailing surface winds. Accompanying these shifts in the prevailing surface winds are modulations in rainfall activity. Given the fact that our knowledge of the monsoons is mainly based on the interpretation of the mean values of precipitation, cloudiness and winds;relationships between earth’s rotation or revolution and geographical extent of the global surface monsoons deserve to be highlighted. In the abundant literary and audiovisual production devoted to monsoons worldwide and despite the fact that everyone agrees with physical law which shows that Coriolis force acts to the right in the northern hemisphere (to the left in the southern hemisphere), there is no reference to the relationship between Coriolis force (due to earth’s rotation) effects on troposphere general circulation and geographical extent of the global surface monsoons. Furthermore knowing that the ITCZ oscillations on either side of the equators (due to earth’s revolution) determine the seasons (mainly winter and summer), it is clear that earth’s revolution also plays a crucial role in the seasonal reversal of the prevailing surface winds observed in the regions where monsoons are found. Our main objective is to provide a rational answer to the question: what is a monsoon?

Little for more: An Active Discovery Strategy for Content Routing in ICN

While receiving a certain packet with unknown destination, a router either simply drops it or sends queries around as a remedy.Dropping it sacrifices transmission stability, but sending queries may cause too much overload.Such situation can be seen more frequently in Information-Centric Networking(ICN) since it has a larger namespace for routing destinations.In this paper, we propose the neighboring chunk aware discovery(NCAD), an active discovery strategy for content routing. NCAD can reduce the cost of resolving unknown contents, which is not yet considered by the conventional routing mechanism. The idea behind NCAD is to ask the nodes to report back more possession information about the queried content in prediction of later use. To this end, we de-sign NCAD with several different considerations,and balance the tradeoff between effectiveness in conjunction with the overhead to achieve optima on the whole. Extensive experiments are conducted on a small typical topology and a large real-world Internet AS-level topology.Experimental results show an overall superiority of NCAD in terms of both effectiveness and overhead.

New Progress and Challenges in Cloud–Aerosol–Radiation–Precipitation Interactions:Preface for a Special Issue※

Clouds play essential roles in the Earth’s radiative energy balance and global hydrological cycle.Aerosols,the particles suspended in the air,can change cloud properties by interacting with radiation or serving as cloud condensation nuclei.However,the variations in cloud properties subjected to aerosol context,and their impacts on radiation and precipitation,are related to many complicating factors such as land types,meteorological conditions,cloud types,aerosol properties,and their co-varied relationships.Complication of cloud-aerosol-radiation-precipitation interactions makes representation of clouds one of the largest uncertainties in climate models for future climate prediction.It has also become a prevailing topic in atmospheric sciences over the past several decades.

NEW ADVANCES IN NON-ORTHOGONAL MULTIPLE ACCESS

Multiple access is one of the core technologies in wireless communications,which enables wireless base stations to support a large number of terminal users and serve them simultaneously under stringent spectrum constraints.Orthogonal multiple access(OMA),as one multiple access method,has been prevailing since the first generation(1G)cellular system.However,the number of active users allowed access to the OMA system is strictly limited by the number of available orthogonal resources,since as required by OMA the communication resources allocated to different users are orthogonal in at least one radio resource dimension,e.g.,frequency,time,code,etc.Nowadays,with the rapid growth of mobile network and Internet of Things(IoT)this problem becomes more and more critical.

Resource scheduling approach in cloud Testing as a Service using deep reinforcement learning algorithms

Many organizations around the world use cloud computing Testing as Service(Taas)for their services.Cloud computing is principally based on the idea of on-demand delivery of computation,storage,applications,and additional resources.It depends on delivering user services through Internet connectivity.In addition,it uses a pay-as-you-go business design to deliver user services.It offers some essential characteristics including on-demand service,resource pooling,rapid elasticity,virtualization,and measured services.There are various types of virtualization,such as full virtualization,para-virtualization,emulation,〇S virtualization,and application virtualization.Resource scheduling in Taas is among the most challenging jobs in resource allocation to mandatory tasks/jobs based on the required quality of applications and projects.Because of the cloud environment,uncertainty,and perhaps heterogeneity,resource allocation cannot be addressed with prevailing policies.This situation remains a significant concern for the majority of cloud providers,as they face challenges in selecting the correct resource scheduling algorithm for a particular workload.The authors use the emergent artificial intelligence algorithms deep RM2,deep reinforcement learning,and deep reinforcement learning for Taas cloud scheduling to resolve the issue of resource scheduling in cloud Taas.

The Creative Development of Chinese Diplomatic Theory for the New Era

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China(CPC),socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era.Xi Jinping,as General Secretary of the CPC who stands at a new historical starting point and keeping the“two centenary goals”1 in mind,has formulated a series of new concepts,new proposals and new initiatives,which constitute the Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy.2 The Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy reflects dialectical and historical materialism and contains the philosophical thought of the finest traditional Chinese culture.Based on the scientific judgement of China’s historical orientation and the prevailing trend of world development,the Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy advocates a group of ideas such as“profound changes unseen in a century,”“a community with a shared future for mankind,”“global network of partnerships,”and“jointly building the Belt and Road.”The Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy thus meets the requirements dictated by the nature and direction of major-country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics and has greatly enriched the theories of Chinese diplomacy and of international relations.