Heat Transfer Analysis on Wire Icing and the Current Preventing from Icing

This study concerns the heat transfer processes during ice accretion on wires. The steady state heat balance equation assumed to describe the thermodynamics at the surface of a current heated wire subjected to icing is obtained by analyzing and computing each terms of heat flux. The surface temperature of wire is derived from the heat balance equation, which gives out a proposed estimation of the current intensity to prevent the wire icing

Physical structure and vertical distribution of chlorophyll a in winter sea ice from the northwestern Weddell Sea, Antarctica

The investigation on sea-ice biology in combination with physics, chemistry and ecology was carried out in the northwestern Weddell Sea, Antarctica, during the cruise ANT/XX III-7 on board POLARSTERN in the austral winter （August-October） in 2006. The distribution of chlorophyll a was measured and related to sea ice texture. The mean concentrations of chlorophyll a in the sea ice varied considerably with ice texture. The concentration of chlorophyll a per core ranged from 2.10– 84.40 μg/dm ^3 with a mean of 16.56 μg/dm ^3 . And the value of R （chlorophyll a / gross chlorophyll） ranged from 0.79–0.83. These high winter chlorophyll values indicate that primary production is considerable and confirms that there is significant primary production in Antarctic sea ice during winter. Thus this constitutes a major proportion of southern ocean primary production and carbon flux before the sea ice retreats.

Promoting Safe Winter Sports and Support for the Beijing 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games:A Global Collaborative Education Program

Safety is critically important for any sport or recreational activity.Skiing and snowboarding are winter activities that are potentially beneficial to health and fitness.However,they present a significant risk of injury.If not well managed,high injury rates will negatively impact the ski industry and its development.The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature of safety and injury prevention programs specific to recreational alpine skiers and snowboarders in China and compare them with those implemented in the United States to promote safe snow sports and prepare skilled ski patrol and injury prevention professionals for the Beijing 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games.

Simulations of Eurasian Winter Temperature Trends in Coupled and Uncoupled CFSv2

Conflicting results have been presented regarding the link between Arctic sea-ice loss and midlatitude cooling, particularly over Eurasia. This study analyzes uncoupled(atmosphere-only) and coupled(ocean–atmosphere) simulations by the Climate Forecast System, version 2(CFSv2), to examine this linkage during the Northern Hemisphere winter, focusing on the simulation of the observed surface cooling trend over Eurasia during the last three decades. The uncoupled simulations are Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project(AMIP) runs forced with mean seasonal cycles of sea surface temperature(SST)and sea ice, using combinations of SST and sea ice from different time periods to assess the role that each plays individually,and to assess the role of atmospheric internal variability. Coupled runs are used to further investigate the role of internal variability via the analysis of initialized predictions and the evolution of the forecast with lead time.The AMIP simulations show a mean warming response over Eurasia due to SST changes, but little response to changes in sea ice. Individual runs simulate cooler periods over Eurasia, and this is shown to be concurrent with a stronger Siberian high and warming over Greenland. No substantial differences in the variability of Eurasian surface temperatures are found between the different model configurations. In the coupled runs, the region of significant warming over Eurasia is small at short leads, but increases at longer leads. It is concluded that, although the models have some capability in highlighting the temperature variability over Eurasia, the observed cooling may still be a consequence of internal variability.

Preventive and therapeutic effect of long snake moxibustion on psoriasis with yang deficiency and external cold syndrome based on the theory of "treatment of winter disease in summer"

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with multiple layers of silvery white scales on the surface of erythema papule as the main clinical characteristics,of which yang-deficiency external cold psoriasis is refractory,recurrent and severe in winter and mild in summer,which has a great impact on patients'physical and mental health and quality of life.Traditional Chinese medicine has unique insights in the treatment of psoriasis,both curative effect and safety,have obvious advantages.Based on the concept of"winter disease and summer treatment",long-snake moxibustion gives full play to its functions of warming the kidney,invigorating the marrow,warming the meridians,activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis,so as to restore the deficiency of Yang in patients with psoriasis with external cold syndrome,enhance disease resistance,and prevent psoriasis recurrence or aggravation in winter.Therefore,based on the theory of"winter disease and summer treatment",this paper preliminarily discusses the mechanism of long-snake moxibustion in the prevention and treatment of psoriasis with external cold syndrome of Yang deficiency,and provides new ideas and directions for the prevention and treatment of psoriasis with traditional Chinese medicine.

Possible Impacts of Winter Arctic Oscillation on Siberian High, the East Asian Winter Monsoon and Sea-Ice Extent

Using the NCEP/ NCAR reanalysis dataset covering a 40-year period from January 1958 to December 1997, sea surface temperature (1950-1992), and monthly sea-ice concentration dataset for the period from 1953 to 1995, we investigate connections between winter Arctic Oscillation (AO) and Siberian high (SH), the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM), and winter sea-ice extent in the Barents Sea. The results indicate that winter AO not only influences climate variations in the Arctic and the North Atlantic sector, but also shows possible effects on winter SH, and further influences EAWM, When winter AO is in its positive phase, both of winter SH and the EAWM are weaker than normal, and air temperature from near the surface to the middle troposphere is about 0.5-2degreesC higher than normal in the southeastern Siberia and the East Asian coast, including eastern China, Korea, and Japan. When AO reaches its negative phase, an opposite scenario can be observed. The results also indicate that winter SH has no significant effects on climate variations in Arctic and the North Atlantic sector. Its influence intensity and extent are obviously weaker than AO, exhibiting a 'local, feature in contrast to AO. This study further reveals the possible mechanism of how the winter AO is related to winter SH. It is found that winter SH variation is closely related to both dynamic processes and air temperature variations from the surface to the middle troposphere. The western SH variation mainly depends on dynamic processes, while its eastern part is more closely related to air temperature variation. The maintaining of winter SH mainly depends on downward motion of airflow of the nearly entire troposphere. The airflow originates from the North Atlantic sector, whose variation is influenced by the AO. When AO is in its positive (negative) phase, downward motion remarkably weakened (strengthened), which further influences winter SH. In addition, winter AO exhibits significant influences on the simultaneous sea-ice extent in the Barents Sea.

Relationship between Bering Sea Ice Cover and East Asian Winter Monsoon Year-to-Year Variations

In this study, the relationship between year-to-year variations in the Bering Sea ice cover （BSIC） and the East Asian winter monsoon （EAWM） for the period 1969-2001 was documented. The time series of total ice cover in the eastern Bering Sea correlated with the EAWM index at -0.49, indicating that they are two tightly related components. Our results show that the BSIC was closely associated with the simultaneous local and large-scale atmosphere over the Asian-northern Pacific region. Heavy BSIC corresponded to weaker EAWM circulations and light BSIC corresponded to stronger EAWM circulations. Thus, the BSIC should be considered as one of the possible factors affecting the EAWM variation.

The role of diminishing Arctic sea ice in increased winter snowfall over northern high-latitude continents in a warming environment

Large parts of North America, Europe, Siberia, and East Asia have experienced cold snaps and heavy snowfalls for the past few winters, which have been linked to rapid decline of Arctic sea ice. Although the role of reduction in Arctic sea ice in recent cold and snowy winters is still a matter of debate, there is considerable interest in determining whether such an emerging climate feedback will persist into the future in a warming environment. Here we show that increased winter snowfall would be a robust feature throughout the 21st century in the northeastern Europe, central and northern Asia and northern North America as projected by current-day climate model simulations under the medium mitigation scenario. We argue that the increased winter snowfall in these regions during the 21st century is due primarily to the diminishing autumn Arctic sea ice （largely externally forced）. Variability of the winter Arctic Oscillation （dominant mode of natural variability in the Northern Hemisphere）, in contrast, has little contribution to the increased winter snowfall. This is evident in not only the multi-model ensemble mean, but also each individual model （not model-dependent）. Our findings reinforce suggestions that a strong sea ice-snowfall feedback might have emerged, and would be enhanced in coming decades, increasing the chance of heavy snowfall events in northern high-latitude continents.

Change in Sea Ice Cover is Responsible for Non-Uniform Variation in Winter Temperature over East Asia

Observed winter(December–February)surface air temperature over East Asia(0°–60°N,100–140°E)(TEA)shows non-uniform variation during 1979–2013,with cooling and weak warming north and south of40°N.To understand this,the authors perform statistical analysis(linear regression and composite)on the observed data.The results suggest that reduced(increased)autumn sea ice cover in the Barents-Kara Sea(BK-ASIC)lowers(warms)TEA over northern East Asia,which is consistent with previous studies.In comparison,increased(decreased)winter sea ice cover in the Sea of Okhotsk(O-WSIC),warms(cools)the air over southern East Asia.The mechanism can be described as follows:When the BK-ASIC decreases,the East Asian winter monsoon tends to be stronger with an intensified Siberian high,leading to cooling over northern East Asia.An O-WSIC increase is associated with cold anomalies north of 50°N,altering the meridional temperature gradient between the midlatitudes and tropics,and leading to a northward shift of the East Asian jet steam in the upper troposphere.In the low atmosphere,anomalous northeasterly winds prevail north of50°N and anomalous southerly winds control the southern coast of East Asia,contributing to the weak warming over southern East Asia.Version 3 of the Community Atmosphere Model also provides evidence for the impact of increased O-WSIC on the warm southern mode of TEA.

Arctic autumn sea ice decline and Asian winter temperature anomaly

Associations between the autumn Arctic sea ice concentration （SIC） and Asian winter temperature are discussed using the singular value decomposition analysis. Results show that in recent 33 years reduced autumn Arctic sea ice is accompanied by Asian winter temperature decrease except in the Tibetan plateau and the Arctic Ocean and the North Pacific Ocean coast. The autumn SIC reduction excites two geopotential height centers in Eurasia and the north Arctic Ocean, which are persistent from autumn to winter. The negative center is in Barents Sea/Kara Sea. The positive center is located in Mongolia. The anomalous winds are associated with geopotential height centers, providing favorable clod air for the Asian winter temperature decreasing in recent 33 years. This relationship indicates a potential long-term outlook for the Asian winter temperature decrease as the decline of the autumn sea ice in the Arctic Ocean is expected to continue as climate warms.

Precursor Role of Winter Sea-Ice in the Labrador Sea for Following-Spring Precipitation over Southeastern North America and Western Europe

The role of winter sea-ice in the Labrador Sea as a precursor for precipitation anomalies over southeastern North America and Western Europe in the following spring is investigated. In general terms, as the sea ice increases, the precipitation also increases. In more detail, however, analyses indicate that both the winter sea-ice and the sea surface temperature(SST)anomalies related to increases in winter sea-ice in the Labrador Sea can persist into the following spring. These features play a forcing role in the spring atmosphere, which may be the physical mechanism behind the observational relationship between the winter sea-ice and spring precipitation anomalies. The oceanic forcings in spring include Arctic sea-ice anomalies and SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific and high-latitude North Atlantic. Multi-model Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project simulation results show that the atmospheric circulation response to the combination of sea-ice and SST is similar to that observed, which suggests that the oceanic forcings are indeed the physical reason for the enhanced spring precipitation. Sensitivity experiments conducted using an atmospheric general circulation model indicate that the increases in precipitation over southeastern North America are mainly attributable to the effect of the SST anomalies, while the increases over Western Europe are mainly due to the sea-ice anomalies. Although model simulations reveal that the SST anomalies play the primary role in the precipitation anomalies over southeastern North America, the observational statistical analyses indicate that the area of sea-ice in the Labrador Sea seems to be the precursor that best predicts the spring precipitation anomaly.

Numerical Simulation of Bohai Oil Spill in the Winter Sea Ice Period

The Bohai Sea is a seasonal icy sea area that has the lowest latitude of any sea experiencing icing in the northern hemisphere, and simulation studies on oil spills during its sea ice period are the key to analyzing winter oil spill accidents. This study applied the three-dimensional free surface to establish a high-resolution hydrodynamic model and simulate tidal distributions in the Bohai Sea. Then, the oil spill model of the open sea area and thermodynamic model were combined to establish a numerical model for the Bohai oil spill during the winter sea ice period. The hydrodynamic model and sea ice growth and melting model were verified, and the parameters were adjusted based on the measured values, which indicate that the numerical model established in this paper is of high accuracy,stability and ubiquity. Finally, after checking the calculations repeatedly, the diffusion coefficient for the Bohai Sea was determined to be 1.0×10^(–7 )m^2/s. It is better that the comprehensive weathering attenuation coefficient is lower than that of a non-winter oil spill, with 1.3×10^(–7 )m^2/s being the most appropriate coefficient. This study can provide the reliable technical support for the operational safety and reduction in losses caused by winter oil spill accidents for the petroleum industry.

Severe winter weather as a response to the lowest Arctic sea-ice anomalies

Possible impact of reduced Arctic sea-ice on winter severe weather in China is investigated regarding the snowstorm over southern China in January 2008. The sea-ice conditions in the summer （July-September） and fall （September-November） of 2007 show that the sea-ice is the lowest that year. During the summer and fall of 2007, sea ice displayed a significant decrease in the East Siberian, the northern Chukchi Sea, the western Beaufort Sea, the Barents Sea, and the Kara Sea. A ECHAM5.4 atmospheric general circula- tion model is forced with realistic sea-ice conditions and strong thermal responses with warmer surface air temperature and higher-than-normal heat flux associated with the sea-ice anomalies are found. The model shows remote atmospheric responses over East Asia in January 2008, which result in severe snowstorm over southern China. Strong water-vapor transported from the Bay of Bengal and from the Pacific Ocean related to Arctic sea-ice anomalies in the fall （instead of summer） of 2007 is considered as one of the main causes of the snowstorm formation.

Association between Arctic autumn sea ice concentration and early winter precipitation in China

Associations between autumn Arctic sea ice concentration（SIC） and early winter precipitation in China are studied using singular value decomposition analysis. The results show that a reduced SIC almost everywhere in the Arctic Ocean, except the northern Greenland Sea and Canadian Basin, are accompanied by dry conditions over central China, extending northeast from the Tibetan Plateau toward the Japan Sea, the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea, and wet conditions over South China and North China. Atmospheric circulation anomalies associated with SIC variability show two wave-train structures, which are persistent from autumn to winter, leading to the identified relationship between autumn Arctic SIC and early winter precipitation in China. Given that the decline in autumn SIC in the Arctic Ocean is expected to continue as the climate warms, this relationship provides a possible long-term outlook for early winter precipitation in China.

满足WINTERIZED BASIC船级符号的电伴热防结冰设计

针对恶劣环境因素导致冰区加强型船舶结冰的问题,为保障船上系统、设备和人员安全,根据DNVGL船级符号要求,通过应用电伴热设备等对船上防结冰系统进行防护方案设计,提出工程应用中需重点关注的技术问题。

Comprehensive Risk Prevention of "Ice Silk Road" Construction in the Context of Global Warming

The Report of the 19 th National Congress of the Communist Party of China has taken the Belt and Road Initiative and the implementation of the the Belt and Road Initiative as essential parts of China’s economic construction and multi-faceted diplomatic layout. As an important navigation channel for the ' 21 st Century Maritime Silk Road',the Arctic Route has unlimited development prospects in scientific research,transportation,resources,tourism,etc. Therefore,it is feasible to take this opportunity to adhere to the three policy concepts of respect,cooperation and mutual benefit,to deepen political,economic,trade and scientific and technological cooperation with the Arctic countries and interested countries. Starting from the joint creation of the ' Ice Silk Road' between China and Russia,this paper analyzed the enormous challenges faced by traditional routes. The Arctic Route has the obvious advantages and the values of economy,politics,resources,shipping and scientific research. The development of Arctic Route faces threats and limitations of substrate data,development technologies,and extreme marine meteorological disasters. Therefore,this paper believes that the development and construction of the Arctic Route with the aid of meteorology should be fully integrated into the construction of Belt and Road Initiative,strengthen the research on the geographical and climatic environment of the Arctic Ocean,deepen the monitoring of climate services and climate change in the Arctic Ocean,and create a safe Arctic Route. Besides,it is necessary to vigorously enhance the international cooperation and exchanges in the research of the Arctic Ocean,and build a large-scale scientific research plan with the aid of the joint creation of ' Ice Silk Road' by China and Russia. Besides,it is recommended to develop a variety of meteorological observation methods to enhance the early warning capability of disaster prevention and mitigation. In particular,it is recommended to vigorously develop the offshore meteorological observation capability of the ' Ice Silk Road',and continuously meet the needs of meteorological services and disaster prevention and mitigation for the construction of Belt and Road Initiative. In addition,it is necessary to comprehensively build a Chinese meteorological polar discipline system to meet the future demands of the Arctic Route.

后冬奥时代我国冰雪产业高质量发展的动力变革与实现路径

运用文献资料法和逻辑分析法对后冬奥时代我国冰雪产业高质量发展的基础能力、发展机遇、动力变革进行了研究。研究发现:冰雪产业自身变革发展模式、拓展地理空间、服务乡村振兴、区域协同等自身优势为高质量发展奠定了基础;北京冬奥会为我国冰雪产业的高质量发展提供了发展机遇,加快构建了冰雪产业高质量发展的新格局,促进了产品体系完善和多链融合;产业变革的动力来自供需平衡、市场主体支撑、要素驱动转化、制度环境、科技创新。因此笔者提出要加强顶层设计,构建中国特色现代化的高质量冰雪产业发展体系;提高效率,规范职能,建设协同高效的一流营商环境;加强健康引领,丰富供给类型,建设服务人民的冰雪体育公共服务体系;夯实开放理念,增强科技助力,建设创新融合低碳发展的冰雪产业市场机制;建立支撑冰雪产业高质量发展的人才培养体系;以更高水平的对外开放,深度融入全球冰雪产业格局等路径促进后冬奥会时代我国冰雪产业的高质量发展。

后冬奥时期北方高校持续开展冰雪运动的背景、困境与策略

后冬奥时期,高校冰雪运动的开展质量能够深刻影响我国冰雪运动的稳步普及。北方地区省份众多、疆域广大,开展冰雪运动的自然条件优越,由此对我国北方高校冰雪运动持续开展的相关问题进行研究。在时代背景方面,发现冰雪历史积淀深厚、冰雪政策持续发布、冬奥遗产资源丰硕、冰雪强国转型需求是我国北方高校持续开展冰雪运动的有利机遇。但在北方高校中,学生对冰雪的认知存在局限、冰雪资金供给失衡、冰雪师资供不应求、冰雪赛事有待丰富是持续开展冰雪运动的现实困境。提出开展奥林匹克主题教育,丰富学生冰雪认知;提升冰雪师资队伍水平,优化冰雪课程教学效果;加强冰雪师资队伍建设,提升冰雪课程教学效果;举办冬季项目体育赛事,形成校园冰雪氛围等优化策略,以期在后冬奥时期为我国北方高校冰雪运动的可持续发展提供新的参考借鉴。

亚冬会背景下黑龙江省高校传承冰雪体育文化的逻辑理路与实践策略

黑龙江省冰雪体育文化历史悠久、文脉流芳,适逢第9届亚洲冬季运动会即将在哈尔滨举办,在这一重要窗口期内,全省高校应以文化传承的主阵地姿态赋予冰雪体育文化更多的生长空间。采用文献资料、调查研究等研究方法梳理了黑龙江省高等院校助力冰雪体育文化发展的历史脉络,并针对黑龙江省高校在弘扬冰雪体育文化中的现实问题,提出了下一阶段冰雪体育文化工作的实践逻辑和具体措施。研究认为:龙江高校应以重大赛事为契机、以统一基调为逻辑指向、以有效联动为方法原则,大力凸显冰雪体育文化特质与内涵,进而促成冰雪体育文化在培育个人和引领社会中的双重作用,以文化共识达成文化自信,在文化兴盛中走向文化繁荣,从而以冰雪体育文化之笔书写出龙江地区再创辉煌的生动篇章。

冬奥后河北休闲冰雪发展路径创新研究

该文分析了冬奥会对河北省冰雪产业的深远影响,涵盖设施提升、旅游业发展、产品和服务升级等方面。通过资源再利用和设施优化,河北省冰雪产业在冬奥会后实现了持续增长,尤其是在冰雪旅游、装备制造等领域。然而,政策、基础设施和人才等问题依然制约着相关产业的发展。该文提出了河北休闲冰雪产业创新路径,包括扩大群众参与、推动冰雪文化发展、完善产业链、提升服务品质以及加强冰雪人才储备等,旨在推动河北休闲冰雪产业可持续发展。