Integrated Prevention and Control System for Soil Erosion in Typical Black Soil Region of Northeast China

The black soil region of Northeast China is one of the most important food production bases and commodity grain bases in China. However, the continual loss and degradation of precious black soil resources has led to direct threats to national food security and regional sustainable development. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize integrated prevention and control experience of small watersheds in black soil region of Northeast China. Tongshuang small watershed, a typical watershed in rolling hills of typical black soil areas in Northeast China, is selected as the study area. Based on nearly 50 years' experience in prevention and control of soil and water loss, the structures and overall benefits of an integrated prevention and control system for soil and water loss are investigated. Then, the 'three defense lines' tri-dimensional protection system with reasonable allocation of different types of soil and water control measures from the hill top to gully is systematically analyzed. The first line on the top hill can weaken and block uphill runoff and sediment, hold water resources and improve soil property. The second line on the hill can truncate slope length, slow down the runoff velocity and reduce erosion energy. The third line in the gully is mainly composed of waterfall engineering, which can inhibit soil erosion and restore land resources. The 'three defense lines' system is feasible for soil and water loss control of small watersheds in the typical black soil region of Northeast China. Through the application of the in Tongshuang small watershed, There are effective improvements in ecological conditions in Tongshuang small watershed after the application of 'three defense lines' soil and water control system. Moreover, the integrated treatment paradigm for soil and water loss in typical black soil region is compared with that in loess region. The results of this study could offer references and experiences for other small watersheds in typical black soil region of Northeast China.

Competency Improvement Needs of Farmers in Soil Erosion Prevention and Control for Enhancing Crop Production: Case Study of Kogi State, Nigeria

This study investigated the competency improvement needs of farmers in soil erosion prevention and control for enhancing crop production in Kogi state of Nigeria and was carried out between January and June, 2014. The study adopted descriptive survey research design and was guided by two research questions. The study found out that farmers needed improvement on 37 cultural practices as follows: 10 competencies in mulching, 12 in cover cropping, 8 in strip cropping, 7 in contour farming and 45 mechanical field practice as follows: 10 competencies in contour bonding, 11 in terracing, 12 in channeling and 11 in tunneling for success in soil erosion prevention and control. The study recommended the organization of rural based programmes for the training of farmers in the practice identified to enhance their competencies in soil erosion prevention and control for increased crop production.

Soil and water loss in the Lancang River-Mekong River watershed (in Yunnan section, China) and its control measures

According to a lot of hydrological and environmental monitoring data, the condition of soil and water loss in the Lancang River Mekong River watershed (in Yunnan section, China) is described. The occurrence and development of soil and water loss is analyzed. The conclusion is that: (1) generally, the situation of soil and water loss in the Lancang River Mekong River watershed (in Yunnan section, China) is light, however, soil and water loss in some regions is serious, especially in the middle reach area of the river; (2) soil and water loss in the Lancang River Mekong River (in Yunnan section, China) watershed presents developing tendency and it is mainly caused by human beings. In accordance with these results, the control measures for soil and water loss are discussed.

Effects of Erosion Control Measures on Mountain Floods： A Case Study of the Censhui River South Branch Watershed

To investigate the effects of various erosion control measures on mountain floods, a case study was conducted in Censhui River South Branch Watershed using scenario analysis and soil conservation service （SCS） methods. A distributed hydrological model was developed, and watershed parameters were determined based on satellite imagery, digital terrain models, digital maps and field investigations. Two types of erosion control measures were investigated： the variation of vegetation covers and the change of cultivation techniques. Seven scenarios were considered for the test watershed. The results show： （1） while the de-vegetation results in the increase of peak discharge, the improve of vegetation covers decreases peak discharge at watershed scale; （2） by both improving vegetation cover and enhancing terrace-cultivation technology, the peak discharge is reduced and the peak flow arrival time is delayed; （3） attention should be attached to both early warning system and measures changing the underlying surface and conveyance systems.

基于SOFM与随机森林的大别山区水土保持空间管控分区

水土保持是国家生态文明建设的重要内容,水土保持空间管控分区是水土流失区域科学治理的前提与关键。然而,目前水土保持管控区域划分研究还未形成成熟的空间划定方法,且以小流域为单元的水土保持空间管控研究较少。为探索水土保持空间管控分区的方法,落实差别化保护治理措施,该研究利用通用土壤流失方程(universal soil loss equation,USLE)计算研究区潜在土壤侵蚀模数与实际土壤侵蚀模数,并通过随机森林确定了土壤侵蚀的主要影响因子,基于小流域单元的土壤侵蚀及其影响因子利用自组织映射神经网络(self-organizing feature map,SOFM)确定了大别山区的水土保持空间管控分区。结果显示:1)大别山区的平均潜在土壤侵蚀为84 415.7 t/(km^(2)·a),平均实际土壤侵蚀为210.25 t/(km^(2)·a)。小流域的实际土壤侵蚀主要分布于0~300 t/(km^(2)·a),小流域尺度上潜在土壤侵蚀与实际土壤侵蚀空间分布格局基本一致,高值区主要分布于研究区中部与东部海拔较高的山区腹地;2)植被覆盖度、坡度分别为小流域尺度上潜在土壤侵蚀与实际土壤侵蚀的主要影响因子,植被覆盖度、坡度与土壤侵蚀呈显著正相关(P<0.01)。高植被覆盖区主要分布于林地占比较高的大别山区腹地,坡度较大的区域沿大别山山脊线自西向东分布。3)SOFM结果显示,小流域尺度上的大别山水土保持空间管控区域划分为重点预防区、一般预防区与其他区域,其中重点预防区涉及小流域710个,面积15 287.4 km^(2)。一般预防区共890个小流域,面积18 874.4 km^(2)。两个预防区面积共占研究区61.2%。各区域间的实际土壤侵蚀、潜在土壤侵蚀与坡度差异明显,可作为大别山水土保持空间管控各区域的主要划分指标。研究结果为水土保持空间管控分区提供了思路,为分区域进行水土保持空间管控提供了理论支持与决策依据。

Discussion on the Soil and Water Conservation Model in Mountain Photovoltaic Power Generation Project

In the context of rising global energy demand and increasing awareness of environmental protection,photovoltaic power generation,as a clean and renewable form of energy,has become increasingly important and has received widespread attention and application worldwide.However,during the construction and operation of mountain photovoltaic power generation projects,water and soil erosion has become a major challenge,which not only restricts the sustainable development process of the project,but also has a significant negative impact on the local ecological environment.This article deeply analyzes the multiple causes,extensive impacts and effective prevention and control strategies of water and soil erosion in mountain photovoltaic power generation projects.The results show that rainfall intensity,terrain slope,soil type and vegetation coverage are the four key factors leading to soil erosion.Soil erosion not only causes a sharp decline in soil fertility,but also aggravates the problem of sediment deposition in rivers and reservoirs,and poses a direct threat to the stability and operating efficiency of photovoltaic equipment.In order to deal with the above problems,this paper innovatively puts forward a series of soil and water conservation technologies,covering multiple dimensions such as engineering measures,plant measures,farming measures and temporary measures,and deeply discusses the application models and management strategies of these measures in key stages such as planning and design,construction,operation and maintenance.Through specific case analysis,the successful practical experience of soil and water conservation is refined and summarized,and the key role of community cooperation,technical support and modern monitoring technology in preventing and controlling soil and water erosion is further emphasized.This article aims to achieve a win-win situation of ecological environment protection and energy development and utilization through scientific planning and effective governance,and contribute to the construction of a green,low-carbon,and sustainable energy system.

基于年际Landsat系列数据的长汀县水土流失治理区植被恢复监测

恢复植被是水土流失治理最普遍的一种方式,植被不仅可以提高水土保持能力,同时也能作为水土流失治理成效好坏的标准。以福建省长汀县2000—2010年治理区为主要研究对象,通过构建2000—2015年以年为时间间隔的季相一致的中等分辨率Landsat时序数据集,利用归一化植被指数NDVI时序集对治理区域植被生长状态进行监测,并定量分析植被恢复情况与治理时间长度以及治理方式之间的关系。结果表明:①治理区域植被整体恢复趋势要明显优于未治理区域;②不同治理方式下植被恢复也有所差别,园改、经济林果和重复治理下植被恢复相对较快,封禁治理下植被恢复速度相对缓慢;③不同治理方式下植被增长幅度存在差异;④同种治理方式下,不同年份开始治理的区域植被恢复趋势也存在一定差异性。研究结果可为区域水土流失治理模式的选择提供参考,以期实现水土流失治理成效定量分析。

水-气耦合下的土质边坡稳定系数场分析

传统边坡稳定性分析方法仅对潜在滑动面进行整体稳定性评估,无法获取各点的安全系数.基于稳定系数场理论,综合考虑水-气耦合作用,对降雨条件下边坡稳定性进行分析.结果表明:1)稳定系数场法能够直观地体现水-气耦合作用下边坡的具体破坏区域,得到各点的安全系数;2)孔隙气压力对边坡降雨入渗有一定阻碍作用,并且随着降雨时间的推移阻渗效果愈明显,相同条件下降雨40 h时,两相流湿润锋深度较单向流减小了28.6%;3)相同条件下,考虑水-气耦合作用将降低边坡稳定性,以降雨40 h为例,两相流边坡失稳面积约为单向流的1.7倍.因此,在实际工程中对边坡稳定性分析时考虑水-气耦合作用,工程偏于安全.

土壤侵蚀原理课程思政建设与思考

在课程思政建设背景下,以专业课程思政建设、改革与人才培养质量提升为目的,分析土壤侵蚀原理课程思政建设的价值,确立土壤侵蚀原理课程思政建设的原则与目标,探讨土壤侵蚀原理课程思政建设的内容、建设环节与方式等,并提出对土壤侵蚀原理课程思政建设的思考。以期推动土壤侵蚀原理课程思政建设与改革的同时,促进水土保持与荒漠化防治专业知识传授、学生能力培养和思政教育全面协同发展。

海河流域水土流失空间分布特征及防治对策

基于2020年海河流域水土流失动态监测成果,计算县级行政区土壤侵蚀严重指数,分析流域水土流失面积及分布特征等,提出水土流失综合防治对策。流域水土流失面积占土地总面积的20.84%,占山区土地面积的34.21%;土壤侵蚀严重的县级行政区有5个,较严重的有63个;水土流失分布主要集中在永定河上游黄土丘陵区、太行山土石山区、冀北燕山石质山区和燕山北部坝上风沙区等区域。水土流失发生重点地类以旱地、有林地、其他草地、灌木林地和天然牧草地为主,呈现面积不大但相对集中、危害大的特点;生产活动频繁导致水土流失仍然严重,土壤侵蚀强度不高,但治理难度大。当前,水土流失依然是海河流域主要生态问题之一,水土流失防治应结合区域水土流失特点科学布局,系统配置各类措施,推进流域水土流失治理高质量发展。

Guidelines for integrating ecological and biological engineering technologies for control of severe erosion in mountainous areas-A case study of the Xiaojiang River Basin,China

Ecological environment issues caused by soil erosion have always been the attractive and significant problems all over the world.Under the background of global warming,debris flow,landslide,and other intense gravitational erosion activities have become aggravated,which leads to the decrease of biological diversity,ecosystem stability,resistance,productivity,and the like,which presents new challenges to traditional measures of soil and water conservation.This article,based on research conducted on controlling mountain hazard on the Xiaojiang River basin over the last 30 years,summarizes the managerial achievement of typical ecological engineering technologies and analyzes the principles and application of each type of treatment.The results indicated that established ecological engineering technologies play a significant role in the prevention and treatment of intense gravitational erosion caused by mountain hazard.However,there are still a great deal of limitation of application condition and maneuverability during management process.How to furtherly develop the rational combining pattern between ecological engineering(e.g.contour hedgerow)and geotechnical engineering(e.g.slit dam)and how to strengthen the risk control and improve management strategy will be the key points for preventing intense gravitational erosion in future by ecological engineering.

湖北省全口径水土流失治理现状调查及对策研究

当前,湖北省水土流失防治取得了显著成效,但成效仍不稳固,防治任务仍然繁重。建立规划实施监测评估机制,统筹区域全口径水土流失治理情况、跟踪规划实施情况,有利于切实提升区域水土流失治理效益,切实改善区域水土流失情况。收集整理了湖北省8个三级水土保持功能区内的典型县全口径水土流失治理措施实施相关情况以及各类项目图斑、竣工验收图和评估年卫星影像等资料,结合GF-1卫星遥感影像分析及无人机摄影测量等手段踏查治理图斑现场并矢量化治理图斑信息,完成了图斑现场信息化复核校验工作,基本摸清了2020年全口径新增水土流失治理任务分部门、分工程、分措施、分图斑分解落实情况。发现湖北省全口径水土流失治理措施图斑坐标准确率为96.13%、图斑有效率为93.22%、图斑完成率为97.37%,但部分项目进度存在一定滞后、田间配套设施配置不太完善、人为扰动风险仍居高位等实际困难。据此,提出了强化目标责任考核、健全监督检查和监理工作机制、推动防治工作统筹的对策建议,可为湖北省水土流失治理满足《全国水土保持规划(2015~2030年)》中制定的目标任务提供决策依据。

寒区黑土侵蚀沟治理新技术研究

东北地区黑土侵蚀沟已严重威胁我国粮食安全,其绝大部分处于寒区环境,谷坊作为治理侵蚀沟的通用手段,面临寒区复杂环境威胁。针对寒区谷坊易受冻融、融雪和降雨等多因素耦合下稳定性不足的问题,提出了一种寒区黑土侵蚀沟治理新技术——生态柔性煤矸石土谷坊,该谷坊由土、滤土防冲土工合成材料、煤矸石铰接块和植被防护组成,具有就地取材、节省工期、柔性稳定、固废利用、替代石料和有利扦插等优势。文中给出设计理念、关键参数及现场应用关键技术,形成了成套工艺。研究结果表明:生态柔性煤矸石土谷坊变形值集中在-0.0518~0.0307 m之间,在允许范围内,谷坊前后沟道均无扩宽,泥沙淤积深度17~67 cm,有效减少水土流失,植被覆盖率一年增加30%,表明该谷坊具有良好的稳定性与治理效果,生态效益明显。生态柔性煤矸石土谷坊是在传统谷坊形式上做出优化和改进而形成的一种新型谷坊,此技术将生态技术与工程技术有机结合,为寒区黑土侵蚀沟治理提供了新思路和新手段。

抽水蓄能电站建设期环境与生态问题及治理保护措施

抽水蓄能电站具有调峰、调频、调相、储能等功能,是推动能源转型的重要支撑,也是实现“双碳”目标的重要组成部分。但抽水蓄能电站在建设期会带来系列环境与生态问题,需要引起重视。利用文献调研和现场勘察的方法,聚焦抽水蓄能电站建设过程中产生的生态环境问题以及相关治理措施。从环境与生态的角度,分析了抽水蓄能电站建设所引起的水环境、大气环境、声环境和固体废物污染问题,提出了工程作业造成植被破坏从而加剧水土流失的风险,同时破坏生物多样性,总结了针对系列环境与生态问题的相应治理措施,有效降低对周围环境的危害。研究结果可为构建生态环保、绿色友好型施工环境提供理论支撑,以积极响应中国“双碳”号召。

中国设施土壤重金属累积特征与污染阻控技术研究进展

长期集约化耕作导致中国设施土壤重金属累积和面源污染风险增加的状况已引起广泛关注。该研究总结了中国设施土壤重金属累积状况及其来源,发现长期盲目投入肥料及农药是引发设施菜田土壤重金属累积问题的主要原因。目前,设施土壤重金属累积呈现出广泛性和中轻度污染特征,其中镉是主要的污染元素。遵循面源污染治理中“源头预控-过程阻断-末端修复”原则,基于国内外文献综述,该文总结归纳出适用于设施土壤重金属累积特征与污染的联合阻控技术及作用机制。首先在灌溉和肥药投入等源头环节减少重金属输入;其次在作物种植过程中,通过选用重金属低积累特性的蔬菜种类或品种,结合水肥一体化施用大分子有机水溶性肥料或叶面喷施具有阻控重金属作用的营养型阻控剂,抑制作物吸收重金属;最后在末端修复环节,利用具有多元功能的土壤改良剂或微生物菌剂进行土壤钝化修复,或采用具有超重金属富集能力且能提高设施土壤生物多样性的植物作为填闲作物,实现生物修复的目标。该联合阻控技术的原则在于协同考虑污染防治、土壤改良、减肥增效等农学和环境目标,集成土壤修复与改良、水肥一体化、填闲作物栽培等技术,并兼顾设施土壤重金属污染修复工程所面临的投入品成本较高、经济效益不明显、缺失可持续改良导致效果不稳定等问题,优推能够钝化重金属并改良土壤的多功能土壤改良剂以及具有阻控重金属吸收、提高作物抗逆性的多功能有机水溶性肥料。上述措施能解决设施土壤普遍存在的重金属累积问题,提升土壤的安全生产能力,可为设施农业可持续发展提供更有效的技术支撑。

小型河道流域整治工程水土流失危害分析及防治措施评价

针对小型河道流域整治工程的水土流失问题展开研究,首先分析了水土流失的现状和危害,然后对流域进行了水土流失防治分区划分,并提出了相应的水土保持措施和防治措施。通过对民田涌流域的实例分析和评价,提出了一些有效的防治措施,以提高防治效果和生态环境的稳定性。研究表明,采取合适的水土流失防治措施可以有效减少水土流失,改善生态环境,提高流域的可持续发展能力。

水土保持技术在水利工程建设中的运用

准确应用水土保持技术,打造科学的水土保持体系,可更好地满足水利工程项目协同管理的要求,实现经济效益和环保效益和谐统一的目标。本文在充分分析水利工程项目水土流失特点的基础上,提出了提升水土保持技术在水利工程应用水平的相关措施,可为水利工程建设过程中水土流失防治工作提供依据。

太原市滨河自行车专用道工程水土流失防治对策

根据太原市滨河自行车专用道工程概况、项目区概况以及水土流失情况,分区提出了相应的水土保持防治对策,形成有效的水土流失防治体系,工程建设造成的景观破坏、水土流失得到有效治理,恢复和美化了项目区的生态环境,让市民在高楼林立的城市环境里面也能享受到如诗如画的美景。

华南地区高速公路红黏土边坡土壤改良研究

针对华南地区高速公路红黏土边坡抗冲刷性差、水土流失严重、植物种子易流失等问题,通过正交试验,对基于W-OH的土壤改良方法和基于人造壤土的土壤改良方法进行分析,得到最优基材配比。提出两种改良方法的设计方案,并在惠清高速公路TJ5标现场应用,结果表明:两种土壤改良技术,均能有效提高红黏土边坡的土壤养分、根土复合体力学性能和抗蚀性。

煤矿区复合地层等厚度水泥土截水帷幕性能的影响因素试验研究

为了研究水泥掺量、综合水灰比、地层特征等因素对煤矿等厚度水泥土截水帷幕性能的影响,开展了等厚度水泥土帷幕原理分析、帷幕性能影响因素分析等厚度水泥土试验和性能测试,确定了关键影响因素,得出了复合地层等厚度水泥土参数,并进行了现场示范应用。研究结果表明:等厚度水泥土截水帷幕性能的影响因素主要为岩(土)体性质、地下水特征、水泥胶凝材料、混合过程和养护条件;岩(土)体性质和水泥掺量是影响墙体质量的直接因素,水灰比和养护周期是保证墙体质量的关键因素;当地层自身强度较高、颗粒级配较好,等厚度水泥土强度高,渗透系数小;根据影响因素确定示范工程的水泥掺量为25%、综合水灰比为1.2∶1、地层为复合地层材料。骆驼山煤矿缓坡斜井井筒复合地层渗漏段治理结果显示,采用3步施工法工艺构筑的斜井外侧截水帷幕墙体质量好,现场试样28 d抗压强度为5.3~31.8 MPa,渗透系数为0.005×10^(-7)~0.2403×10^(-7) cm/s,井筒涌水量由16.8 m^(3)/h降低至1.6 m^(3)/h,较治理前减少了90.5%。