Several prediction models have been developed to estimate the outcomes of prostate biopsies. Most of these tools were designed for use with Western populations and have not been validated across different ethnic group...Several prediction models have been developed to estimate the outcomes of prostate biopsies. Most of these tools were designed for use with Western populations and have not been validated across different ethnic groups. Therefore, we evaluated the predictive value of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial （PCPT） and the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer （ERSPC） risk calculators in a Chinese cohort. Clinicopathological information was obtained from 495 Chinese men who had undergone extended prostate biopsies between January 2009 and March 2011. The estimated probabilities of prostate cancer and high-grade disease （Gleason 〉6） were calculated using the PCPT and ERSPC risk calculators. Overall measures, discrimination, calibration and clinical usefulness were assessed for the model evaluation. Of these patients, 28.7% were diagnosed with prostate cancer and 19.4% had high-grade disease. Compared to the PCPT model and the prostate-specific antigen （PSA） threshold of 4 ng m1-1, the ERSPC risk calculator exhibited better discriminative ability for predicting positive biopsies and high-grade disease （the area under the curve was 0.831 and 0.852, respectively, P〈O.01 for both）. Decision curve analysis also suggested the favourable clinical utility of the ERSPC calculator in the validation dataset. Both prediction models demonstrated miscalibration： the risk of prostate cancer and high-grade disease was overestimated by approximately 20% for a wide range of predicted probabilities. In conclusion, the ERSPC risk calculator outperformed both the PCPT model and the PSA threshold of 4 ng ml- z in predicting prostate cancer and high-grade disease in Chinese patients. However, the prediction tools derived from Western men significantly overestimated the probability of prostate cancer and high-grade disease compared to the outcomes of biopsies in a Chinese cohort.展开更多
Type 2 diabetes is in epidemic proportion in Papua New Guinea. Although many people are at high-risk of developing diabetes, there is no diabetes prevention policy and services in Papua New Guinea to address this prob...Type 2 diabetes is in epidemic proportion in Papua New Guinea. Although many people are at high-risk of developing diabetes, there is no diabetes prevention policy and services in Papua New Guinea to address this problem. A literature search was carried out to assess the available evidence in the primary prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus among the population with pre-diabetes. The result shows that the primary preventative studies conducted on lifestyle modification and the use of metformin in prediabetes patients reduced overt type 2 diabetes mellitus. The application of the evidence in the prevention of the type 2 diabetes epidemic in Papua New Guinea, driven by a policy is feasible to address the diabetes epidemic.展开更多
To examine whether vitamin / mineral supplementation may lower mortality and incidence for human cancer and mortality from other diseases as well as to provide the scientific basis and feasible approach for human canc...To examine whether vitamin / mineral supplementation may lower mortality and incidence for human cancer and mortality from other diseases as well as to provide the scientific basis and feasible approach for human cancer prevention and control,from 1982 to 1991 scientists from China and USA conducted two randomized, double-blind,placebo-controlled nutrition intervention trials in Linxian,China,where the mortality rates of esophageal and gastric cardia cancer are among the highest in the world and there is suspicion that the population’s chronic deficiencies of multiple展开更多
A randomized case-controlled trial of oral low-dose acyclovir (600-800 mg per day) has been conducted for the prevention of virus infections in 66 recipients of renal allografts since 1990. In comparison with the untr...A randomized case-controlled trial of oral low-dose acyclovir (600-800 mg per day) has been conducted for the prevention of virus infections in 66 recipients of renal allografts since 1990. In comparison with the untreated controls, acyclovir could prevent herpes virus simplex (HSV), reduce morbidity of pneumonia from 10 cases (30%) to 3 cases (9%) (P<0.05) and lower CMV-IgM positive rate from 30% to 12%. Serum Cr and BUN in acyclovir group were lower than those in control group. These results strongly suggested that oral administration low-dose acyclovir could prevent virus infections after renal transplantation.展开更多
Background Vorapaxar reduces cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction （MI）, or stroke in patients with previous MI while increasing bleeding. Patients with diabetes mellitus （DM） are at high risk of recurrent t...Background Vorapaxar reduces cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction （MI）, or stroke in patients with previous MI while increasing bleeding. Patients with diabetes mellitus （DM） are at high risk of recurrent thrombotic events despite standard therapy and may derive particular benefit from antithrombotic therapies. The Thrombin Receptor Antagonist in Secondary Prevention of Atherothrombotic Ischemic Events-TIMI 50 trial was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of vorapaxar in patients with stable atherosclerosis.展开更多
文摘Several prediction models have been developed to estimate the outcomes of prostate biopsies. Most of these tools were designed for use with Western populations and have not been validated across different ethnic groups. Therefore, we evaluated the predictive value of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial （PCPT） and the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer （ERSPC） risk calculators in a Chinese cohort. Clinicopathological information was obtained from 495 Chinese men who had undergone extended prostate biopsies between January 2009 and March 2011. The estimated probabilities of prostate cancer and high-grade disease （Gleason 〉6） were calculated using the PCPT and ERSPC risk calculators. Overall measures, discrimination, calibration and clinical usefulness were assessed for the model evaluation. Of these patients, 28.7% were diagnosed with prostate cancer and 19.4% had high-grade disease. Compared to the PCPT model and the prostate-specific antigen （PSA） threshold of 4 ng m1-1, the ERSPC risk calculator exhibited better discriminative ability for predicting positive biopsies and high-grade disease （the area under the curve was 0.831 and 0.852, respectively, P〈O.01 for both）. Decision curve analysis also suggested the favourable clinical utility of the ERSPC calculator in the validation dataset. Both prediction models demonstrated miscalibration： the risk of prostate cancer and high-grade disease was overestimated by approximately 20% for a wide range of predicted probabilities. In conclusion, the ERSPC risk calculator outperformed both the PCPT model and the PSA threshold of 4 ng ml- z in predicting prostate cancer and high-grade disease in Chinese patients. However, the prediction tools derived from Western men significantly overestimated the probability of prostate cancer and high-grade disease compared to the outcomes of biopsies in a Chinese cohort.
文摘Type 2 diabetes is in epidemic proportion in Papua New Guinea. Although many people are at high-risk of developing diabetes, there is no diabetes prevention policy and services in Papua New Guinea to address this problem. A literature search was carried out to assess the available evidence in the primary prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus among the population with pre-diabetes. The result shows that the primary preventative studies conducted on lifestyle modification and the use of metformin in prediabetes patients reduced overt type 2 diabetes mellitus. The application of the evidence in the prevention of the type 2 diabetes epidemic in Papua New Guinea, driven by a policy is feasible to address the diabetes epidemic.
文摘To examine whether vitamin / mineral supplementation may lower mortality and incidence for human cancer and mortality from other diseases as well as to provide the scientific basis and feasible approach for human cancer prevention and control,from 1982 to 1991 scientists from China and USA conducted two randomized, double-blind,placebo-controlled nutrition intervention trials in Linxian,China,where the mortality rates of esophageal and gastric cardia cancer are among the highest in the world and there is suspicion that the population’s chronic deficiencies of multiple
文摘A randomized case-controlled trial of oral low-dose acyclovir (600-800 mg per day) has been conducted for the prevention of virus infections in 66 recipients of renal allografts since 1990. In comparison with the untreated controls, acyclovir could prevent herpes virus simplex (HSV), reduce morbidity of pneumonia from 10 cases (30%) to 3 cases (9%) (P<0.05) and lower CMV-IgM positive rate from 30% to 12%. Serum Cr and BUN in acyclovir group were lower than those in control group. These results strongly suggested that oral administration low-dose acyclovir could prevent virus infections after renal transplantation.
文摘Background Vorapaxar reduces cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction （MI）, or stroke in patients with previous MI while increasing bleeding. Patients with diabetes mellitus （DM） are at high risk of recurrent thrombotic events despite standard therapy and may derive particular benefit from antithrombotic therapies. The Thrombin Receptor Antagonist in Secondary Prevention of Atherothrombotic Ischemic Events-TIMI 50 trial was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of vorapaxar in patients with stable atherosclerosis.
