Inflation, Deflation and Normal Price Adjustment

This paper thinks that the price of a commodity depends on both the value of the commodity and that of the currency. The change in either value will cause the change of the price of the commodity. Only the price rising caused by the decreasing of the currency value can be called inflation, and the price rising led by the increasing of the value of the merchandise can not be called inflation. Therefore, it is not proper, as defined by the modem economics, to think that any price increasing should be in general called inflation.

Dynamics of bilateral control system with state feedback for price adjustment strategy

The price fluctuation of commodities affects their demand,and it strongly influences the development of industry and the stability of the international economy.A price-output model with two price-dependent impulses is presented in this paper to describe their mutual restrictions and the price adjustment strategies.The equilibria and dynamic properties of the impulsive-free price-output model are qualitatively analyzed,and the results show the hazard of free price fluctuation.For the price-output model with two price-dependent impulses,conditions for the existence of the order-2 periodic solution are obtained,and the orbital asymptotic stability is proved.Those results reveal the positive role of price adjustment strategies.Finally,some numerical simulations are carried out to verify the theoretical results.

Adaptive price adjustment method for used mobile phone based on dual deep fuzzy networks

Aiming at solving the problem that it is challenging to choose the appropriate price adjustment strategy according to the market fluctuations,an adaptive price adjustment method based on dual deep fuzzy networks(DDFN)is designed.First,a price adjustment model based on DDFN is established.Through interactively learning the recycling market environment,the description of the mapping relationship between the market environment information and the price adjustment action is realized.Second,based on a greedy strategy to calculate the optimal price adjustment action,it is possible to make small adjustments based on the preliminary estimated value of the waste mobile phone,and complete the judgment of the mobile phone recycling price.Third,based on the market feedback,the gradient descent algorithm is used to update parameters of the model to improve the performance.The proposed adaptive price adjustment method based on DDFN is applied to the actual transaction process,and the results show that the proposed method can ensure the accuracy and reliability of the adjustment results of the mobile phone recycling price.

Mathematical model of the adjustment of the optimal price of the substituting commodity

In this paper, from the two economic concepts of the price elasticity of demand and the cross elasticity of demand, under the assumption that the operator＇s management goal is to obtain the profit maximization, the author established the mathematical model of the adjustment of the optimal price of the substituting commodity.

Double Pressure on Power Grids——The demand for electricity is dropping while the electricity price is not adjusted properly

Since October 2008,China's social consumption of electricity had,for the first time,grown negatively compared to the same period of the previous year,and in November the negative growth range further expanded. The major pressure faced by the electricity industry has now turned from the contradiction between coal and electricity to electricity quantity. This is undoubtedly a true and new test to electricity enterprises which get used to high growth but are now suffering great losses. The reform of electricity system has already been in great difficulties and now is getting into a more serious situation. In order to help readers improve their knowledge and understanding of the current tough situation faced by the electricity industry and discuss how to alleviate and get through the difficulty resulted from the economic crisis "encountered once every one hundred years" by joint efforts of all parties concerned,a Seminar on Crisis and Countermeasures for Electricity Industry was held on November 20,2008. Here are some extracts from the speeches of four experts.

What Drives China’s Transformational Growth:Technology,Efficiency or Factor Cost?

With rising costs of capital, labor and energy, cost efficiency and cost management have become important questions confronting the next stage of China＇s economic growth. By building a parametric cost frontier model using panel data, this paper investigates the drivers of economic growth transformation from a cost perspective. According to our research, among various effects triggering corporate cost variations and in addition to the expansion of production scale, the largest effect is from technological progress, followed by the effect of factor price adjustment and the effect of efficiency gains. Within the decomposition of factor price adjustment effect, the energy factor effect is the most significant. Furthermore, energy price fluctuations are likely to become major factors restricting saving-based growth. Further study reveals that both the ownership reform and opening up of SOEs are favorable to reducing the costs generated by inefficiency. This paper provides empirical evidence for the driving mechanism of saving-based growth transformation as well as empirical evidence to support to the further deepening of property rights and market-oriented reforms.

China’s Path: A Great Practice in Human Social Development

Over the past few years,while the world＇s economic development has undergone a profound adjustment,China＇s economy has maintained a medium-to-high rate of growth.According to statistics from the World Bank,China contributed more than 30 percent on average to the global economic expansion annually from 2011 to 2016（at constant 2010prices in U.S.dollars）.

Computation of Fisher–Gale Equilibrium by Auction

We study the Fisher model of a competitive market from the algorithmic perspective.For that,the related convex optimization problem due to Gale and Eisenberg(Ann Math Stat 30(1):165–168,1959)is used.The latter problem is known to yield a Fisher equilibrium under some structural assumptions on consumers’utilities,e.g.,homogeneity of degree 1,homotheticity.Our goal is to examine applicability of the convex optimization framework by departing from these traditional assumptions.We just assume the concavity of consumers’utility functions.For this case,we suggest a novel concept of Fisher–Gale equilibrium by using consumers’utility prices.The prices of utility transfer the utility of consumption bundle to a common numéraire.We develop a subgradient-type algorithm from Convex Analysis to compute a Fisher–Gale equilibrium via Gale’s approach.In order to decentralize prices,we additionally implement the auction design,i.e.,consumers settle and update their individual prices and producers sell at the highest offer price.Our price adjustment is based on a tatonnement procedure,i.e.,the prices change proportionally to consumers’individual excess supplies.Historical averages of consumption are shown to clear the market of goods.Our algorithm is justified by a global rate of convergence.In the worst case,the number of price updates needed to achieve anε-tolerance is proportional to 1/ε^(2).