Research on the Circulation Problems of Contractual Management Right of Rural Land

Based on the judicial explanation of the contractual management right of land, the thesis elaborates the definition of main body of contractual management right of rural land; right of possession, use right, usufruct of contractual management right of land; autonomy of production and operation; disposition of the products; expropriation and occupation compensation authority of contractual land respectively, in order to demonstrate the connotation of land contractual management. The thesis also analyzes perspicaciously the phenomenon of non-agricultural-use land and proclaiming phenomenon of contractual management right of land. We should establish normalized rural land property rights register system to perfect contractual management right of land. Proclaiming of agriculture land right also should adopt registration effectiveness so as to guarantee the legality of transference of agricultural land to non-agricultural land in terms of system. We should perfect rural land circulation in terms of normalizing land circulation laws and normalizing contractual farmers fees: in terms of the movable agricultural land right, we should further perfect the types and content of circulation and lessen non-legal form restrictions of circulation; in terms of contractual fees, we should normalize contractual fees of land in order to preclude the contradiction between the contractees and contractors arising from blank space of laws.

Disputes over Circulation of Rural Land Contractual Management Right and Control Countermeasures

On the basis of current situations of disputes over rural land contractual management right,this paper analyzes causes of disputes from four aspects. It states that controlling disputes,regulating and strengthening land circulation in accordance with laws are core works of new socialist countryside construction and rural reform. Finally,it presents five control countermeasures,including improving laws and regulations on circulation of rural land contractual management right,strengthening popularization and guidance of relevant laws and regulations,government departments administering in accordance with laws,stressing management of land contractual management right circulation contract,and establishing and perfecting land circulation intermediaries to realize market-oriented circulation.

Contract System for Circulation of the Right to Rural Land Contractual Management

From the perspective of civil subject theory,law of value,comparative law and history of laws,the thesis expounds that the contract on the transfer of the contractual right of rural lands is in nature a civil contract instead of an administrative one.Then it explores the defects in the contract from the viewpoint of legal value goal,contract law and legal sociology,that is,the relevant provisions in Rural Land Contract Law and Explanations of Supreme People's Court about the Issues concerning the Laws Applicable to the Trial of Cases of Disputes over Rural Land Contracting go against the principle of free contracting and run counter to the legal value goal of justice,so they do not achieve good implementing effect.Finally,the thesis demonstrates and makes some practical legislative proposals to perfect the contract system for circulation of the right to operate constructed rural lands,aiming at improving the circulation rate through perfecting the contract of the right to rural land contractual management,solving the disputes in rural lands circulation and safeguarding the legitimate rights of the farmers.

The Transfer of Land Contractual Management Rights in Ethnic Village--A Case Study of Ya'ergou Village in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

Based on field survey in Ya'ergou Village,Yuanzhou District,Guyuan City,the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,we analyze the status quo of the transfer of land contractual management rights in this village,and study the basic information,form,characteristics,and problems concerning the transfer of land contractual management rights in this nationality village.Then corresponding countermeasures are put forward for promoting the transfer of land contractual management rights in ethnic village as follows:strengthening the publicity of the policy in order to improve farmers' ideological understanding;raising the rent in order to promote the transfer of the land contractual management rights;diverting the governmental investment to the talented people within village;consolidating management and resolving disputes in the transfer timely and effectively.

Issues concerning Farmland Transfer in the Development of China's Agricultural Modernization——Based on the Survey of Farmers in 21 Townships of Sichuan Province

Based on the actual survey of 724 rural households in 21 townships of Sichuan Province,this article analyzes the basic information,basic characteristics and problems in current China's farmland transfer.The results show that the rural land contractual management right is relatively stable;in farmland transfer market,the degree of development of farmland transfer-out market is higher than that of farmland transfer-in market;at the same time,there are many problems,such as fragmentation of rural land resources allocation,incomplete land property rights system,too powerful land security function,single land transfer pattern and unsound transfer system.Corresponding countermeasures are put forward as follows:unifying urban and rural planning,and adjusting distribution pattern of rural land in concert with the course of urbanization;improving land property rights system,so that the farmers have the land contractual management right with real right tendency;strengthening the legal construction of land transfer,regulating the land transfer process,and guiding regularized and legalized development of land transfer;promoting farmers' cognitive level,and establishing the intermediary platform to provide land transfer information,ensuring information symmetry between both sides of transfer;providing more non-agricultural jobs,establishing and improving social security system for farmers,and diluting the social security function of land.

农地经营权流转价格剪刀差形成的原因及对策分析

从农地的高价流转和低价流转两种现状进行分析,得出农地经营权流转价格剪刀差进一步扩大的原因在于农村熟人社会自发形成的土地流转价格相对较低;以村委会引导的土地规模化流转,其价格高位运行,两者呈现出剪刀差的发展趋势。基于此,提出政府要创建统一的流转信息平台,促进土地流转市场的公开化;降低恋土情结,弱化人情经济;构建完善的定价机制以及价格指数的动态调整机制;采取股份制换取农民土地,警惕炒地行为。

农地二轮延包实施进路——基于贵州省XF县的调查研究

第二轮土地承包到期后农地顺利延包是促进乡村振兴之根本。当前我国第二轮土地承包到期后再延长三十年面临“有人无地种,有地无人种”与“保持农户承包地稳定”的现行政策相矛盾、无地少地农民以及“两头占”“两头空”“外嫁女”等特殊群体的利益处理这两大突出问题,制定具体农地延包方案迫在眉睫。基于贵州省XF县“第二轮土地承包到期后再延长三十年”试点的调研发现,二轮延包中存在着确权收尾工作难完成、延包主体资格难认定、土地细碎化难处理、延包协议难签订等困境。解决这些困境的实践逻辑为建立登记颁证机制、农户自愿有偿退出承包和未承包地管理机制、缺地少地农户承包地调整机制、矛盾纠纷化解机制、农地承包经营权长效管理机制。具体而言,农地二轮延包的实施路径包括:完成土地确权工作;化解延包矛盾纠纷;承包地退出、收回与管理;数字化赋能农地承包经营权长效管理;政府组织成立专班予以落实。

农民分化、地权诉求与土地承包经营权退出实践

农民是新型城镇化与乡村振兴主体,在推进土地承包经营权有偿退出过程中,应重视农民分化的经济社会基础,坚持以农民为主体的发展改革创新。基于湖北省土地承包经营权有偿退出改革试点的经验调查,分析改革试点实践过程中,农民、村集体、地方政府、工商资本等多主体间不同的实践逻辑。认识农民与土地经营关系变化基础上的生计分化所形塑的农民分化,基于农民与土地的关系,非农化家庭逐渐脱离土地和农业,半工半耕家庭以及纯农家庭仍对土地有一定依赖性,农民分化体现出差异性地权诉求。土地承包经营权退出实践缺乏对不同类型农户的识别机制,村集体难以适应土地承包经营权退出秩序。应加强农民分化识别机制研究,建立多元化退出模式,并强化土地集体所有权规则,维护土地承包经营权退出秩序,保障各类农户利益。

“三权分置”下宅基地使用权的法律构造和制度重构

为推进农村宅基地制度改革,中央对宅基地改革采取“三权分置”部署。然而,不同学者对宅基地“三权”的法律构造存在分歧,确立宅基地使用权应确立“所有权+成员权+用益物权”的权利构造,其中新设资格权定性为成员权,“三权分置”改革后的第三权属于用益物权范畴,同时赋予其处分权能完善宅基地权能。“三权分置”改革,应以所有权为基础,依靠特有的身份属性保障成员权,通过宅基地资格权这一特殊身份属性实现宅基地在一定范围内(集体经济组织成员内)的排他使用。宅基地改革需从法律层面提供坚实的理论基础和法律架构,具体应围绕“三权”法律构造和制度重构两条路径进一步探索,采取法律和政策途径盘活农村宅基地,促进乡村经济长足发展。

农地“三权分置”政策立法得失及其法理思考

农地“三权分置”制度是继土地承包改革以来我国农地制度的第二次重大变革契机。但从法律的规范分析角度看,以2018年《中华人民共和国农村土地承包法》修改为标志的制度改革成果乏善可陈,此次修法未能全面达成农地“三权分置”政策所设定的目标。其核心问题是土地经营权可转让、可抵押的始定目标未能实现。而此制度效果的实证研究也支持上述结论。造成农地“三权分置”立法困局的原因主要包括农地“三权分置”制度的核心目标出现变化且多目标之间具有紧张关系、农地“三权分置”政策与法律的范式转换障碍及现行农地制度的功能超载问题。尽管存在上述问题,但农地“三权分置”制度本身具有合价值性和合规律性,应继续保持对农地“三权分置”制度的研究,并通过创造性改造实现农地“三权分置”制度的初心。

论农村承包经营户债务承担规则之适用——《民法典》第五十六条释疑

《民法通则》确定,农村承包经营户之债务承担由“经营者”负责,它突破了投资人风险自负的原则,确立了承包人、投资人和利益享受人均应担责的规则,资格符合中国农村家庭承包经营的特点。但随着集体经济组织成员被普遍授予土地承包经营权,以及几十年来农村家庭财产关系的巨变,原来认定承包地“经营者”的标准失去了适用环境。《民法典》及时提出了以“事实上的经营者”承担经营责任的规则,而“事实上的经营者”须具备以下条件:是集体经济组织成员,是自家承包地主要劳务投入者;或者是流转土地经营权的决策者。但家庭成员中的被赡养、被抚养者,一般不对农户承包经营债务承担责任。

基于ArcGIS Engine的农田调查数据快速处理系统设计与实现

为实现农村土地承包经营权农田数据日常维护更新,快速处理农田外业调查数据,形成符合要求的数据库,本文基于ArcGIS Engine平台,使用C#语言,针对农村土地承包经营权数据日常维护更新的需求,结合Arcpy模块设计并实现了农田调查数据的构面、属性挂接、存储、成图等一系列调查数据快速处理系统,并选择外业实地采集的地块数据为例,经过验证,该方法能快速处理农村土地承包经营权日常更新数据,确实提高了生产效率。

农村土地承包经营权可抵押性及其约束条件分析——以湖北与江苏的试点为例

研究目的:辨明农村土地承包经营权可抵押的约束条件,为农地抵押试点提供可靠的理论依据和可行的政策建议。研究方法:基于湖北天门和江苏新沂的典型案例,从经济条件、职能分工、试点政策与进展等方面对两地试点进行比较研究。研究结果:农村土地承包经营权可抵押性受到法律因素和经济因素的共同制约;在相同的法律制度下,其可抵押性更多地由农业生产水平、土地流转市场、农村社会保障水平等经济条件决定。研究结论:试点应选择在经济发展水平较高、农业生产水平较高、土地流转市场相对完善的地区开展,相关法律政策也应在此类地区有选择地放开。

土地经营权的权利属性探析——兼评新修订《农村土地承包法》的相关规定

土地经营权是承包地"三权分置"政策中提出的概念,新修订的《农村土地承包法》将其法定化,但未明确其权利属性是物权、债权或者物权化债权。土地经营权的债权说、物权化债权说在解释论视角下无法全面实现"三权分置"政策的预设功能,用益物权说可弥补二者的不足,因而具有理论优势。土地经营权应定性为不动产用益物权,以出租等方式产生的债权性农地利用权不属于土地经营权。借助于民法典物权编立法之机,应当明确土地经营权的用益物权属性。

土地承包经营权流转价格探讨——以河南省为例

通过对河南省农地流转市场的考察,针对土地承包经营权流转价格现状,提出目前的流转价格中存在流转价格形成机制不规范、价格影响因素复杂、影响粮食生产安全等诸多现实问题,认为土地承包经营权流转价格应由农用地的未来经济价值所决定,应该建立土地承包经营权流转的标定地价管理体系以进一步培育土地承包经营权流转市场。最后探讨了流转价格评估方法。

土地承包经营权抵押范围的再探索

改革开放三十多年后,随着社会的发展与变化,已凸显出现行法律对土地承包经营权的可抵押范围限制并不合理。由于农村的社会结构与实际需求改变,土地的社会保障功能日渐弱化;通过法律的设计,土地承包经营权抵押权的实现得与耕地面积的增减不发生直接关系。考虑到我国各区域间的重大经济差异等原因,法律应有条件地放宽得抵押融资的土地承包经营权范围,以解决农民的实际需要。

土地承包经营权流转内涵界定研究

目前,理论上和实践中对土地承包经营权流转内涵重要理论问题学界尚未达成共识,存在以"保留(土地)承包权、转移土地经营权(土地使用权)"、"转移(或者让渡)部分或者全部土地承包经营权","土地承包经营权的变动"等为实质内容或依据界定土地承包经营权流转内涵的不同观点,其内容差异大,且都存在明显不足。统一采用法定的"土地承包经营权流转"名称是界定其内涵的关键。依据土地承包经营权流转包括物权性质土地承包经营权让渡型流转和物权性质土地承包经营权保留型流转这一客观事实,应以"移转(或者转移)物权性质土地承包经营权或者物权性质土地承包经营权中的部分权能"为实质内容界定土地承包经营权流转内涵。

城镇化进程中农户土地退出意愿影响因素分析

随着城镇化进程的不断加快,鼓励农户退出土地承包经营权以提高土地资源的利用效率成为解决土地资源短缺的关键途径。为了分析农户土地承包经营权退出意愿的影响因素,利用陕西省关中地区579户农户调研数据,运用结构方程模型,对农户土地退出意愿的影响因素及影响方向进行了研究。研究结果表明:农户家庭特征中的人均收入、离最近县城的距离、家庭总收入、户主文化程度,农户生产特征中的农业收入、耕地经营面积、劳动力数量,农户意识特征中的农户产权意识、农户行为意识、农户福利意识、农户技能意识,对农户的退地意愿产生显著影响。研究结果表明农户土地承包经营权退出意愿是受到多因素综合影响的,并且各影响因素之间也存在一定的共变关系。对农户土地退出意愿的影响因素进行分析可以为制定合理的土地退出政策和机制提供意见参考。

农村土地承包经营权要素编码规则研究

建立统一的农村土地承包经营权要素编码规则是开展农村土地承包信息化建设的基础性工作。从农村土地承包经营权的主体、客体和内容出发,将发包方、承包方、承包地块、承包合同、农村土地承包经营权证和农村土地承包经营权证登记簿作为编码对象;基于农村土地承包经营权各要素之间的相互关系,将承包地块和承包方纳入到发包方下进行统一编码,承包合同、经营权证和登记簿编码一致,并且与承包方编码关联;以行政区划编码为基础,提出了各编码要素的代码结构、编码方法和赋码规则。研究对提高农业行政主管部门办事效率和促进农村土地承包信息化建设具有十分重要的理论和实践意义。