Lithium primary batteries are widely used in various fields where high energy densities and long storage times are in demand.However,studies on lithium primary batteries are currently focused on the gravimetric energy...Lithium primary batteries are widely used in various fields where high energy densities and long storage times are in demand.However,studies on lithium primary batteries are currently focused on the gravimetric energy densities of active materials and rarely account for the volumetric energy requirements of unmanned devices.Herein,CuF_(2)/CF_(x) composites are prepared via planetary ball milling(PBM)to improve the volumetric energy densities of lithium primary batteries using the high mass density of CuF_(2),achieving a maximum volumetric energy density of 4163.40 Wh L^(-1).The CuF_(2)/CF_(x) hybrid cathodes exhibit three distinct discharge plateaus rather than simple combinations of the discharge curves of their components.This phenomenon is caused by charge redistribution and lattice modulation on the contact surfaces of CuF_(2) and CF_(x) during PBM,which change the valence state of Cu and modify the electronic structures of the composites.As a result,CuF_(2)/CF_(x) hybrid cathodes exhibit unique discharge behaviors and improved rate capabilities,delivering a maximum power density of 11.16 kW kg^(-1)(25.56 kW L^(-1)).Therefore,it is a promising strategy to further improve the comprehensive performance of lithium primary batteries through the use of interfacial optimization among different fluoride cathodes.展开更多
Aqueous Zn-ion battery(AZIB)has become an attractive technology because of its unique features of low cost,high safety and the eco-friendliness.MnO_(2) is the model cathode material for AZIB since the first report on ...Aqueous Zn-ion battery(AZIB)has become an attractive technology because of its unique features of low cost,high safety and the eco-friendliness.MnO_(2) is the model cathode material for AZIB since the first report on reversible Zn-MnO_(2) battery,but recent studies have unveiled different charge storage mechanisms.Due to revamping of the electrochemistry and redesigning of the electrolyte and interface,there is tremendous performance enhancement in AZIB.This mini Review will first give a brief introduction of ZIB,including fundamentals of materials and components,and the progress in recent years.Then,a general classification of working mechanisms related to MnO_(2) in neutral and mildly acidic electrolyte is elaborated.Our focus is put on the recent blossoming Zn-MnO_(2) electrolytic mechanism,which has given birth to the Zn-MnO_(2) redox flow batteries that are highly promising for large-scale static energy storage.展开更多
Forming an ultrathin conducting layer on a fluorinated carbon(CFx)surface for reducing severe electrochemical polarization in lithium/fluorinated carbon primary batteries(Li/CF_(x))remains a considerable challenge for...Forming an ultrathin conducting layer on a fluorinated carbon(CFx)surface for reducing severe electrochemical polarization in lithium/fluorinated carbon primary batteries(Li/CF_(x))remains a considerable challenge for achieving batteries with excellent rate capability.Herein,CFxwas modified by using acetylene/argon mixture plasma combined with MnO_(2)particles.The CF_(x)/C/MnO_(2)composite effectively reduced the voltage hysteresis and improved the electrochemical performance of Li/CF_(x).The excellent rate performance of CF_(x)/C/MnO_(2)was due to the high electrochemical activity provided by the atomicscale conductive carbon layer and ultrafine MnO_(2)particles.Compared with pristine CF_(x),the charge transfer resistance of the optimized CF_(x)/C/MnO_(2)decreased from 218.5 to 48.2Ω,the discharge rate increased from 2C to 10C,and the power density increased from 3.11 to 13.44 kW·g^(-1),The intrinsic reason for the enhanced rate performance was attributed to the fact that the ultrathin carbon layer acted as a conductive bridge to reduce the voltage hysteresis at the initial stage of the Li/CF_(x)discharge,and the high electrochemical activity of the ultrafine MnO_(2)particles provided a faster lithium-ion diffusion rate.展开更多
Stretchable electronics are in high demand for next-generation wearable devices, but their fabrication is still challenging. Stretchable conductors, flexible pressure sensors, and foldable light-emitting diodes （LEDs...Stretchable electronics are in high demand for next-generation wearable devices, but their fabrication is still challenging. Stretchable conductors, flexible pressure sensors, and foldable light-emitting diodes （LEDs） have been reported; however, the fabrication of stable stretchable batteries, as power suppliers for wearable devices, is significantly behind the development of other stretchable electronics. Several stretchable lithium-ion batteries and primary batteries have been fabricated, but their low capacities and complicated manufacturing processes are obstacles for practical applications. Herein, we report a stretchable zinc/manganese-oxide （Zn-MnO2） full battery based on a silver-nanowire- coated sponge prepared via a facile dip-coating process. The spongy electrode, with a three-dimensional （3D） binary network structure, provided not only high conductivity and stretchability, but also enabled a high mass loading of electrochemically active materials （Zn and MnO2 particles）. The fabricated Zn-MnO2 battery exhibited an areal capacity as high as 3.6 mAh·cm^-2 and could accommodate tensile strains of up to 100% while retaining 89% of its original capacity. The facile solution-based strategy of dip-coating active materials onto a cheap sponge-based stretchable current collector opens up a new avenue for fabricating stretchable batteries.展开更多
In this paper,we report on the morphology-controlled synthesis of magnesium micro/nanospheres and their electrochemical performance as the anode of primary Mg/MnO_(2) batteries.Mg micro/nanoscale materials with contro...In this paper,we report on the morphology-controlled synthesis of magnesium micro/nanospheres and their electrochemical performance as the anode of primary Mg/MnO_(2) batteries.Mg micro/nanoscale materials with controllable shapes have been prepared via a conventional vapor-transport method under an inert atmosphere by adjusting the deposition temperatures.Extensive analysis techniques including SEM,XRD,TEM/HRTEM,and Brunauer Emmett Teller(BET)were carried out to characterize the as-obtained samples.The results show that the Mg samples are microspheres or micro/nanospheres with specific surface areas of 0.611.92 m^(2)/g.The electrochemical properties of the as-prepared Mg and commercial Mg powders were further studied in terms of their linear sweep voltammograms,impedance spectra,and discharge capability.By comparing the performance of different inhibitors in electrolytes,it was found that NaNO2(2.6 mol/L)as an inhibitor in the Mg(NO_(3))_(2)(2.6 mol/L)electrolyte affords a Mg electrode with high current density and low corrosion rate.In particular,the Mg sample consisting of microspheres with a diameter of 1.53.0μm and nanospheres with a diameter of 50150 nm exhibited superior electrode properties including negative initial potential(1.08 V),high current density(163 mA/cm^(2)),low apparent activation energy(5.1 kJ/mol),and high discharge specifi c capacity(784 mAh/g).The mixture of Mg nanospheres and microspheres is promising for application in primary Mg/MnO_(2) batteries because of the suffi cient contact with the electrolyte and greatly reduced charge transfer impedance and polarization.展开更多
In this paper,a particular standard MicroGrid(MG)is accurately simulated in the presence of the Electric Vehicles(EVs)participating in decentralized primary frequency control service.It examines effect of number of th...In this paper,a particular standard MicroGrid(MG)is accurately simulated in the presence of the Electric Vehicles(EVs)participating in decentralized primary frequency control service.It examines effect of number of the participating EVs on the short-term dynamic behaviour.The simulation results confirm that frequency deviation will not definitely become zero even though an unlimited number of the EVs participate.The output power of each EV is determined according to the frequency deviation.On the other hand,the output power of each EV affects the value of the frequency deviation,especially in small-scale MGs and MGs with predominant inductance behaviour.Eventually,an equilibrium point is reached after a new EV is added that depends on the characteristics of the MG and the functions executed in the MG central controller during such a service.Additionally,effect of Reflex method,an advanced charging technique for EVs,on the frequency deviation is examined.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2016YFA0202302)the State Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51633007 and 52130303)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51773147 and 51973151).
文摘Lithium primary batteries are widely used in various fields where high energy densities and long storage times are in demand.However,studies on lithium primary batteries are currently focused on the gravimetric energy densities of active materials and rarely account for the volumetric energy requirements of unmanned devices.Herein,CuF_(2)/CF_(x) composites are prepared via planetary ball milling(PBM)to improve the volumetric energy densities of lithium primary batteries using the high mass density of CuF_(2),achieving a maximum volumetric energy density of 4163.40 Wh L^(-1).The CuF_(2)/CF_(x) hybrid cathodes exhibit three distinct discharge plateaus rather than simple combinations of the discharge curves of their components.This phenomenon is caused by charge redistribution and lattice modulation on the contact surfaces of CuF_(2) and CF_(x) during PBM,which change the valence state of Cu and modify the electronic structures of the composites.As a result,CuF_(2)/CF_(x) hybrid cathodes exhibit unique discharge behaviors and improved rate capabilities,delivering a maximum power density of 11.16 kW kg^(-1)(25.56 kW L^(-1)).Therefore,it is a promising strategy to further improve the comprehensive performance of lithium primary batteries through the use of interfacial optimization among different fluoride cathodes.
基金supported by West Light Foundation of The Chinese Academy of Sciences(XAB2019AW09)Singapore Ministry of Education Tier 1 grants(RG 10/18,RG 157/19)。
文摘Aqueous Zn-ion battery(AZIB)has become an attractive technology because of its unique features of low cost,high safety and the eco-friendliness.MnO_(2) is the model cathode material for AZIB since the first report on reversible Zn-MnO_(2) battery,but recent studies have unveiled different charge storage mechanisms.Due to revamping of the electrochemistry and redesigning of the electrolyte and interface,there is tremendous performance enhancement in AZIB.This mini Review will first give a brief introduction of ZIB,including fundamentals of materials and components,and the progress in recent years.Then,a general classification of working mechanisms related to MnO_(2) in neutral and mildly acidic electrolyte is elaborated.Our focus is put on the recent blossoming Zn-MnO_(2) electrolytic mechanism,which has given birth to the Zn-MnO_(2) redox flow batteries that are highly promising for large-scale static energy storage.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51972045)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Chinese Central Universities,China(No.ZYGX2019J025)。
文摘Forming an ultrathin conducting layer on a fluorinated carbon(CFx)surface for reducing severe electrochemical polarization in lithium/fluorinated carbon primary batteries(Li/CF_(x))remains a considerable challenge for achieving batteries with excellent rate capability.Herein,CFxwas modified by using acetylene/argon mixture plasma combined with MnO_(2)particles.The CF_(x)/C/MnO_(2)composite effectively reduced the voltage hysteresis and improved the electrochemical performance of Li/CF_(x).The excellent rate performance of CF_(x)/C/MnO_(2)was due to the high electrochemical activity provided by the atomicscale conductive carbon layer and ultrafine MnO_(2)particles.Compared with pristine CF_(x),the charge transfer resistance of the optimized CF_(x)/C/MnO_(2)decreased from 218.5 to 48.2Ω,the discharge rate increased from 2C to 10C,and the power density increased from 3.11 to 13.44 kW·g^(-1),The intrinsic reason for the enhanced rate performance was attributed to the fact that the ultrathin carbon layer acted as a conductive bridge to reduce the voltage hysteresis at the initial stage of the Li/CF_(x)discharge,and the high electrochemical activity of the ultrafine MnO_(2)particles provided a faster lithium-ion diffusion rate.
基金We acknowledge the funding support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Nos. 21431006 and 21761132008）, the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 21521001）, Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, CAS （No. QYZDJ-SSW- SLH036）, the National Basic Research Program of China （No. 2014CB931800）, and the Users with Excellence and Scientific Research Grant of Hefei Science Center of CAS （No. 2015HSC-UE007）.
文摘Stretchable electronics are in high demand for next-generation wearable devices, but their fabrication is still challenging. Stretchable conductors, flexible pressure sensors, and foldable light-emitting diodes （LEDs） have been reported; however, the fabrication of stable stretchable batteries, as power suppliers for wearable devices, is significantly behind the development of other stretchable electronics. Several stretchable lithium-ion batteries and primary batteries have been fabricated, but their low capacities and complicated manufacturing processes are obstacles for practical applications. Herein, we report a stretchable zinc/manganese-oxide （Zn-MnO2） full battery based on a silver-nanowire- coated sponge prepared via a facile dip-coating process. The spongy electrode, with a three-dimensional （3D） binary network structure, provided not only high conductivity and stretchability, but also enabled a high mass loading of electrochemically active materials （Zn and MnO2 particles）. The fabricated Zn-MnO2 battery exhibited an areal capacity as high as 3.6 mAh·cm^-2 and could accommodate tensile strains of up to 100% while retaining 89% of its original capacity. The facile solution-based strategy of dip-coating active materials onto a cheap sponge-based stretchable current collector opens up a new avenue for fabricating stretchable batteries.
基金by the National 973 Program(2005CB623607)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(20873071)Tianjin Basic&High-Tech Research(07ZCGHHZ00700 and 08JCZDJC21300).
文摘In this paper,we report on the morphology-controlled synthesis of magnesium micro/nanospheres and their electrochemical performance as the anode of primary Mg/MnO_(2) batteries.Mg micro/nanoscale materials with controllable shapes have been prepared via a conventional vapor-transport method under an inert atmosphere by adjusting the deposition temperatures.Extensive analysis techniques including SEM,XRD,TEM/HRTEM,and Brunauer Emmett Teller(BET)were carried out to characterize the as-obtained samples.The results show that the Mg samples are microspheres or micro/nanospheres with specific surface areas of 0.611.92 m^(2)/g.The electrochemical properties of the as-prepared Mg and commercial Mg powders were further studied in terms of their linear sweep voltammograms,impedance spectra,and discharge capability.By comparing the performance of different inhibitors in electrolytes,it was found that NaNO2(2.6 mol/L)as an inhibitor in the Mg(NO_(3))_(2)(2.6 mol/L)electrolyte affords a Mg electrode with high current density and low corrosion rate.In particular,the Mg sample consisting of microspheres with a diameter of 1.53.0μm and nanospheres with a diameter of 50150 nm exhibited superior electrode properties including negative initial potential(1.08 V),high current density(163 mA/cm^(2)),low apparent activation energy(5.1 kJ/mol),and high discharge specifi c capacity(784 mAh/g).The mixture of Mg nanospheres and microspheres is promising for application in primary Mg/MnO_(2) batteries because of the suffi cient contact with the electrolyte and greatly reduced charge transfer impedance and polarization.
文摘In this paper,a particular standard MicroGrid(MG)is accurately simulated in the presence of the Electric Vehicles(EVs)participating in decentralized primary frequency control service.It examines effect of number of the participating EVs on the short-term dynamic behaviour.The simulation results confirm that frequency deviation will not definitely become zero even though an unlimited number of the EVs participate.The output power of each EV is determined according to the frequency deviation.On the other hand,the output power of each EV affects the value of the frequency deviation,especially in small-scale MGs and MGs with predominant inductance behaviour.Eventually,an equilibrium point is reached after a new EV is added that depends on the characteristics of the MG and the functions executed in the MG central controller during such a service.Additionally,effect of Reflex method,an advanced charging technique for EVs,on the frequency deviation is examined.
