Dual Burden of Malnutrition among Primary School Children in Myanmar

Background: The distribution of childhood nutritional diseases is shifting from a predominance of under nutrition to a dual burden of under-and over nutrition in low and middle income countries. Rapid economic development and urbanization lead to an increase in overweight and obesity and diet-related chronic diseases. The co-existence of under-and over nutrition is double burden and this is a public health challenge for community. Objective: To find out the nutritional status of primary school children. Method: The study was school based descriptive study and conducted during November 2014 to February 2015 in basic primary schools, basic middle schools and basic high schools in urban and rural area of Yangon, Mandalay, Taungyi and Mawlamyaing. A total of (2937) Grade IV and Grade V students were measured for weight, height and 592 students were measured for haemoglobin by standard equipment and standard procedure. Results: The overall prevalences of stunting, wasting, overweight, obesity and anaemia were 8.8%, 15%, 4.6% and 3.1% and 36.1% respectively. The prevalences of stunting, over weight and obesity were more prevalent in boys and wasting and anaemia were more prevalent in girls. The result showed that the stunting was more prevalent in rural than in urban (7.5% in urban and 12.0% in rural). The prevalences of overweight and obesity were higher in urban than rural area (overweight 5.3% in urban and 2.8% in rural, obesity 3.8% in urban and 0.9% in rural). Children residing in urban area had higher anthropometric parameter than rural children. Conclusion: The present study observed the coexistence of obesity, overweight and undernourishment (wasting and stunting) among Myanmar School children.The findings highlighted the need for continued health promotion efforts to improve nutritional status of primary school children.

Relationship of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Nitrogen Oxide with Treatment of Frequent Relapse Nephrotic Syndrome by Shenkangling(肾康灵)Granule in Children

Objective: To observe the relationship of tumor necrosis factor-o (TNF-a) and nitrogen oxide (NO) with the treatment of frequent relapse nephrotic syndrome (FRNS) and to explore the patho-genesis of FRNS and the therapeutic mechanism of Shenkangling (肾康灵,SKL) Granule in children. Methods: Sixty children suffering from FRNS were randomly divided into the treated group and control group, 30 in each, and the other 30 healthy children were taken as healthy group. The patients were treated with prednisone for a long-term course, and those with no effect or partial effect shown were treated with additional Tripterygium or Cytoxan in the control group, while in the treated group patients were treated with prednisone and additional SKL. The two groups were compared as to their changes of TNF-a, NO before and after treatment, and the relapses after treatment. Results: The levels of TNF-a and NO in the sick children before treatment were markedly higher than those after treatment and normal group (P< 0. 01). The positive correlation between TNF-o of FRNS cases and relapse risk displayed more significance than that between the relapse of FRNS and NO. The difference between treated group and control group was significant (P<0. 01). Conclusion: TNF-a can be regarded as the monitoring parameter of the active phase in FRNS, and the higher the level, the more possible the relapse would occur. SKL could markedly reduce the relapse rate of FRNS in children.

Prevalence of developmental dyslexia in primary school children:a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Developmental dyslexia(DD)is a specific impairment during the acquisition of reading skills and may have a lifelong negative impact on individuals.Reliable estimates of the prevalence of DD serve as the basis for evidence-based health resource allocation and policy making.However,the prevalence of DD in primary school children varies largely across studies.Moreover,it is unclear whether there are differences in prevalence in different genders and writing systems.Hence,the present study aims to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the global prevalence of DD and to explore related factors.Methods We will undertake a comprehensive literature search in 14 databases,including EMBASE,PubMed,Web of Science,China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Cochrane,from their inception to June 2021.Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies that describe the prevalence of DD will be eligible.The quality of the included observational studies will be assessed using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology statement.The risk of bias will be determined by sensitivity analysis to identify publication bias.Results One meta-analysis will be conducted to estimate the prevalence of DD in primary school children.Heterogeneity will be assessed in terms of the properties of subjects(e.g.,gender,grade and writing system)and method of diagnosis in the included primary studies.Subgroup analyses will also be performed for population and secondary outcomes.Conclusion The results will synthesize the prevalence of DD and provide information for policy-makers and public health specialists.