Primary biliary cholangitis presenting with granulomatous lung disease misdiagnosed as lung cancer:A case report

BACKGROUND There are few cases of pulmonary granulomatous changes secondary to primary biliary cirrhosis(PBC).No case of granulomatous lung disease secondary to PBC misdiagnosed as lung cancer had been reported.CASE SUMMARY A middle-aged woman presented with lung nodules and was misdiagnosed with lung cancer by positron emission tomography/computed tomography.She underwent left lobectomy,and the pathology of the nodules showed granulomatous inflammation,which was then treated with antibiotics.However,a new nodule appeared.Further investigation with lung biopsy and liver serology led to the diagnosis of PBC,and chest computed tomography indicated significant reduction in the pulmonary nodule by treatment with methylprednisolone and ursodeoxycholic acid.CONCLUSION Diagnosis of pulmonary nodules requires integrating various clinical data to avoid unnecessary pulmonary lobectomy.

Primary graft dysfunction following lung transplantation:From pathogenesis to future frontiers

Lung transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients with end-stage lung disease.Currently,just under 5000 lung transplants are performed worldwide annually.However,a major scourge leading to 90-d and 1-year mortality remains primary graft dysfunction.It is a spectrum of lung injury ranging from mild to severe depending on the level of hypoxaemia and lung injury post-transplant.This review aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the epidemiology,pathophysiology,risk factors,outcomes,and future frontiers involved in mitigating primary graft dysfunction.The current diagnostic criteria are examined alongside changes from the previous definition.We also highlight the issues surrounding chronic lung allograft dysfunction and identify the novel therapies available for ex-vivo lung perfusion.Although primary graft dysfunction remains a significant contributor to 90-d and 1-year mortality,ongoing research and development abreast with current technological advancements have shed some light on the issue in pursuit of future diagnostic and therapeutic tools.

Primary pulmonary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma misdiagnosed as lung squamous cell carcinoma:A case report

BACKGROUND Primary pulmonary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma(PPLELC)is an uncommon subtype of squamous cell carcinoma(SCC)of the lung,closely associated with Epstein-Barr virus(EBV)infection.The pathological features of PPLELC closely resemble those of SCC,which makes it prone to misdiagnosis.Surgical intervention constitutes the primary treatment approach for PPLELC.CASE SUMMARY This report describes a 44-year-old woman who was hospitalized for 1 mo due to left chest pain.Computed tomography revealed a mass shadow in the anterior basal segment of the left lower lobe,and a subsequent needle biopsy suggested SCC.The patient underwent radical tumor resection in the lower left lobe of the lung,and postoperative pathological examination indicated lymphoepithelial carcinoma,and the test for EBV encoded small RNA was positive.Following surgery,the patient was scheduled to receive four cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy,using the paclitaxel+carboplatin regimen,but the patient refused further treatment.CONCLUSION PPLELC is an exceptionally rare subtype of lung SCC and is prone to misdiagnosis.

Primary pulmonary meningioma and minute pulmonary meningothelial-like nodules: Rare pulmonary nodular lesions requiring more awareness in clinical practice

In this editorial,we comment on an article by Ruan et al published in a recent issue of the World Journal of Clinical Case.Pulmonary meningothelial proliferative lesions,including primary pulmonary meningiomas,minute pulmonary meningothelial-like nodules,and metastatic pulmonary meningiomas are rare pulmonary lesions.These lesions are difficult to differentiate from lung cancers based on clinical and imaging manifestations.Herein,we briefly introduce the clinical,imaging,and pathological characteristics of these lesions and discuss their pathogenesis to strengthen the current understanding of pulmonary meningothelial proliferative lesions in clinical diagnosis and therapy.

Three novel rare TP53 fusion mutations in a patient with multiple primary cancers:a case report

As survival rates improve and detection technologies advance,the occurrence of multiple primary cancers(MPCs)has been increasing.Approximately 16%of cancer survivors develop a subsequent malignancy,with lung cancer often developing after esophageal cancer due to potential“field cancerization”effects.Despite this observation,the genetic heterogeneity underlying MPCs remains understudied.However,the recent emergence of genetic testing has expanded the scope of investigations into MPCs to investigate signatures underlying cancer predisposition.This report reveals 3 unprecedented TP53 fusion mutations in a Chinese patient afflicted by MPCs,namely,AP1M2–TP53(A1;T11)fusion,TP53–ILF3(T10;I13)fusion,and SLC44A2–TP53(S5;T11)fusion.This patient exhibited an extended period of survival after diagnosis of extensive-stage small cell lung cancer,which occurred 6 years after the diagnosis of esophageal squamous cell cancer.This unique reportmay provide supplementary data that enhance our understanding of the genetic landscape ofMPCs.

Management guidelines for primary lung cancer 2018: Chinese standards in clinical practice

Chinese guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of primary lung cancer 2018 are a set of clinical standards for screening, diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer in China (1). It covers the specialties of epidemiology, radiology, pathology, surgery, medical oncology, radiotherapy, endoscopy, nuclear medicine, and so on. The guidelines are referred to by physicians, medical students and patients, through providing comprehensive and detailed knowledge and recommendations in clinical practice on lung cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Rapidly progressing primary pulmonary lymphoma masquerading as lung infectious disease:A case report and review of the literature

BACKGROUND Primary anaplastic large cell lymphoma of the lung represents a diagnostic challenge due to diverse manifestations and non-specific radiological findings,particularly in cases that lack extra-pulmonary manifestations and lung biopsy.CASE SUMMARY A 40-year-old woman presented with a 6-d history of fever,dry coughing,and dyspnea.Her white blood cell count was 20100/mm3 with 90%neutrophils.PaO2 was 60 mmHg and SaO2 was 90%when breathing ambient air.Chest computed tomography(CT)identified a solid nodule,15 mm in diameter,with a poorly defined boundary in the upper right lung,and several smaller solid nodules throughout both lungs.Pulmonary artery CT and subsequent bedside X-ray showed diffuse patchy shadows throughout both lungs.Repeated cultures of blood samples and alveolar lavage failed to identify any pathogen.Due to the mismatch between clinical and imaging features,we conducted a bone marrow biopsy,and the results showed proliferation along all three lineages but no atypical or malignant cells.The patient received empirical antibacterial,antiviral,and antifungal treatments,as well as corticosteroids.The patient’s condition deteriorated rapidly despite treatment.The patient died 6 d after hospitalization due to respiratory failure.Post-mortem lung biopsy failed to show inflammation but identified widespread infiltration of alveolar septum by anaplastic lymphoma kinase(ALK)-positive anaplastic cells.CONCLUSION ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma could present as a primary pulmonary disease without extra-pulmonary manifestations.

Multidetector CT angiography with volumetric three-dimentional rendering to evaluate bronchial arteries in primary lung cancer

Objective:To evaluate the imageologic characteristics of the bronchial arteries (BAs) in primary lung cancer (PLC) with multidetector CT (MDCT) angiography. Methods: Thin-section enhanced CT scanning (with an Toshiba Aquilion 16 scanner) was performed in 164 PLC patients, of whom 123 were confirmed by pathology and the remaining 41 were confirmed by typical radiological and clinical findings. Another 46 patients with normal thoracic CT presentations were served as control. Three-dimensional (3D) images of the BAs were processed at workstation (Vitrea 2, Vital Corp, USA). Spatial anatomical characters of the BAs were observed using volume rendering (VR) and muhiplanar reconstruction (MPR) or maximum intensity projection (MIP). Results: At least one bronchial artery was displayed clearly on VR in 152 (92. 7%) of the 164 PLC patients and 32 (69. 6%) of the 46 controls. There were 48. 92% of the right BAs originating from the descending aorta and 46. 24% from the right intercostal artery. 97. 53% of the left BAs originated from the descending aorta, and 94. 87% of the common trunk from the descending aorta. There were 10 distribution patterns of the BAs, with one on the right and one on the left predominating (48. 68%). More BA branches were found to reach far from the segmental bronchi or enter into the lesions in the PLC group than those in the control group (25. 8% vs 1. 7% ). and also the ipsilateral side of the PLC than the contralateral side (40% vs 8. 8%). The diameter and the total transaxial areas of the BAs on the ipsilateral side of the PLC lesions were significantly larger than those on the contralateral side or those of the control group (P<0. 05). Conclusion:The anatomic characters and pathologic changes can be depicted in vivo stereographically and clearly by CTA with volumetric 3D rendering. Dilation of the BAs and increase of total blood flow in patients with PLC can be evaluated quantitatively, which may be useful in the diagnosis and assessment of PLC, and have the potential to increase the-safety and effect of interventional therapy.

Gastric metastasis by primary lung adenocarcinoma

The diagnosis of gastric metastasis from lung cancer is relatively rare in living patients.We describe a case of Type 4 tumor-like metastasis due to primary lung cancer diagnosed with immunohistochemical staining while the patient was alive.A 68-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of epigastric pain.Gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed a Type 4 tumor and the histological examination showed poorly differentiated adenocar-cinoma.His chest X-ray showed mass shadow in the right upper lung field.The resected specimens showed moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma.,The diagnosis of gastric metastasis from lung cancer was made by immunohistochemical staining of the lung and gastric tumors which showed positive staining for Thyroid transcriptional factor-1.Diagnosis of gastric metastasis,especially Type 4 metastasis by lung cancer is diff icult.However,immunohistochemical staining is very helpful for diagnosis of primary lung cancer metastasis at sites such as the gastrointestinal tract which are not normally prone to metastatis.

PRIMARY MALIGNANT LYMPHOMA OF THE LUNG: REPORT OF A CASE AND REFERENCE TO DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA

Although pulmonary involvement ofmalignant lymphoma is quite common, primarymalignant lymphoma of the lung is rare. Two caseswere reported by Chinese literature in 1985. Thispaper describes a case of primary pulmonarymalignant lymphoma which has been remitted by

One-stage resection of four genotypes of bilateral multiple primary lung adenocarcinoma:A case report

BACKGROUND The incidence of multiple primary lung cancer(MPLC)in China is 0.52%-2.45%.Most primary lung cancer cases have reported two lesions or three in rare cases.We report a rare case of bilateral simultaneous multiple primary lung adenocarcinoma of four different genotypes.CASE SUMMARY A 58-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital on June 29,2021,and upon physical examination,four multiple pulmonary nodules were identified in both lungs.Further computed tomography(CT)images revealed the presence of ground glass nodules,predicted to be high-risk cancer lesions by artificial intelligence.With the guidance of three-dimensional reconstruction of preo-perative CT images,the nodules were resected under thoracoscopy.Postoperative pathological investigation revealed that the nodule types were adenocarcinoma in situ,invasive alveolar adenocarcinoma,and microinvasive adenocarcinoma.The excised nodules were further sequenced using high-throughput sequencing(semiconductor sequencing method)of 26 lung cancer genes to confirm that the four lesions were not homologous.The patient was discharged on postoperative day 8,that is,on July 15,2021.One month later,she returned to the hospital for followup and reexamination.Chest CT examination showed that she had re-covered well,and no obvious exudation and effusion were found in both pleural cavities.Evaluation of postoperative pulmonary function showed that her forced vital capacity was 1.40 L(preoperative value,2.27 L)and forced expiratory volume was 1.24 L(preoperative value,2.23 L).CONCLUSION The surgical plan for multiple pulmonary nodules should be carefully considered.For carefully selected patients with concurrently occurring multiple lung nodules in both lungs,sublobectomy is a safe and feasible plan for concurrent bilateral resection of the lesions.Genetic sequencing is necessary for MPLC diagnosis and treatment.

Discordant tumor response in the treatment of ALK-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer leads to the diagnosis of synchronous multiple primary lung cancer

The advent of targeted molecular therapy against the EML4-ALK fusion gene is the latest therapeutic intervention for a subset of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Crizotinib (Xalkori) is an orally available small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor proven in clinical trials to significantly impact progression free survival and overall response rate. We present a case of a 56-year-old male with NSCLC whose lack of a positive treatment response to this therapy led to the clinical suspicion and identification of the underdiagnosed entity known as synchronous multiple primary lung cancer (SMPLC).

Simultaneous Bilateral Thoracoscopic Pneumonectomy for Early Multiple Primary Lung Cancer Feasibility Analysis

Objective:To analyze the feasibility of simultaneous bilateral thoracoscopic lung resection in the treatment of multiple primary lung cancers in the early stage.Methods:The study time range is between March 2019 and March 2021.A sample of 30 patients with early multiple primary lung cancer admitted to this hospital were included,and they were divided into a study group,a control group,and samples within the group using a random number table scheme n=15,patients in the control group underwent staged bilateral thoracoscopic pneumonectomy,and patients in the study group underwent bilateral thoracoscopic pneumonectomy at the same time.The indicators of the two groups were compared and analyzed.Results:There was no significant difference in the operation time and intraoperative blood loss between the two groups(P>0.05).There were significant differences in the VAS score,total length of hospital stay,and total surgical costs on the first day after surgery(P<0.05);there was no significant difference in the two groups'postoperative recovery indicators and the incidence of complications(P>0.05).Conclusion:It is safe and feasible to treat patients with multiple primary lung cancer in both lungs at the same time with simultaneous bilateral thoracoscopic surgery,and is suitable for promotion.

肺移植术后需要临床干预的气道狭窄患者生存结局的影响因素

目的分析肺移植术后需要临床干预的气道狭窄患者生存结局的影响因素。方法回顾性分析肺移植术后需要临床干预的66例气道狭窄患者的临床资料。采用单因素和多因素Cox回归模型分析所有气道狭窄患者和早期气道狭窄患者生存结局的影响因素,采用Kaplan-Meier法计算总生存率并绘制生存曲线。结果66例气道狭窄患者,中位无气道狭窄时间为72(52,102)d,27%(18/66)发生中心气道狭窄,73%(48/66)发生远端气道狭窄。术后机械通气时间[风险比(HR)1.037,95%可信区间(CI)1.005~1.070,P=0.024]和手术类型(HR 0.400,95%CI 0.177~0.903,P=0.027)均与肺移植术后气道狭窄患者的生存结局存在相关性,术后机械通气时间越长,受者死亡风险越高;接受双肺移植的气道狭窄患者的总生存率优于单肺移植。在亚组分析中,3级原发性移植物失功(PGD)(HR 4.577,95%CI 1.439~14.555,P=0.010)和免疫抑制药(HR 0.079,95%CI0.022~0.287,P<0.001)与肺移植术后早期气道狭窄患者生存结局均存在相关性;无3级PGD的肺移植术后早期气道狭窄患者的总生存率优于有3级PGD的患者,使用他克莫司的肺移植术后早期气道狭窄患者的总生存率优于使用环孢素的患者。结论术后机械通气时间长、单肺移植手术方式、3级PGD和使用环孢素可能影响肺移植术后气道狭窄患者的生存。

荷斯坦牛肺干细胞分离培养与生物学特性研究

本研究利用荷斯坦牛肺间质干细胞(LR-MSCs),通过体外试验观察LR-MSCs在不同条件下的成骨分化能力,以期为临床应用及组织工程提供新的种子细胞。本项目以荷斯坦牛(健康荷斯坦牛胎牛,0日龄,1只,雄性)为对象,通过无菌方法获得肺组织,通过组织块贴壁方法获得LR-MSCs,并将其原代培养。通过绘制3代、9代、15代细胞的生长曲线,测定其增殖时间及成体能力。利用RT-PCR技术对干细胞表面标志物(CD29、CD44、CD73、CD90、CD106、CD166、CD34和CD45)的表达进行检测。对该基因进行染色体核型分析,并对其进行遗传转化,观察该基因的多向性。结果显示,这种方法能获得LR-MSCs,它们在体外培养时表现为长梭形和螺旋形,并呈现典型的“S”曲线。第9世代的倍增时间比15世代的短,但比3世代的长(P<0.01);第9代LR-MSCs的成株率较3代明显降低,而15代较高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。应用RT-PCR技术检测到在LR-MSCs中特异表达的CD29、CD44、CD73、CD90。前期研究发现,LR-MSCs可特异性地表达CD29、CD44、CD73、CD90、CD106、CD166,而CD34、CD45则不表达。对LR-MSCs进行染色体组测序,发现其为正常二倍体(2n=60,XY)。通过对荷斯坦牛LR-MSCs的免疫荧光染色及RT-PCR分析,证明LR-MSCs具有向脂肪、骨、软骨等多种细胞定向分化的能力。这可能为今后的组织工程研究提供了一种新的种子细胞。

基于胸部CT及临床特征构建原发性干燥综合征患者肺脏受累的风险预测模型

目的基于胸部CT及临床特征构建原发性干燥综合征(primary Sjogren′s syndrome,pSS)患者肺脏受累的风险预测模型,并探讨模型的风险预测价值。方法回顾性选取邯郸市中医院于2020年10月至2023年8月收治的360例pSS患者为研究对象,按照7∶3的分配比例分为建模组252例和验证组108例。建模组患者根据肺脏受累与否分为对照组201例和受累组51例。收集建模组患者临床特征资料与胸部高分辨CT(high resolution CT,HRCT)特点,行组间单因素分析确定收集信息中影响pSS患者肺脏受累的相关因素。对相关因素行二元logistic回归分析以筛选独立危险因素,并以独立危险因素建立预测模型,通过验证组资料收集配合完成列线图预测模型的验证与价值分析。结果患者年龄、病程、咳嗽、雷诺现象、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)、抗SSA抗体、HRCT等为影响pSS患者肺脏受累的相关因素(P<0.05)。进一步行二元logistic回归分析发现,患者年龄大、病程长、咳嗽及HRCT异常为影响SS患者肺脏受累的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。以独立影响因素构建列线图风险预测模型,模型验证结果提示,校准图显示预测模型性能良好;建模组受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.993;验证组ROC的AUC为0.995。结论pSS患者临床特征与胸部CT结果与患者肺脏受累密切相关,其中患者年龄大、病程长、咳嗽及HRCT异常为影响pSS患者肺脏受累的独立危险因素,以此为基础建立预测模型对患者后装放疗是否发生肺脏受累具有较高预测价值。

支气管动脉化疗栓塞术的技术细节与进展综述

支气管动脉化疗栓塞术(bronchial arterial chemoembolization,BACE)是中晚期原发性肺癌标准治疗进展后较为成熟的局部微创姑息治疗技术,但其技术细节存在较多争议,难以标准化。通过文献复习,本文主要对肺癌血供来源,BACE使用的栓塞材料、栓塞材料的粒径大小,BACE治疗次数、栓塞终点、抗肿瘤药物的选择,以及BACE的并发症、治疗效果等进行综述。

多原发肺癌的诊断与外科治疗策略研究进展

多原发肺癌(multiple primary lung cancer,MPLC)近年来的发病率不断上升,其病变的多发性给临床诊断及治疗带来困难。MPLC需从影像学、病理组织学及分子生物学多方面进行综合判断。手术治疗是MPLC的首选治疗方式,术式多采取亚肺叶切除,淋巴结的评估亦是MPLC手术当中的重要环节。目前对于MPLC的诊断及治疗策略仍存在争议,本文通过对MPLC的诊断、手术方式及淋巴结清扫研究进展进行介绍,以期为临床工作中MPLC的诊疗策略提供参考。

肺源分配评分与特发性肺纤维化患者肺移植术后早期死亡风险的相关性分析

目的 分析肺源分配评分(LAS)与特发性肺纤维化(IPF)患者肺移植术后早期死亡风险及并发症的相关性。方法 回顾性分析275例IPF患者临床资料,采用单因素和多因素Cox回归分析LAS与IPF患者肺移植术后早期死亡风险的相关性,以及LAS与术后1年并发症发生的相关性。结果 275例受者中,术后30、90、180、365 d内分别死亡62例、83例、95例和108例。LAS与IPF患者肺移植术后30、90、180、365 d死亡风险相关(均为P<0.05),但与术后365 d原发性移植物功能障碍(PGD)、急性肾损伤(AKI)发生无关(均为P>0.05)。结论 LAS与IPF患者肺移植术后早期死亡相关,LAS与术后早期PGD、AKI的发生无关,但应关注综合因素对PGD、AKI发生的影响。