Research on a TOPSIS energy efficiency evaluation system for crude oil gathering and transportation systems based on a GA-BP neural network

As the main link of ground engineering,crude oil gathering and transportation systems require huge energy consumption and complex structures.It is necessary to establish an energy efficiency evaluation system for crude oil gathering and transportation systems and identify the energy efficiency gaps.In this paper,the energy efficiency evaluation system of the crude oil gathering and transportation system in an oilfield in western China is established.Combined with the big data analysis method,the GA-BP neural network is used to establish the energy efficiency index prediction model for crude oil gathering and transportation systems.The comprehensive energy consumption,gas consumption,power consumption,energy utilization rate,heat utilization rate,and power utilization rate of crude oil gathering and transportation systems are predicted.Considering the efficiency and unit consumption index of the crude oil gathering and transportation system,the energy efficiency evaluation system of the crude oil gathering and transportation system is established based on a game theory combined weighting method and TOPSIS evaluation method,and the subjective weight is determined by the triangular fuzzy analytic hierarchy process.The entropy weight method determines the objective weight,and the combined weight of game theory combines subjectivity with objectivity to comprehensively evaluate the comprehensive energy efficiency of crude oil gathering and transportation systems and their subsystems.Finally,the weak links in energy utilization are identified,and energy conservation and consumption reduction are improved.The above research provides technical support for the green,efficient and intelligent development of crude oil gathering and transportation systems.

The Efficiency of the Energy Saving Stoves in Amboseli Ecosystem-Analysis of Time, Energy and Carbon Emissions Savings

It is estimated that more than 2.5 billion people worldwide use biomass for cooking. Burning biomass is one of the major contributors to carbon dioxide (CO2) emission—a principle gas in global warming and climate change. One way of cutting down the CO2 emissions is adaptation of efficient and clean energy technologies. This study examined the efficiency of the energy saving stoves in Amboseli ecosystem by comparing the cooking time, energy use, wood fuel and carbon emissions to the traditional three stone open fire set ups. The result indicates a statistical difference in the time spent cooking on energy stoves and three stone open fire (t = 5.3055;n = 60;p = 0.00117). Energy saving stoves saved 12.7% - 33.3% of wood fuel compared to the traditional three stones set ups. Water boiling tests to determine the energy savings, revealed that energy saving stoves saved between 25.74% and 26.16% energy/joule per session in-house and outdoor settings respectively. Based on the two meals prepared per day by each household, the total Carbon Emission Savings for the 1000 local beneficiaries of energy saving stoves varied from 102,200 kg CO2 (indoor cooking) to 357,700 kg CO2 (outdoor cooking) per year. It is therefore concluded that energy saving stoves saves time, fuel wood and energy, and reduces carbon emissions. The study findings refute the claims that open fire when carefully operated can be fuel efficient and clean burning to rival energy saving stoves. To improve the performance of the energy saving stoves, it is recommended that a design modification be done to include a chimney to emit excess smoke during indoor cooking;and the stove should be fixed to the floor with mortar to minimise heat loss and breakages.

Enabling Energy Efficiency in 5G Network

The mobile Internet and Internet of Things are considered the main driving forc⁃es of 5G,as they require an ultra-dense deployment of small base stations to meet the in⁃creasing traffic demands.5G new radio(NR)access is designed to enable denser network deployments,while leading to a significant concern about the network energy consump⁃tion.Energy consumption is a main part of network operational expense(OPEX),and base stations work as the main energy consumption equipment in the radio access network(RAN).In order to achieve RAN energy efficiency(EE),switching off cells is a strategy to reduce the energy consumption of networks during off-peak conditions.This paper intro⁃duces NR cell switching on/off schemes in 3GPP to achieve energy efficiency in 5G RAN,including intra-system energy saving(ES)scheme and inter-system ES scheme.Addition⁃ally,NR architectural features including central unit/distributed unit(CU/DU)split and dual connectivity(DC)are also considered in NR energy saving.How to apply artificial in⁃telligence(AI)into 5G networks is a new topic in 3GPP,and we also propose a machine learning(ML)based scheme to save energy by switching off the cell selected relying on the load prediction.According to the experiment results in the real wireless environment,the ML based ES scheme can reduce more power consumption than the conventional ES scheme without load prediction.

What determines irrigation efficiency when farmers face extreme weather events? A field survey of the major wheat producing regions in China

Water availability is a major constraint on grain production in China, therefore, improving irrigation efficiency is particularly important when agriculture faces extreme weather events. This paper first calculates irrigation efficiency with a translog stochastic frontier production function and then investigates what happens when extreme weather events occur via a Tobit model. The estimated results reveal several important features of irrigation practices: i) irrigation efficiency is lower when extreme weather events occur; ii) large variations in irrigation efficiency occur across irrigation facilities; iii) the farm plots exhibit an extreme distribution across efficiency levels; and iv) water-saving techniques, technology adoption, and the maintenance of farmers’ economic resilience are major determinants of irrigation efficiency. Based on these results we propose the following recommendations: i) farmers should balance crop yield and water use; undertake relevant training programs and adopt water-saving techniques; ii) local governments and researchers should help farmers to find the optimal level of irrigation water use based on their own circumstances and provide better water-saving techniques and training programs rather than simply encouraging farmers to invest in irrigation facilities in the most extreme weather years; and iii) the income level of farm households should be increased so as to improve their resilience to natural disasters.

Development Potentials and Benefit Analysis of Efficient Water-saving Irrigation in Lixin County

On the basis of analyzing water resources,crop planning structure,and irrigation mode in Lixin County,potentials and benefits of developing efficient water-saving irrigation in the county were explored to provide references for its future water-saving irrigation.

Sensitivity Analysis of Energy Consumption for Cylinder Efficiency of A 1 000 MW Steam Turbine Unit

以东汽1000MW汽轮机为研究对象，采用汽轮机组定功率变工况计算方法，对汽轮机各汽缸效率在THA、70％THA、50％THA、40％THA滑压工况进行敏度分析，得到相应工况下各汽缸效率变化对汽轮机热耗率和机组发、供电煤耗率的影响规律。分析表明，缸效率的能耗敏度随缸效率变化基本呈线性关系；低压缸效率的能耗敏度最大，高压缸效率次之，中压缸效率较小；随机组负荷降低，高压缸效率的能耗敏度增加，中、低压缸效率的能耗敏度变化较小。在THA工况下低压缸效率下降1％，供电煤耗敏度绝对值增加1．246g／（kW·h），相对值升高0．433％；高压缸效率下降1％，供电煤耗敏度的绝对值增加0．44g／（kW．h），相对值升高0．154％；中压缸效率下降1％，供电煤耗敏度的绝对值增加0．352g／（kW．h），相对值升高0．122％。分析结果可对同类型机组进行节能诊断，进而指导机组的优化运行。

Improving the Energy Efficiency of Cyclone Dust Collectors for Wood Product Factories

Dust collection systems represent a significant portion of a wood product manufacturer’s total electricity use. The system fan works against the static pressure of the entire system—the blast gates, the ductwork, and the upstream or downstream cyclone and/or baghouse. A poor system design (e.g., sharp elbows or undersized ductwork) increases the total amount of static pressure in the system, the fan’s performance curve shifts, increasing the total brake horsepower required by the fan (up to the maximum point on the curve). Additionally, system designers may oversize a dust collection system to ensure adequate dust capture and transport, either to accommodate system expansion or simply to be conservative. Since theoretical fan energy use increases with its velocity cubed, this can be an expensive safety net. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review about industrial cyclone dust collectors energy saving in relation to management, technologies, and policies. Energy-saving technologies like high-efficiency motors (HEMs), variable-speed drives (VSDs), leak detection, and pressure drop reduction have all been examined. Based on energy saving technologies results, it has been found that in the industrial sectors, a sizeable amount of electric energy, and utility bill can be saved using these technologies. Finally, various energy-saving policies were reviewed.

Advances in Research on the Approaches of Improving Water Utilization Efficiency in Rice

Water shortage is increasingly an important factor limiting the sustainable development of global economy, posing a hugethreat to social security and human existence. Water usage in agriculture accounts for about 70% of total water consumptionin the world, and rice cultivation is in turn the largest water user, which accounts for about 50% of total water usage inagriculture. Therefore, it is quite important to improve water utilization efficiency to reduce water consumption in rice.Water stress causes severe inhibition of plant growth and development as well as yield reduction, however the extent ofinhibition or reduction varies greatly with the growth stages, duration and severity of stress, and plant genotypes. In rice,drought resistance and water utilization efficiency might be improved by developing stress resistant cultivars and conductingproper agronomic practices. It is hence imperative to determine the suitable criteria in morphological and physiologicaltraits for drought resistance and water utilization efficiency in conventional breeding of rice. At present, leaf rolling, leafwater potential and carbon isotope discrimination are commonly used criteria for the evaluation and identification ofgermplasm with high drought resistance or water utilization efficiency. With rapid development of molecular biology,marker-assisted selection has been used in rice breeding against water stress. In this review, therefore, the agronomicaspect of water saving techniques such as selection of suitable rice cultivars, planting pattern, mulching, deficit irrigationand alternative drying and moist irrigation are discussed and effective approaches are also recommended.

An Approach to Energy Saving and Cost of Energy Reduction Using an Improved Efficient Technology

The electricity consumption in commercial places like universities has tremendously increased recently. Modern and advanced energy efficient appliances are highly needed to substitute the conventional ones. Energy saving is of great important instead of its wastage, as utilizing the energy efficiently reduces the cost of energy. Energy consumption varies for commercial building due to several factors such as electrical appliance usage, electrical appliance type, management, etc. Due to the advancement in technology, there are new emergence appliances that are of high efficiency and have less energy consumption. A case study is conducted on selected five tutorial rooms, level 4 buildings in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering 19 A, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. The paper proposes new emergence equipments with high efficiency and less power consumption to replace the existing ones. A survey is conducted on the number of electrical appliances used for each of the tutorial rooms, time table for each tutorial room and the Tenaga Nasional Berhad pricing and tariff are taken into consideration in the analysis of the energy consumption and the cost of energy. This paper aims at reducing the amount of energy consumption by replacing the existing electrical equipments with high efficient electrical equipments;it also tends to reduce the cost of energy paid to the utility. By observing the results, it shows that the proposed efficient electrical equipments are more efficient, less power consumption and less cost compared to the existing electrical equipments.

Evaluation of Energy-Efficiency Standards for Room Air Conditioners in the US

This article describes an analysis of the energy and economic impacts of possible energy efficiency standards for room air conditioners on both U.S. consumers and the nation as a whole. We used two metrics to determine the effect of standards on a representative sample of U.S. consumers: life-cycle cost change and payback period. For the national impact analysis, we evaluated national energy savings attributable to each potential standard, the monetary value of the energy savings to consumers of room air conditioners, the increased total installed costs because of standards, and the net present value of the difference between the value of energy savings and increased total installed costs. Our analysis indicates that standards for room air conditioners at efficiency level 3, which is 17% more efficient than today’s typical unit in the case of room air conditioners less than 6000 Btu/h with louvers and 12% more efficient in the case of room air conditioners 8000 - 13,999 Btu/h with louvers, would save close to one quad of energy over 30 years and have a net present value of consumer benefit of between ?$0.14 billion and $1.82 billion, depending on the discount rate. In addition, such standards would reduce carbon dioxide emissions and NOx emissions.

Effects of Continuous Plastic Film Mulching on Soil Bacterial Diversity, Organic Matter and Rice Water Use Efficiency

Two field experiments were conducted to study the effects of 6-year plastic film mulching on bacterial diversity, organic matter of paddy soil and water use efficiency on different soils with great environmental variabilities in Zhejiang Province, China, under non-flooding condition. The experiment started in 2001 at two sites with one rice crop annually. Three treatments included plastic film mulching with no flooding (PM), no plastic film mulching and no flooding (UM), and traditional flooding management (TF). Soil samples were collected and analyzed for bacterial diversity by DGGE and organic matter content, and water use efficiency (WUE) was calculated. The results showed that PM treatment favored the development of a more total bacterial community compared with TF management, the total number of bands was 33.3, 31.7 at tiller stage and heading stage (p < 0.05*). Hence, organic matter content was decreased by 36.7% and 51.4% under PM at two sites. PM also produced similar rice grain yield as TF at Duntou site and Dingqiao site, the average was 7924 kg?ha?1 and 7015 kg?ha?1 for PM and 8150 kg?ha?1 and 6990 kg?ha?1 for TF, respectively. Compared to TF, WUE and irrigation water use efficiency were increased significantly by 70.2% - 80.4% and 273.7% - 1300.0% for PM. It is essential to develop the water-saving agriculture.

Design and Development of a New Control System for Improving Energy Efficiency and Demand Response

One of the best strategies for improving energy efficiency in any system is using the energy resources in the facilities properly.Using energy systems only when they are absolutely necessary is one of the best cost-benefit ratio strategies,i.e.the best energy saving strategy is,not using it.The aim of this paper resides on introducing a new Energy Management and Control System(EMCS),developed by the authors,which has been installed at the Universitat Politècnica de València.Alongside the paper,the architecture,the components and the installation cost analysis of the EMCS,as well as management actions implemented in the university and the obtained results are presented.Furthermore,this innovative system has been designed to improve demand response in energy systems by providing consumers with a tool for responding actively to energy demands,and also to provide all the different electrical market agents with a communication and business platform for exchanging information.

Industrial Vision of High Efficiency Motors

This paper discusses the prospect of high efficiency motors based on usage in industrial sectors. In fact, energy consumption is globally classified into the industrial sector, transport system, residential and commercial building, agriculture and others sectors. In all the sectors, energy is eventually consumed by electrical appliances and equipments and the industrial sector accounts for the largest share of the overall energy consumption. The study concerns to identify the energy consumption using qualitative method. The main emphasis was given to comparison of the motor with high efficiency motors （HEMs） and traditional standard motors to investigate energy savings. According to the study, industrial sector has up to 25% of electrical energy conservation potential. Almost 70%-75% of the electrical energy consumption in industry is on account of use of electrical motors being used by pumps, fans, compressors and other motor driven system. Therefore, the potential for energy conservation through electric motors is quite high. Using high efficiency motors （HEMs） can thus reduce the losses and hence save vital energy costs. This paper will provide a contribution to electrical motors arena and will be a systematic knowledge base for researchers in this field.

A Homeowner-Based Methodology for Economic Analysis of Energy-Efficiency Measures in Residences

Residential energy-efficiency measures, besides energy savings, provide opportunities for improvement of thermal comfort, air quality, lighting quality, and operation. However, all these benefits sometimes are not enough to convince a homeowner to pay the incremental cost associated with the energy-efficiency measure. The objective of this work is to develop a methodology for the economic evaluation of residential energy-efficiency measures that can simplify the economic analysis for the homeowner while taking into consideration all factors associated with the purchase, ownership, and selling of the house with the energy-efficiency measure. The methodology accounts for direct and indirect economic parameters associated to an energy-efficiency measure;direct parameters such as the mortgage interest and fuel price escalation rate, and indirect parameters such as savings account interest and marginal income tax rate. The methodology also considers different cases based on the service life of the energy-efficiency measure and loss of efficiency through a derating factor. To estimate the market value, the methodology uses the future energy cost savings instead of the cost of the EEM. Results from the methodology offer to homeowner annual net savings and net assets. The annual net savings gives the homeowner a measure of the annual positive cash flow that can be obtained from an energy-efficiency project;but more important, the net assets offer a measure of the added net wealth. To simplify and increase the use of the methodology by homeowners, the methodology has been implemented in an Excel tool that can be downloaded from the TxAIRE’s website.

基于物联网农业灌溉系统精准控制模型的研究

为进一步提升我国农业灌溉系统的综合作业效率,体现灌溉的先进性与科学性,提出以精准控制模型为切入点,以物联网技术为主体支撑平台,针对其作业系统展开设计与优化。通过引入物联网强大的系统性架构,规范与强化各网络节点的部署与协作关系,科学搭建用于实现精准灌溉控制的数学模型,同时导入合理的系统软件设计程序与硬件功能组件配置,形成完整集成式的农业智能灌溉系统。结果表明:基于物联网平台技术的精准控制模型应用后,整体的作业效率得到显著提升,系统精准度、系统响应率分别相对提高了6.25%和7.68%,动作延迟率相对降低了2.72%,灌溉节水效率提升至91.50%。物联网平台下的精准控制模型应用效果良好,设计理念正确,可为灌溉领域实施节能降耗提供参考。

基于改进NSGA-Ⅱ算法的间歇采油制度优化

对于低渗透率油井,采用间歇采油制度能有效避免空抽磨损,并减少电能消耗量。为此通过分析沉没度和地层流压随抽油机井生产时间变化的规律,从系统节能的角度出发,建立以采油总产量最大、能耗最低为目标的间歇采油制度多目标优化模型。引入NSGA-Ⅱ并改进该算法对间歇采油制度多目标优化模型求解,运用改进算法得到的Pareto最优解的多样性和收敛性,合理优化抽油机的最优停机时间,最大效率地提升采油效率的同时,最小化电能消耗量。试验结果表明,基于Pareto多目标遗传算法的间歇采油机制优化具有明显的优势,在优化系统效率的同时能够有效减少电能消耗。研究结果可为油井间歇采油机制的改进和优化提供有力的技术支持。

西南水稻主产区用水现状与绿色高效灌排技术

西南水稻主产区面临季节性干旱、工程性缺水等生产问题,绿色高效灌排技术是该区域实现节水稳产增效的关键举措,对保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义。本文系统梳理了包括云南省、贵州省、四川省、重庆市在内的西南地区水稻生产用水现状和灌排技术现状,阐述了西南水稻主产区绿色高效灌排体系的基本特征、绿色高效灌排的具体技术类型,提出了由稻田精准需水预报、灌区精量配水管理、田间高效用水管理、田间高效排水管理构成的绿色高效灌排技术模式。研究发现,西南水稻主产区水资源丰富但时空分布不均,节水灌溉和排水技术落后且对各地区气候条件、水资源量、地形的适用性有较大差异。建议研发稻田灌排高效协同调控新技术、推广绿色高效灌排技术体系、优化稻田水肥运筹模式、开发稻田智能灌排与信息化管理系统、构建水稻绿色高效灌排技术多维推广体系,据此推动西南水稻主产区节水提质增效与绿色减污降排多赢。

基于物联网农业灌溉系统的参数检测方法研究

为提升农业灌溉系统检测环节准确性及整体作业效率为目标,基于物联网灌溉及参数检测方法应用展开设计。以当前灌溉作业机理及通信结构布局为出发点,通过建立合理正确的参数检测架构,选定高效适应的参数检测方法,实现整体灌溉系统功能优化。进行灌溉系统作业监测试验,结果表明:参数数据通信监测准确率及系统执行效率分别提升至93.70%与95.89%,系统丢包率相对降低至0.79%,平均节水效率相对提升了6.39%。基于物联网平台进行参数检测的有效性与适应性改进,较好地满足了智能灌溉的发展趋势,其方法研究理念对于灌溉系统及类似农机培育系统开发应用具有参考价值。

基于CFD的某远洋围网渔船纵倾节能技术

为响应联合国粮农组织(FAO)提出的“蓝色倡议”和海洋经济可持续发展要求,降低某40 m远洋围网渔船整个营运周期的能耗和运营成本,提高远洋渔船的能效管理技术水平,本研究依托渔船数字化研发平台,基于雷诺平均方程法(RANS),运用计算流体力学(CFD)分析软件STAR-CCM+对该远洋围网渔船不同吃水、不同纵倾状态下的船舶阻力进行仿真计算,分析其阻力的变化规律并寻找不同吃水不同航速下的最佳纵倾角度,针对围网渔船完整营运周期中关键工况点的排水量和航速需求,建立全工况最佳纵倾操作手册和主机功率的经济性选择方案,并通过船舶正浮状态和最佳纵倾状态能耗对比计算验证纵倾优化的实际节能效果。研究结果可为同类型远洋渔船的节能减排优化设计和运营管理提供案例参考。

“节水型社会”建设背景下高校节水工作路径探索

《“十四五”节水型社会建设规划》文件关于“节水型社会”创建要求,以及习近平总书记新时期治水、用水的根本思想,是新时期高校节水工作的指导方向。以高校节水工作为样本,采用实地调研、数据分析等方法,总结节水工作中尚存在的问题,提出新时期节水措施,分析节水成效,探索“节水型社会”建设背景下高校节水工作的有效路径,对于提升高校水资源利用效率、建设节水型高校以及全面促进整个社会节水意识的树立具有重要意义。