Uniformity principle of temperature difference field in heat transfer optimization

The uniformity principle of temperature difference field is very useful in heat exchanger analyses and optimizations.In this paper, we analyze some other heat transfer optimization problems in the thermal management system of spacecrafts,including the cooling of thermal components, the one-stream series-wound heat exchanger network, the volume-to-point heat conduction problem, and the radiative heat transfer optimization problem, and have found that the uniformity principle of temperature difference field also holds. When the design objectives under the given constraints are achieved, the distributions of the temperature difference fields are uniform. The principle reflects the characteristic of the distribution of potential in the heat transfer optimization problems. It is also shown that the principle is consistent with the entransy theory. Therefore, although the principle is intuitive and phenomenological, the entransy theory can be the physical basis of the principle.

Application of entransy dissipation extremum principle in radiative heat transfer optimization

The concepts of entransy flux and entransy dissipation in radiative heat transfer were introduced based on the analogy with heat conduction and heat convection processes. Entransy will be partially dissipated during the radiative heat transfer processes due to the irreversibility. The extremum principle of entransy dissipation was developed for optimizing radiative heat transfer processes. This principle states that for a fixed boundary temperature the radiative heat transfer is optimized when the entransy dissipation is maximized, while for a fixed boundary heat flux the radiative heat transfer process is optimized when the entransy dissipation is minimized. Finally, examples for the application of the entransy dissipation extre- mum principle are presented.

Constructal optimization for geometry of cavity by taking entransy dissipation minimization as objective

The entransy dissipation extremum principle provides new warranty and criterion for optimization of heat transfer.For two cases(body with heat generation and body heated externally)of a solid conducting wall with an open cavity,a dimensionless equivalent thermal resistance based on entransy dissipation definition was taken as the optimization objective to optimize the model constructal ge- ometry.Numerical results validated the necessity and feasibility of the presented method.Comparisons of the numerical results based on minimization of dimensionless maximum thermal resistance and minimization of dimensionless equivalent thermal resistance,respectively,showed that there was no obvious difference between the two results when the volume fractionΦoccupied by cavity was small, but the difference between the two results increased with the increases ofΦand the body aspect ratio H/L for any model.The optimal cavities for bodies heated externally were more slender than those for bodies with heat generation.Heat origin had obvious effect on the global performance of heat transfer. The entransy dissipation of body heated externally increased 2―3 times than that of body with heat generation,indicating that the global performance of heat transfer weakened.The method presented herein provides some guidelines for some relevant thermal design problems.

Comparative study on constructal optimizations of T-shaped fin based on entransy dissipation rate minimization and maximum thermal resistance minimization

The constructal optimizations of T-shaped fin with two-dimensional heat transfer model are carried out by finite element method and taking the minimization of equivalent thermal resistance based on entransy dissipation and the minimization of maximum thermal resistance as optimization objectives, respectively. The effects of the global parameter a (integrating the coefficient of convective heat transfer, the overall area occupied by fin and its thermal conductivity) and the volume fraction ? of fin on the minimums of equivalent thermal resistance and maximum thermal resistance as well as their corresponding optimal configurations are analyzed. The comparison of the results based on the above two optimization objectives is conducted. The results show that the optimal structures based on the two optimization objectives are obviously different from each other. Compared with the optimization result by taking the minimization of maximum thermal resistance as the objective, the optimization result by taking the equivalent thermal resistance minimization as the objective can reduce the average temperature difference in the fin obviously. The increases of a and ? can all improve the working status of local hot spot and the global heat transfer performance of the system. But the improvement effects of the increases of a and ? on the minimization of equivalent thermal resistance are different from those on the minimization of maximum thermal resistance. For either objective, the effect of a is different from that of ?. The T-shaped fin with minimum equivalent thermal resistance is much taller than that with minimum maximum thermal resistance; for either optimization objective, the stem of fin is thicker than the branches of fin, and the stem thickness is relatively close to branch thickness when the minimization of equivalent thermal resistance is taken as the optimization objective. The T-shaped fin with flat stem and slender branches can benefit the reduction of the maximum thermal resistance.

Entransy-dissipation-based thermal resistance analysis of heat exchanger networks

Heat exchanger network optimization has an important role in high-efficiency energy utilization and energy conservation. The thermal resistance of a heat exchanger network is defined based on its entransy dissipation. In two-stream heat exchanger networks, only heat exchanges between hot and cold fluids are considered. Thermal resistance analysis indicates that the maximum heat transfer rate between two fluids corresponds to the minimum entransy-dissipation-based thermal resistance; i.e. the minimum thermal resistance principle can be exploited in optimizing heat exchanger networks.

The entransy dissipation minimization principle under given heat duty and heat transfer area conditions

Under given heat duty and heat transfer area conditions, the equipartition of the entransy dissipation (EoED) principle, the equipartition of the temperature difference (EoTD) principle, and the equipartition of the heat flux (EoHF) principle are applied to the optimization design of a heat exchanger with a variable heat transfer coefficient. The results show that the difference between the results obtained using the EoED and EoTD principles is very small, far smaller than that between the results obtained using the EoED and EoHF principles. The correct entransy dissipation minimization principle is chosen to optimize the parameters in the hot and cold fluids in a two-fluid heat exchanger, under given heat duty and heat transfer area conditions. The results indicate that the proper choice of the two alternative fluids has an important role in the successful application of the entransy dissipation minimization principle. The fluid that could improve the total heat transfer coefficient should be chosen, or the fluid that makes the temperature profiles of the hot and cold fluids parallel and decreases the temperature difference between the hot and cold fluids after optimization simultaneously, could be the proper one.

Constructal design for a steam generator based on entransy dissipation extremum principle

Steam generator is optimized by applying entransy dissipation extremum principle and constructal theory and adopting analyti-cal method.The obtained results show that the optimal spacing between adjacent tubes,the mass flow rate of gas and the maximum entransy dissipation rate all depend on the dimensionless diameter of one tube,the dimensionless pressure difference number and the dimensionless length of flow channel of gas.Besides the three dimensionless groups,the optimal numbers of riser tubes and downcomer tubes and their summation all depend on the dimensionless height of one tube.The maximum entransy dissipation rate increases as the pressure difference that drives the gas flowing increases,and as the diameter of one tube and the length of flow channel both decrease.The mean heat flux in the heat transfer process of hot gas grows greatly,and the performance of the system is improved.Compared with the optimal construct with heat transfer rate maximization,the optimal construct with entransy dissipation rate maximization can improved the heat transfer effect of the steam generator more.

Thermal insulation constructal optimization for steel rolling reheating furnace wall based on entransy dissipation extremum principle

Analogizing with the heat conduction process, the entransy dissipation extremum principle for thermal insulation process can be described as: for a fixed boundary heat flux (heat loss) with certain constraints, the thermal insulation process is optimized when the entransy dissipation is maximized (maximum average temperature difference), while for a fixed boundary temperature, the thermal insulation process is optimized when the entransy dissipation is minimized (minimum average heat loss rate). Based on the constructal theory, the constructal optimizations of a single plane and cylindrical insulation layers as well as multi-layer insulation layers of the steel rolling reheating furnace walls are carried out for the fixed boundary temperatures and by taking the minimization of entransy dissipation rate as optimization objective. The optimal constructs of these three kinds of insulation structures with distributed thicknesses are obtained. The results show that compared with the insulation layers with uniform thicknesses and the optimal constructs of the insulation layers obtained by minimum heat loss rate, the optimal constructs of the insulation layers obtained by minimum entransy dissipation rate are obviously different from those of the former two insulation layers; the optimal constructs of the insulation layers obtained by minimum entransy dissipation rate can effectively reduce the average heat loss rates of the insulation layers, and can help to improve their global thermal insulation performances. The entransy dissipation extremum principle is applied to the constructal optimizations of insulation systems, which will help to extend the application range of the entransy dissipation extremum principle.

Application of entransy to optimization design of parallel thermal network of thermal control system in spacecraft

For distribution optimization of the flow rate of cold fluid and heat transfer area in the parallel thermal network of the thermal control system in spacecraft,a physical and mathematical model is set up,analyzed and discussed with the entransy theory.It is found that the optimization objective of this problem and the optimization direction of the extremum entransy dissipation principle are consistent in theory.For a two-branch thermal network system,the distributions of the flow rate of the cold fluid and the heat transfer area are optimized by calculating the extremum entransy dissipation with the Newton method.The influential factors of the optimized distributions are also analyzed and discussed.The results show that the main influence factors are the heat transfer rate of the branches and the total heat transfer area.The total flow rate of the cold fluid has a threshold,beyond which further increasing its value brings very little influence on the optimization results.Moreover,the difference between the extremum entransy dissipation principle and the minimum entropy generation principle is also discussed when they are used to analyze the problem in this paper,and the extremum entransy dissipation principle is found to be more suitable.In addition,the Newton method is mathematically efficient to solve the problem,which could accomplish the optimized distribution in a very short time for a ten-branch thermal network system.

一维换热器中温差场均匀性原则的证明

The uniformity principle of temperature difference field is a phenomenological principle,which has not been theoretically proved.For one-dimensional two-and three-stream heat exchangers,the extremum principle of entransy dissipation was used to optimize the heat transfer process by variational calculus.It was indicated that the temperature difference field between the hot and cold fluids should be completely uniform if the entransy dissipation reached a minimum for a given heat duty,or if the heat duty reached a maximum for a given entransy dissipation.So,the uniformity principle of temperature difference field of heat exchangers was primarily proved.

复合翅片传热与流动特性的数值模拟

结合纵向涡发生器和开缝的优点,提出一种复合强化传热翅片,并对该种翅片的传热与流动特性进行数值计算。由于翅片结构比较复杂,在三角形小翼及X形开缝区域应用阶梯逼近进行网格划分。复合翅片的强化作用在于两方面:一是在三角形小翼和X形开缝后的流场均产生了纵向涡,对流体产生较强的扰动;二是带状开缝的间断表面抑制了边界层的增长,平均传热系数较高。计算结果表明:复合翅片的传热系数比平翅片高76%～90%、比三角翼翅片高49%～82%、比条缝翅片高6%～36%;复合翅片的综合传热性能系数(j/f1/3)均高于其他三种翅片,是一种强化传热翅片。应用场协同理论和火积耗散方法分析发现,复合翅片改善了温度场与速度场的协同性;其等效热阻小,传热的不可逆程度低。

离散发热器件基于(火积)耗散率最小和最高温度最小的构形优化比较

建立了导热基座上圆柱体离散发热器件的三维湍流散热模型,基于构形理论,考虑空气变物性及可压缩性和黏性耗散,研究了器件材料的热导率、热源强度和流体流速对器件最高温度、基于(火积)耗散定义的当量热阻和平均Nu数的影响.结果表明:在总发热功率一定的条件下,以器件最高温度和当量热阻为性能指标进行热设计,均存在最优热源强度分布使得散热性能最优.当各热源强度相同且热源热导率小于基座热导率时,提高热源热导率可明显改善散热性能;将热源热导率沿流动方向从低到高布置可降低器件最高温度,而将热源热导率均匀布置可使当量热阻最小.所得结果可为实际热设计中不同材质和不同发热率的电子器件最优布置提供理论支撑.

对流换热过程的热力学优化与传热优化

为了进一步明确对流换热过程中热力学优化与传热优化之间的差异,本文分别利用熵产最小原理,(?)耗散极值原理针对两种边界条件下的对流换热问题进行分析,讨论熵产、(?)耗散与有用能损失以及对流换热能力之间的关系.结果表明,熵产最小意味着系统的有用能损失最小,但并不反映系统的对流换热能力的强弱;而(?)耗散取极值意味着系统的对流换热能力最强,但与系统的有用能损失不存在对应关系。因此,对于将降低有用能损失作为优化目标的换热问题应采用熵产最小原理进行分析;而对于需要将提高换热能力作为优化目标的对流换热问题应采用(?)耗散极值原理进行分析。

矩形肋片热沉(火积)耗散率最小与最大热阻最小构形优化的比较研究

针对矩形肋片热沉,分别以最大热阻最小化和基于(火积)耗散定义的当量热阻最小化为优化目标,采用二维传热模型并结合有限元数值仿真对其进行构形优化,比较了两种目标下的热沉最优构形,并分析了全局参数(综合了对流换热系数、肋片占据的总面积及其热导率的函数)和材料占比对两种目标(最大热阻、当量热阻)及其对应最优构形的影响.结果表明:热沉外形固定时,两种目标下均不存在最优的肋片厚度;热沉外形自由变化时,两种目标下的最优构形存在一定的差异.此外,全局参数对两种目标下的最优构形均没有影响,而材料占比对两种目标下的最优构形均有较大影响.提高全局参数和材料占比均可以减小最大热阻最小值和当量热阻最小值,但对两种目标的减小程度不同.总体上,调节热沉结构参数使当量热阻最小,可以同时获得很好的局部极限性能;而调节热沉结构参数使最大热阻最小,获得的整体平均散热性能却较差.因此,对本文热沉模型进行优化时,以当量热阻最小化为优化目标更合理.

全玻璃真空管太阳能集热器对流换热试验与模拟

以可再生能源总能系统为研究背景,通过搭建太阳能辅助燃料电池试验平台,逐步完成不同涂层材料、内置导流板太阳能集热器自然对流试验研究;在试验验证基础上,分别建立太阳能集热器自然对流和强迫对流三维数学模型,应用场协同和火积理论分析流动和传热数据。自然对流研究表明,吸收率在0.95～1.0、发射率在0.06～0.16时,随吸收率升高,发射率降低,热效率升高1.71%,火积增量逐渐增大;加装导流板后,真空管内部混流消失,底部流动得到强化,实验热效率提高2.17%;确定全玻璃真空管热水器导流板合理板厚为2 mm,合理板长为距离真空管底部60～100 mm,合理位置为中心线以上16～20 mm;强迫对流研究表明,横双排集热器雷诺和努赛尔数、火积增量均高于竖单排集热器,火积耗散低于竖单排集热器。确定太阳能辅助燃料电池集热场在中低温条件下,自然对流采用内置导流板集热器,强迫对流采用横双排集热器。

(火积)理论及其在化工过程节能中的应用进展

(火积)和(火积)耗散极值原理的提出,为化工过程系统节能开辟了新的方向。阐述了(火积)的物理意义、(火积)是过程量等(火积)理论的最新研究成果,从(火积)在换热器设计、热力学过程中的不可逆性、换热网络综合等方面的应用情况综述了(火积)理论在化工过程系统节能中的最新应用进展。重点围绕(火积)耗散率与熵产率的异同点比较分析、(火积)耗散极值原理与换热网络综合结合等方面,阐述了(火积)理论的科学性。

全玻璃真空管太阳能热水器实验和模拟研究

以太阳能辅助燃料电池为研究背景,搭建不同管长和管径、不同涂层材料的内置导流板热水器,逐步完成全玻璃真空管太阳能热水器实验和模拟研究.建立太阳能热水器三维数学模型,以场协同和理论为指导,分析热水器强化传热数据.研究结果表明,真空管出口射流区域的场协同性最高,水箱内部存在横向的扰流;真空管内加装导流板后,管内冷热流体混流减弱,强化了真空管底部流动,真空管内耗散最小,水箱内温度梯度减小,场协同度最高.太阳能辅助燃料电池集热场在自然对流条件下,宜采用内置导流板热水器.

Experiment and numerical simulation on flow and heat transfer in all-glass evacuated tube solar collectors

The experimental study of natural convection in allglass evacuated tube solar collectors is performed through the experimental platform of the solar-assisted fuel cell system.The experimental facility includes solar collectors with different length and diameter tubes, different coating materials, and with / without guide plates, respectively. Threedimensional mathematical models on natural and forced convections in the solar collectors are established and the experimental data is validated by field synergy and entransy principles. The results of natural convection show that the water temperature increases and thermal efficiency decreases gradually with the evacuated tube length. The thermal efficiency increases when absorption rates increase from 0. 95 to 1. 0 and emission rates decrease from 0. 16 to 0. 06. The thermal efficiency of solar collectors is increased after being equipped with the guide plate, which is attributed to the disappearance of the mixed flowand the enhancement of the heat transfer at the bottom of the evacuated tube. The results of forced convertion indicate that the Reynolds, Nusselt and entransy increments of the horizontal double collectors are higher than those of the vertical single collector while the entransy dissipation is lower than that of the vertical single collector. It is concluded that the solar collectors with guide plates are suitable for natural convection while the double horizontal collectors are suitable for forced convection in the thermal field of solar-assisted fuel cell systems with lowand medium temperatures.

火积耗散理论在超临界二氧化碳传热优化中的应用

火积耗散原理为评价、优化换热器性能开辟了新的途径。为了使火积耗散均匀分布原则和温差均匀分布原则更好的应用于实际换热过程,采用编程迭代的方法,采用某两种优化原则进行改进,基于改进后的两种优化原则,分析比较了二氧化碳在不同进口压力时,两种原则优化的效果。结果表明,从有效度、火积耗散数等沿换热方向的大小变化,显示火积耗散均匀分布原则优化结果明显优于温差均匀分布原则,表明火积耗散均匀分布原则的传热效率高于温差均匀分布原则。

基于场协同和(火积)耗散的微通道拓扑优化研究

基于双目标拓扑优化方法,对五种不同设计域长宽比的微通道结构进行了优化设计,获得各工况下的优化设计变量场、温度场及压力场。在此基础上,研究了不同Reynolds数对散热通道的影响,并结合场协同原理和(火积)耗散理论对不同结构的微通道进行理论分析和比较,为优化微通道结构提供理论依据。结果表明:在层流范围内,随着Reynolds数增加,拓扑流道变得更加复杂,域内平均温度逐渐降低,Nu增大,进出口压降逐渐升高,PEC逐渐减小,场协同数增大,压降协同角逐渐增大,(火积)耗散增大,各散热通道的流动传热特性趋于优化。在不同拓扑结构微通道的探究中,设计域长宽比为25/64微通道的速度场与温度场协同效果及速度场与压力场协同效果最好,传热效果最好,流动特性最优。