Equality, Participation and Sharing: 70 Years of Protecting the Rights and Interests of Persons with Disabilities in the PRC

July 2019 Contents Preamble I.Development of the Cause of Persons with Disabilities II.Mechanisms for the Protection of Rights and Interests of Persons with Disabilities III.Health and Rehabilitation IV.Special Education and Inclusive Education V.Employment and Entrepreneurship VI.Basic Life and Social Security VII.Creating an Accessible Environment and Enabling Mobility.

The“Erga Omnes”of the Protection of Fundamental Human Rights and the“Complementary Protection”of Refugees Not Prescribed by the UN Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees

The United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 1951 and its Protocol in 1967 set Four Essentials to limit the definition of "refugee". The concept of complementary protection emerged in academia and practice for those who, though they do not have the essentials,are in need of protection. Complementary protection is considered not only a moral obligation, but also a legal obligation. Although as the result of developing the principle of "non-refoulement" in international law, "complementary protection" should be limited when economic and social rights are concerned. The development of the non-refoulement principle and the emergence of "complementary protection" are based on the Erga Omnes of human rights. The International Court of Justice has restricted the emergence and evolvement of obligations Erga Omnes within the scope of obligations concerning fundamental and non-derogable human rights, and therefore,the application of "complementary protection" in protecting economic and social rights has been limited. Only when the unbalance of economic and social rights has been serious enough to impact other fundamental human rights will the obligation of "complementary protection" ensue.

Development of Women's Rights in China Through A Hundred Years:From a Strong Sense of Political Responsibility to Increasingly Better Legal Protection

The founding of the Communist party of China,especially the founding of pRC and the establishment of the socialist system,opened a new chapter in the development of the Chinese women’s cause.The Communist party of China(CpC)and the Chinese government have a strong political will and a sense of political responsibility in realizing gender equality and protecting women’s rights.over the past 100 years,under the leadership of the CpC,the status of Chinese women has been fundamentally changed in the political and legal sense,and a historic breakthrough has been achieved.The development of the Chinese women’s cause has overcome many difficulties.In particular,after the launch of the reform and opening-up,on the basis of economic development,social progress,and continuous promotion of the rule of law,a set of legal protection systems for comprehensive protection of women’s rights have gradually been formed.The concept of social gender has provided new perspectives and approaches for China’s legal studies,and the process of gender mainstreaming in China has continued to deepen.China follows the socialist path of women’s cause with Chinese characteristics and continues to strengthen the legal protection of women’s rights in China,thereby making important contributions to the development of women in the world.

Appropriate Attitude and Principle for Strengthening Human Rights Protection——Speech at the opening ceremony of the 12th Sino-German Human Rights Symposium, July 13, 2014

Since 1999, there have been 11 Sino-German Human Rights symposiums. Due to the concept of peace and development and the principle of dialogue through consultation, non- confrontation and pragmatism with equality, which have been upheld by organizers, such symposiums have made great achievements. The dialogue mechanism for human rights topics between China and Germany has helped construct a common, accessible and interactive platform for pushing forward human rights legal advancement in both countries, which has brought about a positive influence on the develop- ment of the human rights cause in the two countries. Strengthening legal construction and ensuring hu- man rights are not only the shared aspiration of all the people in the world, but also the irreversible his- torical trend of human civilization. The symposium, with the theme of international law and human rights protection, encourages participants to discuss and share theories and practices in human rights studies, which makes a significant contribu- tion to enriching the modern human rights concept and building a new type of international cooperation. The international community always pays great attention to the relation- ship between human rights and legal governance. China always abides by international human rights con- ventions including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which set up fundamental principles for promoting and ensuring human rights, and has endorsed 26 inter- national human rights conventions such as the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Meanwhile, China, through legislation, jurisdiction and admin- istration, brings into full play the active role of international human rights conventions in ensuring hu- man rights in the country.

On the Right to the Protection of Personal Data as a Constitutional Right

The right to the protection of personal data is an important human right in the era of big data and a constitutional right based on the national protection obligation and the theory of human dignity,making it of special significance for the realization of citizenship in a digital society.It can be seen from an examination of the constitutional texts of various countries in the world that the right to the protection of personal data as a constitutional right has rich normative connotations,and the key legal link to realize this right lies in the national legislature actively fulfilling its obligation to shape and specify the protection of personal data in accordance with the entrustment of the constitutional norms.Given the constitutional principles of fundamental rights protection,i.e.,realizing the constitutional status of the right to the protection of personal data as a basic right by means of institutional guarantees,the legislature should first adhere to the constitutionality principle of data protection legislation.Second,a multi-level data protection legal system centered on the right to the protection of personal data should be established.Finally,the institutional guarantee mechanism for the protection of personal data should be continuously improved through constitutional interpretation.

A Judicial Empirical Study on the Principle of “the Best Interests of the Child”——From the Principles of National Conventions to the Building of Adjudication Norms

“The best interests of the child”is an essential principle of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.Due to the abstractness and ambiguity of this principle,its application is inevitably subject to the judge’s personality.Through empirical analysis,we can find that the judicial documents invoking the principle of“the best interests of the child”by Chinese courts show a significant increase in the number of disputes,types of disputes,and pronounced regional characteristics.The application of this principle by the courts is highly consistent with the judicial interpretative documents issued by the Supreme People’s Court.The invocation of this principle plays the role of interpreting the provisions of the law,the value basis for discretion,and the value orientation for shaping new rules in adjudication.At the same time,it is plagued by a lack of guidelines for the application of principles,invocations that serve the will of judges,and imperfect thinking in weighing the various factors involved.The application of this principle should be improved by setting normative standards for the principle of“the best interests of the child”,increasing case guidance for invoking the principle,and enhancing the professionalism of judges.

Realization of the Right to Economic Assistance of Women with Disabilities in Divorce from the Perspective of the Civil Code

Protecting the equal human rights of persons with disabilities is an important part of human rights protection in China.The Marriage law Amendment in 2001 focused on the economic assistance system for divorce relief for a party unable maintain the local basic standard of living.The Civil Code has adjusted and expanded the system,stipulating that one party can ask for financial help from the other party if the party can’t maintain a reasonable living after divorce.To a certain extent,this economic assistance should include the assistance to the party whose living standard has decreased significantly after divorce and the party who has made more sacrifices and contribution to the marriage during the marriage.Although the economic assistance system for divorce stipulated in the Civil Code does not specifically address unequal treatment or discrimination against women with disabilities,since women with disabilities are more vulnerable after divorce,they are more likely to put forward economic assistance claims after a divorce,be more dependent on others physically and psychologically,and find it more difficult to obtain employment.Social security for women with disabilities is still insufficient and compared with other subjects,women with disabilities are likely to be in an unequal position in the realization of their right to economic assistance in divorce.Therefore,it is necessary to put forward reasonable legal interpretations and application suggestions for the relevant provisions in the Civil Code,so as to fully realize the economic assistance rights of women with disabilities in divorce,and reflect the care and protection of the human rights of women with disabilities in the Civil Code.

An Academic Summary of the International Conference Series on “The Role of the Proportionality Principle in the Pandemic Prevention and Control”

Against the background of a complicated global pandemic situation and normalized pandemic prevention and control in China,leading human rights scholars from China,North America and Eurasia conducted fruitful discussions on the human rights jurisprudence during pandemic through the lens of the proportionality principle at the Sixth Session of the International Seminar Series on"Global Pandemic Prevention and Control and Human Rights Protection",which was organized by the Center for Human Rights Studies of Renmin University of China,under the guidance of the China Society for Human Rights Studies.Focusing on the pandemic-related human rights conditions and legal challenges in global context,participating scholars examined the role of the proportionality principle during the containment of COVID-19 in six topical dimensions,including the normative utility,practical logic,reasonable limits,necessary measures,balancing of interests,and proportional jurisprudence in the post-pandemic era.In oder to cohere human rights jurisprudence for the development of a global community of health for all,this international seminar fostered five fundamental proportionality consensuses from five interrelated perspectives,involving human rights—rule of law—balance—contexts—trends".

生育新政下工作母亲就业困境与支持体系构建

工作母亲(特指已生育且在业的女性)既要参与社会劳动,又要承担生育和照顾儿童的主要责任,必然带来职业与养育之间的矛盾冲突,陷入“生育歧视”与“母职惩罚”等种种就业困境。我国“三孩”生育新政的实施使工作母亲的职育矛盾凸显,平等就业问题更突出。因此,宜通过完善法律政策体系、建立成本共担机制、催化社会力量担当、重建家庭内部分工等方式为工作母亲构建一个合理的平等就业支持体系。

论算法时代下数据权利配置的效率原则

数字经济时代,数据已成为重要的新型生产要素。在我国既有的法律制度中,著作权、商业秘密和反不正当竞争法保护数据财产利益都存在一定局限性,难以回应算法时代数据确权的现实需求。运用法经济学的分析方法考察效率数据权利配置追求的重要价值目标,发现数据权利的静态配置效率旨在促进具有交换价值的数据集合生产;数据权利的动态配置效率旨在促进数据流通。实现数据权利配置效率目标,既要让数据处理者对其加工、处理的数据集合享有排他性财产权,又要通过权利限制协调数据处理者与数据使用者之间的利益关系,确保数据得到最大限度的利用。

未成年男性性权益的刑法保护——对我国《刑法》第236条之一的立法论思考

我国刑事立法对未成年男性的性权益保护存在不均衡、不完整情况。并且学界对于性侵未成年人犯罪的法益尚未达成共识,致使对未成年男性性权益的保护并不完整。基于未成年人的特殊身份以及以性别不同为基础的心理差异,家长主义应当介入未成年男性性权益的保护。根据平等原则以及儿童利益最大化原则的要求,加强未成年男性性权益的保护具有必要性。为实现对未成年男性性权益的周延保护,首先,应将身心健康作为被性侵未成年男性的首要法益;其次,应扩充负有照护职责人员性侵罪的犯罪对象,将男性也纳入本罪保护范围,并将年龄保护区间扩大至14周岁到18周岁;再次,还需增设负有照护职责人员猥亵罪,以完善对未成年男性的保护;最后,应强化未成年男性保护行政、刑事衔接,凝聚法治保护合力。

正确认识保护妇女合法权益的核心要义及其价值追求

保护妇女合法权益和男女平等都是我国的重要法律原则;保护妇女合法权益是促进男女平等实现的必要手段,是为了更好地促进男女平等;保护妇女合法权益必须坚持尊重和保障人权的基本理念;保护妇女合法权益、促进男女平等是家庭和睦的重要基础,是社会文明进步的重要标志,是中国式现代化的重要内容。

从婚姻到社会:迈向全面发展的妇女权益保障之路

近年来,我国妇女权益保障法治建设成果丰富,既有妇女权益保障法的全面修订,又有民法典婚姻家庭编相关司法解释的相继出台,在持续赋权的同时,逐步强化平权观念,但其中理念革新与价值张力并存。循赋权进路,规范性理解妇女的弱势所在,找准妇女在社会规范与权力结构中的现实落差是赋权的前提。基于此,应重点围绕婚姻家庭、人格财产等私权领域,完成权利拓展与强化;沿平权进路,厘清与赋权相并列的、支撑性别平等的立法的另一种权利义务及责任分配方式是构建平权机制的前提。民法典婚姻家庭编司法解释(二)的制定亦展现性别平等的最新制度思考,但平权机制的完善仍有诸多未尽之处。

数字化时代老年人的权利保障研究——基于桑德拉·弗里德曼的实质平等视角

数字技术为实现积极的老年生活带来了新的机遇。然而,在数字技术的运用与普及过程中,其不平等现象和数字生活本身蕴含新的风险,又给老年人权利保障带来新的威胁。以桑德拉·弗里德曼的实质平等框架分析老年“数字鸿沟”,不仅是数字技术适老化程度不足的现实表现,更是资源和权力之不平等的必然结果。因此,数字时代老年人权利保障的要义在于:通过合理分配学习资源和构造公平参与机制来切实增强老年人的数字能力,重塑数字空间的权力关系。数字时代老年人权利保障的具体方案在于:以强化数字立法消除包括年龄歧视在内的直接人权威胁,以多元协作和公平责任的社会合作机制推动老年人的数字融入,最终通过平等参与基础上的代际合作实现“老龄+数字”社会的长效治理。

刑民交叉案件中未成年被害人权利保护的司法困境及消解

近年来虽然侵害未成年人的犯罪总量有所下降,但低龄未成年人和性侵受害案件依然有所增加。在涉少的民刑交叉案件中,应当根据《联合国保护儿童权利公约》所引申的儿童利益最大化、双向保护和国家亲权三项原则,结合域内外有益司法经验,通过对现行法律规范的分析构建起多层次、多维度的未成年被害人民事权利保护体系,形成未成年被害人刑民交叉案件的处理规则。并从未成年被害人民事权益的保障角度出发,将民事法律纳入到刑事司法程序的射程内,依职权探知未成年被害人所遭受的民事权益侵害,并履行司法机关的释法义务,将精神损害赔偿纳入附带民事诉讼或单独提起民事诉讼的赔偿范围,才能全面保护未成年被害人合法权益。

保护相称原理视角下数据权益保护的模式选择

数据的价值呈现金字塔形式,使其保护模式存在较大争议。因数据与数据库种类多样,采取的保护模式不可同质化,不同严苛程度的规范也不可一概而用,因此,依据保护相称原理建立各异的保护模式具有正当性。在司法实践中,应按照“是否公开—是否为原始数据—是否属关系型数据库”的逻辑逐层判断,划分能否归于知识产权规制范围,再将数据权益知识产权类型化,遵循适当干预与效益最大化原则、公平原则、激励原则与公共利益个人利益优先原则,从专有权内容、主客体、权利行使和法律责任等基本方面构建数据权益法律制度,达到实现数据保护目的的同时最大限度地保证数据的自由流通与共享。

刑事诉讼法再法典化契机下公诉程序规则之革新

刑事诉讼法典需具备科学性和体系性,应以保障人权和惩治犯罪的价值衡平为基本目标。从刑事诉讼法再法典化的视角审视,公诉程序规则存在规范密度偏低、立法技术不精、制度内容欠丰、人权保障不到位等问题。公诉程序规则的完善势在必行。因此要在严守程序法定原则、强化起诉裁量主义、提高人权保障水平的前提下,创设公诉权处分制度,赋予被不起诉人程序参与权和选择审判权,并优化认罪认罚从宽制度。

未婚母亲权益保障的宪法学审视——兼论我国宪法中母亲保护条款的解释方案

我国《宪法》第49条第1款规定,母亲受国家的保护。有学者主张“母亲”的宪法内涵包括未婚母亲,这可能为未婚母亲向国家寻求自身权益保障提供直接的宪法依据;但该条款并未明确“母亲”的外延界限,又缺乏明显的基本权利特征,因此有必要进行宪法解释。母亲保护条款具有基本权利面向,“母亲”在制宪原意中是受制于“婚姻、家庭”的法律身份,并非单纯建基于生育事实。而以生育行为作为切入点,也能从婚姻权推导出“婚姻、家庭、母亲”之间的社会关联必然性。母亲保护入宪滥觞于《魏玛宪法》,自1936年《苏联宪法》起逐渐累积为社会主义国家的宪法传统,在我国宪法史上则由产妇保护演变而来,其历史脉络能为上述解释方案提供佐证。母亲保护主体限制的合理性还能由维护母亲在家庭秩序中的个体自由,以及平衡家庭稳定与婚姻自由等立宪目的予以证成。尽管未婚母亲难以诉诸我国宪法中的母亲保护条款,国家建立健全社会保障制度的积极义务与人权保障条款等解释路径仍可能在宪法框架内安顿未婚母亲权益。

国际人权法对引渡原则的影响

国际人权法在各国国内的实施,促进了保障人权的国际标准在世界范围被广泛接受,并推动了国际法的人本化过程。国际人权法通过被纳入引渡条约和国内法并适用于引渡案件中,对引渡的制度与实践产生了结构性影响。这不仅强化了罪行特定原则、双重犯罪原则与禁止双重危险原则等原有引渡原则对人权的尊重和保障,而且还直接产生了以保障被引渡人的人权为导向的引渡原则——禁止歧视原则和酷刑不引渡原则。国际人权法对引渡原则的影响在兼顾国家引渡利益的同时,强调了国家对人权保障义务的履行,改变了现代引渡制度的整体风貌。

论平等保护民营企业产权

党的二十大报告再次重申“两个毫不动摇”这一重要论述,并提出依法保护民营企业产权和企业家权益。“两个毫不动摇”的法律表现是《民法典》规定的平等保护原则。贯彻落实“两个毫不动摇”,需要建立以平等保护原则为核心的产权保护制度,为市场经济提供基本的产权保护框架。平等保护要求落实“负面清单”管理模式,从市场准入、经营保障、市场监管和权益保护等方面强化对民营企业财产权的保护。平等保护也要贯彻落实到全面依法治国的各个环节,包括进一步完善立法、深化行政执法、加强司法等各方面的平等保护,以落实党的二十大报告所提出的依法保护民营企业产权的任务。