Enhancing Private Healthcare Effectiveness in Lagos State, Nigeria: An Overview of the Effect of Quality Improvement Initiatives and Implications for Sustainable Healthcare Delivery

Background: Nigeria, a nation grappling with rapid population growth, economic intricacies, and complex healthcare challenges, particularly in Lagos State, the economic hub and most populous state, faces the challenge of ensuring quality healthcare access. The overview of the effect of quality improvement initiatives in this paper focuses on private healthcare providers in Lagos State, Nigeria. The study assesses the impact of donor-funded quality improvement projects on these private healthcare facilities. It explores the level of participation, perceived support, and tangible effects of the initiatives on healthcare delivery within private healthcare facilities. It also examines how these initiatives influence patient inflow and facility ratings, and bring about additional benefits and improvements, provides insights into the challenges faced by private healthcare providers in implementing quality improvement projects and elicits recommendations for improving the effectiveness of such initiatives. Methods: Qualitative research design was employed for in-depth exploration, utilizing semi-structured interviews. Private healthcare providers in Lagos involved in the SP4FP Quality Improvement Project were purposively sampled for diversity. Face-to-face interviews elicited insights into participation, perceived support, and project effects. Questions covered participation levels, support perception, changes observed, challenges faced, and recommendations. Thematic analysis identified recurring themes from interview transcripts. Adherence to ethical guidelines ensured participant confidentiality and informed consent. Results: Respondents affirmed active involvement in the SP4FP Quality Improvement Project, echoing literature emphasizing private-sector collaboration with the public sector. While acknowledging positive influences on facility ratings, respondents highlighted challenges within the broader Nigerian healthcare landscape affecting patient numbers. Respondents cited tangible improvements, particularly in staff management and patient care processes, validating the positive influence of quality improvement projects. Financial constraints emerged as a significant challenge, aligning with existing literature emphasizing the pragmatic difficulties faced by private healthcare providers. Conclusions: This study illuminates the complex landscape of private healthcare provision in Lagos State, emphasizing the positive impact of donor-funded quality improvement projects. The findings provide nuanced insights, guiding policymakers, healthcare managers, and practitioners toward collaborative, sustainable improvements. As Nigeria progresses, these lessons will be crucial in shaping healthcare policies prioritizing population well-being.

Research on the Innovative Decisions of Supermarket Private Brands and Designated Manufacturers

One of the core competencies of a supermarket lies in its branding.With the continuous development of the market economy and the ongoing evolution of consumer demand,private brands have progressively emerged as significant contributors to supermarket growth.However,a pivotal developmental challenge for supermarkets is navigating the innovative decision-making process between private brands and designated manufacturers.This paper aims to investigate the innovative decisions between private brands and designated manufacturers,along with the relevant promotional strategies employed during entry into the United States market.

Research on the Development Path and Mechanism of“Double-Qualified”Teachers in Private Universities Under the Background of Digital Transformation

This article explores the development path and mechanism of“double-qualified”teachers in private universities under digital transformation.Through literature review,theoretical analysis,and other research methods,this study conducts an in-depth analysis of the impact of digital technology on the development of“double-qualified”teachers in private colleges and universities and puts forward corresponding strategies and suggestions.Research shows that digital transformation provides new opportunities and challenges for developing“double-qualified”teachers in private colleges and universities.To adapt to this trend,teachers must continuously improve their digital skills,and schools should establish a complete incentive mechanism and evaluation system,strengthen school-enterprise cooperation and the integration of industry and education to promote the comprehensive development of“double-qualified”teachers,and provide a useful guideline for private universities to promote the development of“double-qualified”teachers in digital transformation.

Challenges and Countermeasures for Private Universities in Providing Education for International Students

Private universities are one of the forces driving the internationalization of higher education in China.Private universities are taking advantage of the trend to provide education for international students,playing an important role in the high-quality development of higher education in China.However,they also face challenges such as insufficient policy support,lack of management experience,and limited enrollment channels.Breakthroughs can be made through methods such as refining content,expanding enrollment channels,and attracting talent.

What Business Models Best Suit the Private Sector in Achieving the SDGs

Since the United Nations Sustainable development goals and the 2030 agenda were initiated in 2015,it has provided governments with a comprehensive blueprint to take action and meet the challenges of the world’s most pressing issues today.But the private sector also plays a large role in contributing to the problems highlighted in the SDGs and companies ranging from many different industries have increasingly become more involved in developing new and innovative solutions to solve the issues highlighted in the SDGs.Social and environmental accountability has been one of the areas that the private sector has been focusing its attention on.Companies in the corporate sector across all industries have adopted Environmental,Social,and Governance(ESG)regulations and targets,that aim to ensure ethical responsibility within private companies and promote transparency about their role in promoting social and environmental well-being across the world.This has allowed many companies to align their values and business models to emphasize the importance of the SDGs.Furthermore,innovative technologies are being utilized to ensure that public reports about the company’s practices are fully accountable and transparent to the public community and the overall private sector.For example,some private companies are using Natural Language Processing and Artificial Intelligence to analyze sustainable practices highlighted in the company’s ESG reports and see if they are genuine and free of greenwashing.This shows that technologies are playing a key role in promoting corporate accountability in terms of sustainability and encouraging private companies to adhere to the guidelines highlighted within the SDGs.Furthermore,private companies have adapted their business models to better promote innovations and collaboration with governments,other private companies as well as NGOs.Since the SDGs were designed to be interconnected and not siloed into their own different challenges,many companies who adopt the SDGs as a major sustainability framework will often develop partnerships and connections with other private sector groups so that they could develop new innovative solutions to meet the challenges posed by current global issues.This is especially prevalent in the clean energy sector,which aims to solve SDG 7 and SDG 13 both important in eradicating the issue of climate change.For example,the solar energy private sector has been currently collaborating with a wide range of universities and research institutions in order to develop solar panels that are more energy efficient and affordable for everyday consumers,while still allowing the private companies to generate significant returns in revenue.When private sector Industries adopt the measures highlighted in the SDGs,not only does it allow them to work with other industries to contribute to combating the world’s most pressing issues,but also maintains and improves their sources of revenue and profit.Overall,in order to meet the world’s most pressing challenges and issues,the private sector has increasingly adopted the SDGs in their business models,so that they would be able to better collaborate with others to develop innovative solutions and to bridge commitment to sustainable development throughout different industries.

The Nigeria Government Engagement with the Private Health Sector

In Nigeria, the healthcare sector is divided into primary health which is under the local government’s authority that oversees the Primary Health centers, secondary health which is under the supervision of the State Ministry of Health in charge of the State General Hospitals that cater to primary and secondary healthcare. Tertiary health is supervised by the Federal Ministry of Health that oversees the Federal Medical Centres, the Teaching Hospitals, and Specialist Training Centres. Not to be excluded from Nigeria’s healthcare system are the private clinics and the public-private partnership. The funding for healthcare systems is mainly budgetary allocations from the government. This systemic review was done using secondary literature, policy documents, peer-reviewed literature, and national newspapers, collected using search engines such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and Medline. The review was done over 2-month period from February-April 2024. The literature was arranged in order of relevance and the literature not used was kept aside. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended that 11% of a country’s budget be allocated to health. African countries that make up the African Union (AU) recommended that 15% of each member African country’s yearly budget should be committed to providing healthcare services to her citizens. Unfortunately, Nigeria has yet to attain either the WHO target or the AU target while committing an average, of 6% of her budgetary allocation to health. On the other hand, her neighbouring West African country Ghana, has met the average of 15% recommended by AU. The improved National Health Insurance Authority and the government’s partnership with the private health sector in Public-Private Partnership (PPP) is hoped and would improve access to affordable healthcare in general and oral healthcare in particular.

Private banking development in China under two organizational structures:Economic analysis from an organizational innovation perspective

This paper investigates optimal decisions for private banking development in China under two innovative organizational structures—the big retail mode(BRM)and the independent development mode(IDM).Under the BRM,the retail and private banking divisions form a cooperative relationship wherein the former transfers highnet-worth customers to the latter.In addition,retail banking receives a share of private banking revenues.We investigate the optimal revenue-sharing ratio between the two divisions and the optimal effort by private banking to serve transferred customers within the cooperative relationship.The analytical results show that as the private banking division becomes more developed,the optimal revenue-sharing ratio decreases,and the private banking division’s optimal effort to serve transferred customers decreases because it puts more effort into acquiring new customers.Under the IDM,the two divisions form a competitive relationship since they compete to acquire customers independently.We investigate customer acquisition efforts in this interdivisional competition.Optimal customer acquisition efforts by both divisions increase in potential assets and rates of return.This paper contributes to the literature by(1)analyzing financial innovation by private banks from an organizational perspective;(2)providing an economic analysis for private banking development in China.

China Sets Up Special Bureau to Stimulate Private Economy

Since the Opinion of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and the State Council to Boost the Development of the Private Sector(hereinafter referred to as the Opinion)was released in July,all departments and regional governments have been working hard to promote the recovery and development of the private economy.Recently,Cong Liang,Deputy Head of the NDRC(National Development and Reform Bureau),announced an important message at a news conference:China will set up the Bureau of the Development of the Private Economy within the NDRC.

The influencing mechanism of pro-environmental behaviors in the private domain on those in the public domain

From the perspective of regulatory focus theory,the influencing mechanism of pro-environmental behaviors(PEBs)in the private domain on behaviors in the public domain were analyzed by revealing the mediating ef‐fect of the status quo maintenance and the moderating effect of the prevention focus orientation.The study re‐sults show that PEBs in the private domain significantly promote individuals’PEBs in the public domain.The status quo maintenance partially mediates the relationship between PEBs in the private and public domains.Specifically,individuals with a high-level prevention focus orientation strengthen the relationship between the PEBs in the private domain and the status quo maintenance,and that of the PEBs in the public domain.There‐fore,individuals with a high-level prevention focus will more likely engage in subsequent PEBs in the public domain after their initial PEBs in the private domain due to their increased status quo maintenance degree.Policymakers and practitioners should pay attention to the prevention-repetition effect and use the PEBs in the private domain to promote those in the public domain.

Dilemma and Solution for Relief in the Right to Equal Employment-From the Perspective of Rectifying Private Law with Social Law

At present,the legal remedies in terms of the right to equal employment in China are mainly related to private law,that is,laborers seek direct legal remedies for personality rights liability and infringement liability according to typical private law,supplemented by indirect remedies for labor contract liability under special private law.However,there are many challenges in private law remedies for the right to equal employment,which are manifested in the misunderstanding of the general tort identification of employment discrimination,the loopholes in the regulations on discriminatory employment,the imbalance in the burden of proof,and the limitation and alienation of the functions of civil liability and private law autonomy.The root of those problems lies in the fact that the nature of anti-employment discrimination law is not private law but social law.Equal employment involves both public and private interests,and it should be based on the public interest of society and adhere to the value orientation of prioritizing fairness while taking into account efficiency.Improving the legal relief mechanism for protecting the right to equal employment,with a focus on correcting private law with social law,is the solution to the dilemma.Specific measures include establishing the special tort liability system for equal employment,the legal mechanism against discriminatory labor contracts,the public-private integrated legal responsibility system,and an essentially fair system for the responsibility of adducing evidence.

Research on the Cultural Construction of Private University Laboratories Based on Cultural Education

University laboratories serve as crucial hubs for scientific and technological innovation and play a vital role in nurturing talents.As pivotal spaces for both teaching and scientific research,the development of laboratories necessitates not only investment in scientific research equipment and experimental facilities but also in cultural construction.This cultural aspect holds significant importance in promoting the comprehensive development of students and enhancing scientific research capabilities.This article concentrates on the strategies for cultivating laboratory culture in private universities,addressing six key dimensions:spiritual culture,institutional culture,scientific culture,innovation culture,safety culture,and shared culture.

The Impact of Privatization on Terminal Efficiency: A Case Study of Tema Port

Port and terminal efficiency are of utmost importance to the container shipping industry due to their significance in enhancing the competitive advantage of ports within a region. Consequently, there have always been notable variations of studies around it. This paper analyzes the impact of privatization on terminal efficiency using the Port of Tema as a Case Study. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the efficiency trends of the public and private terminals in the port over the years. To achieve this objective, DEA-CCR methodology was employed to calculate the annual technical efficiency trends of the private and public terminals using four input variables and three output variables. The main results of the paper indicated that the public and private terminals were efficient for multiple years. However, the efficiency scores over the years demonstrated inconsistency, exhibiting notable fluctuations. The findings of this study will aid policymakers across the region on policies relating to the efficiency and ownership structure of ports and terminals.

Research on the Practice and Development of Teaching Evaluation in Private Colleges and Universities:Taking Xi’an Mingde Institute of Technology as an Example

With the government’s strong support and investment in higher education,private colleges and universities have become an important part of higher education.Teaching evaluation is an important means of monitoring the quality of teaching in colleges and universities and a crucial way to improve teaching quality.This article takes Xi’an Mingde Institute of Technology as an example to explore the practice and development of teaching evaluation in private colleges and universities.

Impact of State-Owned Capital Participation on ESG Performance of Private Enterprises

As global investors and stakeholders increasingly prioritize environmental,social,and governance(ESG)performance,corporate social responsibility and sustainability have become crucial factors in determining corporate success.In the context of China’s robust economy,the involvement of state-owned capital exerts a profound impact on the ESG performance of private enterprises.This paper,starting from the perspective of ESG,analyzes how state-owned capital participation influences the ESG performance of private enterprises.Additionally,it proposes recommendations for the involvement of state-owned enterprises in private enterprises,aiming to foster the sustainable development of private enterprises and enhance their social responsibility.

A study on the current situation and factors influencing the professional commitment of private kindergarten teachers

This study investigated the professional commitment of kindergarten teachers in a private kindergarten located in Jinan,Shandong Province,China.The research employed a questionnaire and utilized correlation analysis to examine the factors influencing the professional commitment of private kindergarten teachers.The findings revealed that the overall level of career commitment among private kindergarten teachers was moderately low.Among the three dimensions of professional commitment,namely,continuance commitment,affective commitment,and normative commitment,the affective commitment dimension exhibited a relatively high level,whereas the continuance commitment and normative commitment dimensions showed relatively low levels.Significant differences in professional commitment levels were observed based on teacher age,education level,age of children,salary,and class size.However,no significant differences were found based on teacher specialty,position,and teaching experience.

“Fundamental Rights and Private Law” in China

The Qi Yuling case is a crucial juncture in the study of “fundamental rights and private law” in China, yet relevant research is underpinned on two clues. The first is that the increasing interest in the “constitutionalization of private law” worldwide provides knowledge resources and reference materials for scholars in China;the second is the understanding and exploration of the judicial application of the Constitution since the 1980s. Among them, such concepts as “the Constitution has direct legal effect” and “the Constitution needs to be implemented by the people” could have directly affected the Qi Yuling case. Focusing on such topics as the case of Qi Yuling, judicial enforcement of the Constitution, and the compilation of the Civil Code, scholars discussed the ways and scope for inclu ding fundamental rights in private law based on their experience abroad. They also looked into specific issues, covering how fundamental rights affect civil acts and the private law effects fundamental rights like personality rights, equali ty rights, freedom of speech, and protection of personal information. In the context of promoting the full implementation of the Constitution in the new era, “fundamental rights and private law” is still a field with great potential in both practice and theory.

Principals’and Teachers’Awareness,Knowledge,and Differentiation of Privatization-A Secondary Publication

Based on the keynote report by Professor Martin Thrupp,this paper discusses the hollowing out of education provision by the state and the permeation of managerialism.It was pointed out that principals and boards of trustees in socioeconomically advantaged areas may not be willing to share their benefits with schools in less advantaged areas.The new liberal policies have hollowed out state provision of education,so the education system has come to rely heavily on private actors.This paper also presents the current stage of privatization in Japan and the principals’and teachers’perceptions of privatization.

知识产权私权话语表达之探讨——以对《TRIPS协定》“private rights”的翻译为切入点

知识产权私权论依托《TRIPS协定》的相关规定成为学界主流学说,而《TRIPS协定》中"private rights"可能的对译词不仅限于"私权"。将"private rights"翻译为私权是我国学者的一种学术选择,但"私权"这一符号隐含了可以优先于政治国家等难以被知识产权实践认可的潜台词,因而学者们对"知识产权私权论"添加了种种但书,然而这些但书因传播学的规律无法到达实践的领域,其后果是"知识产权私权论"在实践中被误读误用。在我国现实语境中,建议换一种翻译方法,选择一个更为价值中立的对译词,从而为建构更具有中国自主立场的知识产权学说作必要的理论铺陈。

“私国际法”和“International Private Law”考证

国际私法学科的中英文名称是一个有争议的问题,中文名称"私国际法"和英文名称"International Private Law"就是两例。将"Private International Law"直译为中文"私国际法",违反了术语系统性和一致性的特点,也不符合英汉两种语言之间的句法结构和篇章结构的差异。将德文"Internationalen Privatrechts"直译为英文"International Private Law",违反了术语国际性和一致性的特点。所以,该学科的英文名称应为"Private International Law",也应中译为"国际私法";同时,取消中文名称"私国际法"和英文名称"International Private Law"。

The Application of TBL Using Role Play to Introduce Vocabulary in China's Private Language School

A specific application of task-based learning in teaching vocabulary to young learners and a complete task cycle using role play to present vocabulary in China's private language school would be described in the study. The participants aged between 7 and 9 are thought to be starters according to their language competence in Common European Framework of Reference for language. The rationale for stages in the task cycle will be fully explored with reference to Piaget and Vygotsky's theory in teaching young learners. The advantages of the adoption of TBL with young learners will be illustrated and some possible problems in implementing TBL in China, a representative country of Confucian-heritage culture would also be discussed in the paper. The study indicates that young learners in China are quite welcome this new approach in their English classes, but the targeted learners' age and background information need to be taken into consideration when actually implement this approach.