Changes of Wage Structures in Chinese Public and Private Sectors： 1995-2007

Using CHIP （Chinese Household Income Project Survey） data and the sample selection bias corrected wage function model, this paper estimated changes in wage structure in China by ownership types （SOEs, COEs, FEs, and PEs） in 1995 and 2007. The major conclusions are as follows. First, effects of education on wage levels in SOEs and FEs become greater, while education effects decrease in SOEs and PEs under economic transition periods; firm-specific human capital becomes more important in the wage determination mechanism along with market-oriented reforms in SOEs, PEs, and FEs; age effect decreases in SOEs and COEs, but it becomes greater in PEs and FEs. Second, there exist wage structure differences between sectors by wage distributions. For example, in 2007, in SOEs, education return rates are higher for the low-wage and middle-wage groups, and the effect is the highest at the 40th percentile. However in COEs and FEs, education return rates are higher for the high-wage groups, and the effect is the highest at the 70th percentile in COEs and at the 70th percentile in FEs. Tenure effects are greater in the middle-wage groups （40th-80th） in SOEs, COEs, and FEs, and age effects are greater in the low-wage groups （5th-30th） in SOEs, FEs, and PEs.

Is convenience really king?Comparative evaluation of catastrophic costs due to tuberculosis in the public and private healthcare sectors of Viet Nam:a longitudinal patient cost study

Background In Viet Nam,tuberculosis(TB)represents a devastating life-event with an exorbitant price tag,partly due to lost income from daily directly observed therapy in public sector care.Thus,persons with TB may seek care in the private sector for its flexibility,convenience,and privacy.Our study aimed to measure income changes,costs and catastrophic cost incurrence among TB-affected households in the public and private sector.Methods Between October 2020 and March 2022,we conducted 110 longitudinal patient cost interviews,among 50 patients privately treated for TB and 60 TB patients treated by the National TB Program(NTP)in Ha Noi,Hai Phong and Ho Chi Minh City,Viet Nam.Using a local adaptation of the WHO TB patient cost survey tool,participants were interviewed during the intensive phase,continuation phase and post-treatment.We compared income levels,direct and indirect treatment costs,catastrophic costs using Wilcoxon rank-sum and chi-squared tests and associated risk factors between the two cohorts using multivariate regression.Results The pre-treatment median monthly household income was significantly higher in the private sector versus NTP cohort(USD 868 vs USD 578;P=0.010).However,private sector treatment was also significantly costlier(USD 2075 vs USD 1313;P=0.005),driven by direct medical costs which were 4.6 times higher than costs reported by NTP participants(USD 754 vs USD 164;P<0.001).This resulted in no significant difference in catastrophic costs between the two cohorts(Private:55%vs NTP:52%;P=0.675).Factors associated with catastrophic cost included being a single-person household[adjusted odds ratio[(a OR=13.71;95%confidence interval(CI):1.36-138.14;P=0.026)],unemployment during treatment(a OR=10.86;95%CI:2.64-44.60;P<0.001)and experiencing TB-related stigma(a OR=37.90;95%CI:1.72-831.73;P=0.021)].Conclusions Persons with TB in Viet Nam face similarly high risk of catastrophic costs whether treated in the public or private sector.Patient costs could be reduced through expanded insurance reimbursement to minimize direct medical costs in the private sector,use of remote monitoring and multi-week/month dosing strategies to avert economic costs in the public sector and greater access to social protection mechanism in general.

Spread of Commercial Bribery and Private Sector Responsibilities in China

After years of governance, the momentum of the spread of commercial bribery in China has yet to be effectively curbed. Commercial bribery has become a major form ofcorruption in China, but there are very jew studies on this topic. This paper discusses commercial briber）, in terms of economics on transactions between the supplier （the bribegiver） and the demander （the bribe-taker）, analyzing reasons for the spread of commercial briberyin China from an economic perspective. The authors find that China＇s commercial bribery governance focuses on punishing the public sector and bribe-takers while it lacks sufficient governance measures on the private sector to address bribe-givers. This form of governance is dramatically different from that utilized in countries with mature market economies as well as some international organizations, which have different measures fortackling commercial bribery. Does governance have a causal effect on the spread of commercial bribery in China？The authors use penalty severity to indicate the private sector ＇srole and use a commercial bribery game under perfect rationality and evolutionary game theory models under bounded rationality to reveal the conditions and mechanism of the origin and spread of commercial bribery. The authors also analyze the role of the private sector （the potential bribe-giver） and the role of the punishment mechanism in commercial bribery governance. Results show that the penalties for bribe-giving are less severe than penaltiesfor bribe-taking. There is an especially clear asymmetric relationship between economic penalties for the bribe-giverand economic benefits gained from bribing, and the authors propose that this disparity is the institutional cause of the spread of commercial bribery in China. Froma local equilibrium and static perspective, asymmetric punishment is important for breaking down the alliance between the bribe-giver and the bribe-taken But from the general equilibrium and dynamic perspective, asymmetric punishment raises the potential bribe-giver＇s expected benefits, attracting the potential bribe-giver and encouraging the potential bribe-giver to extend the bribe offer. In this＇ regard, asymmetric punishment is an institutional defect of China＇s commercial bribery governance. Symmetric punishment mechanisms, with an emphasis on prevention and control, makes＇ the bribe-giver and the bribe-taker subject to the same level of criminal punishmentandalso raises a bribe-giver＇s .financial penaltiesto a level higher than the expected benefits. This in turn has the power tolimit the bribe-giver＇s bribery motivation and ability, leading the bribe-giver togive up bribery voluntarily through rational choice, and eventually curbing the spread of commercial bribery.

Determinants of private sector credit in Uganda: the role of mobile money

Background:Mobile money services have been associated with unprecedented access to financial services,notably to under-banked and unbanked populations.Thus,mobile money opens a channel through which to examine the supply of private sector credit in Uganda.This study investigates how mobile money services influence private sector credit growth.Methods:We applied the vector error correction(VEC)model and Granger causality analysis to Ugandan data from March 2009 to February 2016,the period when mobile money services were introduced.Results:The VEC model reveals that mobile money has a significant positive longrun association with private sector credit growth.Granger causality analysis reveals long-run unidirectional causality from mobile money to private sector credit.Conclusions:Mobile money is critical for financial intermediation because it attracts resources from both the banked and the unbanked populations into the formal financial system,facilitating private sector credit growth.

International Private Sector Participation in Water Governance in China under CEWP in the Future

Water utility is considered as unique among all the natural monopolies. Overseas private sector involvement in water utility operation has been always being a sensitive topic in China. Overseas investment and engagement has happened progressively in spite of implicit and explicit barriers within China. Reviewing past foreign investments in water supply and sanitation in China, experiences and lessons co-existed, based on the combined analysis both concerning the past practices and current new possibilities, the future cooperation on international private sector participation can be looked forward to.

Market Orientation and Libyan Tourism Business＇ Performances： A Comparative Study Between Public and Private Sector

This paper aims to achieve these key objectives： （1） to measure the extent to which Libyan tourism businesses embrace the market orientation concept; （2） to evaluate the private and public tourism businesses＇ performance; （3） to identify the link between market orientation and tourism businesses＇ performances; and （4） to test the influence of ownership and organisational positions on market orientation-business performance relationship. A number of 582 questionnaires were distributed to high-level executives and clerks in tourism businesses in Libya. The key finding is that there is a growth in market orientation adoption. The performance of the private businesses is judged to be much better than the public one. There is a positive correlation between market orientation and tourism businesses＇ performance. This link is much stronger in the private sector. The market orientation in tourism sector is a critical element to drive business performance even in the less competitive environment such as Libya. The value of the paper is that it is the first paper to focus on market orientation in tourism sector in Libya. Therefore, the paper enriches the marketing literature with findings from the Arabic and North African region. Practically, the paper demonstrates the importance of market orientation to improve the Libyan tourism sector performance. Hence, international businesses, Libyan Government, tourism sector managers and employees should benefit from the results of the study. The paper concludes with limitations and future researches.

Private- Sector Standards Regulation with Food Safety in China：Can It Learn Anything from WTO？

It is predicted that in the near future,private- sector standard will,like Tesco,Wal- Mart,Carrefour,still exit. China should modify its current legal regal disciplines' to make the private entities with regards food safety. Probably the mechanism of government-private entities collaboration governance would be a best choice.

Private Sector Ombudsman and Strengthening Consumers＇ Access to Justice： The Experience From Yogyakarta

After the monetary and political crisis of 1997 and 1998, Indonesia has been viewed by some observers as having entered into a transitional phase from authoritarian rule by a strong state toward a new democratic system of government in which civil societies will play a more prominent role. Democratization process is also accompanied by the rise of a strong civil society, which would together result in more efficient and transparent governments at local levels. This article aims to show the dynamic of democratization process in Indonesia, in which civil societies such as business actors, NGOs （non-government organizations）, journalists, scientists, business associations, consumer organizations, etc., play a more apparent role. Focused on the establishment of Private Sector Ombudsman （Lembaga Ombudsman Swasta--LOS） and also its role and responsibility, the author examines how LOS has become an alternative option for consumers to strengthen access to justice. In the last three years, LOS has succeeded in handling more than 200 cases and some of them have been the hottest issues. On the one hand, the emergence of LOS shows that civil society in Yogyakarta has played a significant role in implementing business ethics and good governance principles, and on the other hand, LOS has been proven to be the answer for consumers＇ needs in which consumers＇ complaints settled quickly, informal, and free of charge.

China Encourages Private Investment into Energy Sector

China encourages private capital entering the energy sector as part of the efforts to promote the sector’s market-oriented reform.The reform is expected to'give full play to the fundamental role of the market in allocating resources',according to the white paper on China’s energy policy released recently by the Information Office of the State Council.

Rise of Private Sector

In 1997, when overseas investment was not yet a trend among Chinese private companies, King Deer Cashmere Co.. Ltd., a private company based in north China s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, set up operations in Madagascar. The local government facilitated the company s devel opment by providing support in various aspects, including the construction of its first plant on the island.

Power of the Private Sector

Li Peixue,Chairman of 3D Focus Net-work Technology Co.,Ltd.,was quite satisfied with his company's devel- opment in 2018.Its 3D intelligent manufacturing cloud service platform has become one of the biggest 3D-printing service websites of the country.With nearly 2,000 3D printing companies,more than 120,000 app companies and over 3 million individual members registered on the platform,Li's company covers more than 95 percent of 3D printing clients nationwide.

Dynamic Private Enterprises in Shandong

ON August 8,2014 the AllChina Federation of Industry&Commerce published the list of China’s Top 500 Private Enterprises.Fifty-four private companies from Shandong Province ranked among the top 500,putting Shandong in third place behind Zhejiang and Jiangsu.Fifteen Shandong companies ranked in the top 100.This achievement is attributed to the province’s economic reforms and an improving business environment.

江苏促进民营企业做大做优做强的路径研判

民营经济是推进中国式现代化的生力军,民营企业是民营经济的经营主体或微观载体,因此,凡是能促进民营经济发展壮大的政策举措,都应在民营企业身上添力赋能、见功见效。《中共中央国务院关于促进民营经济发展壮大的意见》明确提出“促进民营经济做大做优做强”,并且竖起了三大“指路牌”。这三个“引导”,契合当下江苏民营企业发展的实际情况,但做大做优做强民营企业是一项十分艰巨复杂的系统工程,江苏政企双方不仅要围绕政策落实、法律执行、合规经营等“相向而行”,更要深入研判推进路径。当前江苏做大做优做强民营企业,首要路径是解放思想弘扬精神,关键之路是坚定方向转型升级,成功之道在于改革开放创新驱动。如此三路并进从而形成强大合力,定能推动民营企业在高质量发展征程上“打头阵、当先锋、树高峰、建新功”。

国家安全视阈下情报公私合作模式研究

[研究目的]在公共事业领域中,基于公共部门与私人部门参与的公私合作模式能够有效提升治理效能。在国家安全视阈下,情报工作存在公私合作的实践基础,对此开展理论研究具有重要意义。[研究方法]采用文本分析和比较研究相结合的方法,对国家安全中情报公私合作的理论阐释、文本结构、价值基础和实践保障展开探究。[研究结论]源于行政场域的公私合作模式,在国家安全情报工作中可以发挥重要作用。公私合作模式在《国家情报法》等法律中有结构性的文本体现。国家安全情报工作的公私合作模式具有人民性、系统性与能动性的价值基础。应当在国家安全的宏观框架内,完善公私合作的微观设计,协同构建法律体系,衔接贯通管理机制,管控执行程序风险。

Women on Boards of Directors

This research aims to measure the current gender representation in membership of boards of directors,and to study the factors affecting the presence of women on boards.The results of the study will support the decision makers and policy makers at all levels by providing knowledge that contributes to bridging the current gap in participation of women boards.The methodology used in this research is the descriptive analytical approach,which relies on quantitative methods in the process of collecting and analyzing data.This study represents the boards of directors in the three sectors(public,private,and non-profit)in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,The study sample contained 350 targets,where a random sample of 150 people in the public sector,100 people in the private sector,and 100 people in the non-profit sector were selected.The research result found that the majority of the responses believe that the lack of experience and training,and social factors,are the most impact areas of explaining the reasons for the existence of a gap in women’s membership in boards of directors in the three sectors.And the most important reasons for the existence of a gender gap in board membership are:there is no statutory minimum percentage for women’s representation on boards of directors,and scarcity of female competencies in general,and the lack of women occupying leadership positions.

PPP模式驱动的区域一体化经验与启示:浙江嘉善产业园的政企合作与协同发展

立足于政府主导下的区域一体化发展模式,讨论在市场经济体制与社会发展资源要素加速流动的时代背景下,市场主体与PPP模式(Public Private Partnership,常译为“公私合作”)在区域一体化中起到的推动作用。通过对比城市尺度与区域尺度PPP模式的路径差异,认为影响区域一体化PPP项目的要素在于股权结构、职能分工、合作模式。通过建立区域PPP项目的分析框架,以中新嘉善现代产业园作为实证案例,分析在国家长三角一体化战略的倡议下,公共部门(嘉善县政府)与私营部门(中新集团)如何通过建立合作关系推动产业园的发展建设。结果发现,谋求公共部门与私营部门的阶段性目标的一致是政企合作的核心价值;依据公共部门的公益性和私营部门的盈利性,并以此促进区域一体化发展方向与提升项目运营效率,是PPP模式驱动的区域一体化的合作关键。

香港特区廉政公署为何监督私营机构人员?

香港特区廉政公署的监督对象除了公职人员,还包括私营机构人员。其制度逻辑是:私营机构腐败与公权力腐败有深刻关联,且对市场公平和有序造成重大威胁,应当纳入反腐范围。廉政公署在打击公职人员腐败的同时一并打击私营机构人员腐败,具备组织成本优势。尤其是在有效遏制香港公权力系统的集团式腐败后,廉政公署有足够精力与资源投入对私营机构的反腐。而廉政公署对私领域可能的不当干预,也因相应的法治设计而被有效抑制。最终,廉政公署监督私营机构人员这一制度获得香港社会认可。这一经验表明,专职反腐机构的监督范围不必局限于公职人员,但需要相应的社会条件与制度设计。

An Overview of Pakistan’s Textile Sector from Operational Competitive Perspective—A Suggestive Analysis!

The basic aim of this paper is to study and analyze the current level of operational competitiveness of Pakistani Private Sector—Textile Manufacturing Enterprises. The subject research area will be probed on the basis of making cross reference comparison between the Pakistani Private Sector (PPS)—Textile Manufacturing Enterprises (TME) with the global Textile Manufacturing players in global manufacturing strategies databases. The results revealed that the “quality” is the most important competitive priority of the case PPS-TME and it also pointed towards having some competitive advantages in prospector group. However, it will take considerable amount of time for Pakistani Private Sector—Textile Manufacturing Enterprises to regain their previous global recognition and then further improve their operational competitiveness due to the weak and faulty organizational management structure and practices, currently being affected by nation’s political, economic, energy and security situation.

Embedding Knowledge Management in Public Sector Procurement： Redesigning for the Knowledge Economy

There is a perception in the public, political, and trade discourse that private sector procurement performs ＂better＂ than does public sector procurement. This research considers whether this perception is justified. This paper proposes a conceptual framework for assessing issues that influence procurement performance. The framework takes into account the organization＇s business goals, its procurement principles, the design of its procurement capability, the intellectual capital or knowledge that is used to support procurement operations, and the use of knowledge management methods. To represent these factors, the framework adapts the conceptual framework proposed by McElroy （2002）, leverages Andriessen＇s （2005） characterization of intellectual capital, and adopts Bedford＇s （2012） description of the practice of knowledge management. The results, though preliminary and exploratory, suggest that factors which are more often practiced in the private sector than the public sector contribute to higher performance.

中国银行业开放、融资方式选择与民营企业出口

本文以不断开放的金融服务业为契机,从银行信贷和商业信贷两种融资方式选择的视角,研究中国银行业开放如何影响民营企业出口。首先,本文在Manova(2013)理论模型的基础上,将企业的融资方式进行区分,从理论上证明了银行业的开放可以促使生产率较高的民营企业使用银行信贷替代商业信贷,从而缓解企业面临的融资约束,促进出口增长。在实证研究方面,本文利用中国入世承诺中银行业开放的地区时间表,结合企业所有制特征构造三重差分模型。研究发现:相对于国有企业,银行业开放政策对于民营企业的出口影响更大,可以显著提高民营企业的出口概率和规模,促进民营企业出口产品多样性与市场多元化。然而,中国银行业开放对民营出口的促进作用存在“撇脂”效应。